Search

Purpose: Perspiration and heat are produced by the body and must be eliminated to maintain a stable body temperature. Sweat, heat and air must pass through the fabric to be comfortable. The cloth absorbs sweat and then releases it, allowing the body to chill down. By capillary action, moisture is driven away from fabric pores or sucked out of yarns. Convectional air movement improves sweat drainage, which may aid in body temperature reduction. Clothing reduces the skin's ability to transport heat and moisture to the outside. Excessive moisture makes clothing stick to the skin, whereas excessive heat induces heat stress, making the user uncomfortable. Wet heat loss is significantly more difficult to understand than dry heat loss. The purpose of this study is to provided a good compilation of complete information on wet thermal comfort of textile and technological elements to be consider while constructing protective apparel. Design/methodology/approach: This paper aims to critically review studies on the thermal comfort of textiles in wet conditions and assess the results to guide future research. Findings: Several recent studies focused on wet textiles' impact on comfort. Moisture reduces the fabric's thermal insulation value while also altering its moisture characteristics. Moisture and heat conductivity were linked. Sweat and other factors impact fabric comfort. So, while evaluating a fabric's comfort, consider both external and inside moisture. Originality/value: The systematic literature review in this research focuses on wet thermal comfort and technological elements to consider while constructing protective apparel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry surface biofilms (DSBs) have been found abundantly across hospital surfaces within intensive care units and may explain how nosocomial pathogens can remain virulent and persist on surfaces for extended periods. Testing standards governing the performance of disinfectant products employ planktonic models under routine growth conditions, which are known to be less tolerant than their biofilm counterpart. To evaluate biofilm models cultured under artificial human sweat (AHS), a source of nutrient expected on touch surfaces, to assess the antimicrobial performance of common cleaning agents, including a quaternary ammonium, hydrogen peroxide and active chlorine. Five single-species biofilms, using pathogenic bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis , were generated on stainless-steel substrates using a sedimentation protocol under both AHS and nutrient-rich conditions for a direct comparison of phenotypic tolerance. The biofilm models were grown over five days followed by desiccation cycles, before being submerged into the disinfectant solutions for up to 25 min. Epifluorescence (EF) microscopy using LIVE/DEAD™ stain was used to visualize microcolony viability. The results revealed biofilms cultured under AHS exhibited a greater antimicrobial tolerance and reduced speed of kill for all cleaning agents compared with the routine media; an average reduction of 72.4% vs 96.9%, respectively. EF microscopy revealed traces of viable bacteria across all coupons after disinfection indicating a potential opportunity for regrowth and recontamination. The notable difference in biocidal performance between the two growth conditions highlights potential pitfalls within current antimicrobial test standards, and the importance of accurate representation of the microbial challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives Medical Review Journal / Arsiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi is the property of Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present research work is focused on moisture management properties and drying behaviour of various knitted fabrics for inner layer application. Nineteen knitted samples have been prepared by changing the blend percentage of wool/acrylic, number of filaments in polypropylene yarn and structure of knitted fabric. Yarns of different blend ratio of wool/acrylic fibre are used to knit fabrics of different structure. Polypropylene yarns having different number of filaments are also used to knit samples of different structure. These fabrics are tested for moisture management properties and drying behaviour. Wetting time, absorption rate, spreading speed, wetting radius, accumulative one-way transport index (AOWTI), overall moisture management capacity (OMMC), drying time and drying rate of the fabrics have been studied. It is observed that the overall performance of polypropylene knitted fabric and cotton knitted fabric are better as compared to the wool/acrylic having same structural parameters. The OMMC index of polypropylene plain knit, pile knit and cotton knit fabric is found as 0.70, 0.60 and 0.75 respectively. The polypropylene and cotton knitted fabrics shows better results than others in terms of the parameters, like maximum wetting radius, AOWTI, etc. Polypropylene knitted pile structure fabric shows minimum drying time (0.228 h) and zero residual moisture after wash at 90 min under standard conditions. So, it is found that the higher wool content in fabrics gives better moisture management and drying behaviour. Polypropylene fabrics having high number of filaments in the constituent yarn show better moisture management and drying behaviour than the wool/acrylic fabrics. Moisture management and drying behaviour of pile fabrics are better than the plain and rib fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is focussed on the impact of change in the lactate concentration (43 mM and 22 mM) in sweat solution on liquid moisture transmission behaviour through the clothing. The sweat solution with higher concentration of lactate (43 mM) shows delayed wetting at the top surface both in case of individual layer and multi-layer fabric ensembles, i.e. it takes longer time to wet the top surface in spite of the lower contact angle made by it. Significant difference is observed in inplane transmission behaviour of both the sweat solutions in the case of multi-layered ensembles. In case of multi-layered ensembles, wetting time reduces drastically, even though both the ensembles consist of polyester knit as the inner surface possessing wetting time is 50 s approximately. Sweat solution with higher lactate concentration also shows higher crossplanar transmission rate as compared to in-plane transmission. Uni-directional seamed multi-layered spacer fabric exhibits better overall moisture management coefficient as compared to bi-directional seamed spacer ensembles with sweat solution containing higher lactate concentration. Middle layer also plays a vital role in altering the overall liquid moisture transmission behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socks are of fundamental importance in reducing friction and in controlling the temperature and humidity of the foot, thus preventing the appearance of blisters. However, the influence of sock fibres (synthetic vs. natural) on blistering during long-distance hiking has received little research attention. This study evaluates the influence of sock fibres on the appearance of foot blisters in hikers. The sample consisted of 203 male and female hikers, mean age 35.8 ± 14.5 years, from 22 countries. All were interviewed and assessed at shelters on the French route of the Camino de Santiago (Spain). Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained for each hiker; other study data included the number of blisters on the foot, whether the socks were wet at the end of the day, the model of sock used and the nature of its constituent fibres. Among the hikers interviewed, 68.5% presented foot blisters. 74.2% used socks with predominantly synthetic fibres, compared to 25.9% whose socks were mainly composed of natural fibres. On average, they had walked 253.7 km. Hiking in wet socks was associated with a 1.94 times greater risk of experiencing foot blisters (95% CI 1.04–3.61) (p = 0.035). Multivariate analysis showed that the proportion of natural/synthetic fibres in the composition of the sock was not related to the presence of blisters. The use of wet socks heightens the risk of foot blisters in hikers, but the composition of the sock is not associated with blistering. We recommend hikers change their socks in long stages to maintain feet dry and so avoiding the appereance of blisters. • The wet socks (vs. dry socks) increases the risk of foot blisters. • The type of fibre in the sock's composition is not related with the presence of skin lesions. • The majority of hikers used socks made predominantly of synthetic fibres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Shedder status is defined as the propensity of an individual to leave DNA behind on touched items or surfaces and has been suggested as one of the major factors influencing DNA transfer. However, little is known about whether shedder status is a constant property of an individual across multiple measurements or when the environmental conditions are changed. We have assessed DNA depositions of six males on 20 occasions to acquire a reference data set and to classify the participants into high, intermediate, or low shedders. This data set was also used to investigate how the probability of a correct shedder status classification changed when the number of DNA deposition measurements increased. Individual sweat rates were measured with a VapoMeter and data regarding hygiene routines were collected through a questionnaire on each sampling occasion. Next, we investigated how changes in the experimental conditions such as seasonal variation, hygiene routines, the temperature of the touched object, and repeated handling of an object influenced the DNA shedding. Additionally, we assessed DNA collected from the face and from T-shirts worn by the six participants to explore whether shedder status may be associated with the relative amount of DNA obtained from other body parts. Our results indicate that shedder status is a stable property across different seasons and different temperatures of handled objects. The relative DNA amounts obtained from repeatedly handled tubes, worn T-shirts, and from faces reflected the shedder status of the participants. We suggest that an individual's shedder status is highly influenced by the DNA levels on other body parts than hands, accumulating on the palms by frequently touching e.g. , the face or previously handled items harboring self-DNA. Assessing physiological differences between the participants revealed that there were no associations between DNA shedding and individual sweat rates. • High and low shedder status are constant properties across different experimental conditions. • The relative DNA shedding of an individual is reflected in DNA amounts collected from worn clothes. • There is no association between DNA shedding and individual sweat rates measured from palms. • Data is provided showing how the accuracy of shedder status classification changes with the number of measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot water immersion is used by athletes in weight category sports to produce rapid weight loss (RWL) by means of passive fluid loss, and often is performed with the addition of Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate). This study investigated the magnitude of body mass losses during hot water immersion with or without the addition of salt, with the temperature commencing at 37.8°C and being self-adjusted by participants to their maximum tolerable temperature. In a crossover design, eight male MMA athletes (29.4 ± 5.3 y; 1.83 ± 0.05 m; 85.0 ± 4.9 kg) performed a 20 min whole-body immersion followed by a 40 min wrap in a warm room, twice in sequence per visit. During one visit, only fresh water was used (FWB), and in the other visit, magnesium sulphate (1.6% wt/vol) was added to the bath (SWB). Prior to each visit, 24 h of carbohydrate, fibre and fluid restriction was undertaken. Water temperatures at the end of the first and second baths were ~39.0°C and ~39.5°C, respectively. Body mass losses induced by the hot bath protocols were 1.71 ± 0.70 kg and 1.66 ± 0.78 kg for FWB and SWB, respectively (P = 0.867 between trials, d = 0.07), and equivalent to ~2.0% body mass. Body mass lost during the entire RWL protocol was 4.5 ± 0.7%. Under the conditions employed, the magnitude of body mass lost in SWB was similar to FWB. Augmenting passive fluid loss during hot water immersion with the addition of salt may require a higher salt concentration than that presently utilised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study is focussed on the effect of seam on the moisture transmission in liquid form. Behaviour of actual sweat is found to be different from pure water used while evaluating the performance of multilayer clothing systems in seamed and unseamed condition in terms of their in-plane (wetting time) & cross-plane moisture transmission and overall moisture management capacity. Uni-directional seam shows higher wetting time at the inner surface as well as better cross-plane transmittance, and hence better overall moisture management capacity as compared to bi-directional stitched and unseamed fabrics. In all the cases, sweat shows less wetting time than water. Multi-layered ensemble with polyester spacer fabric as middle layer exhibits better overall moisture management properties in comparison to layered ensemble with fleece fabric as middle layer both in seamed and unseamed conditions. Seam type plays a most significant role followed by type of layered ensembles then solution type in affecting the overall moisture management behaviour of seamed ensembles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydration of athletes may affect performance and health status likely with differences among sexes. We studied the impact of sex on hydration behaviour in adolescent athletes. Hydration status and urine markers were investigated in 7 female and 7 male elite 16 years-old soccer players in temperate climate (21-24°C). Participants consumed water ad libitum during the first training session (LIB), whereas in the second session (HYD) they drunk a water amount matching 70% of sweat loss from the LIB session. Post-training performances were evaluated by Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (IR1) test and countermovement jump (CMJ). Body mass values were recorded and urine samples were collected before and after each experimental session. Males drunk a double amount of water in HYD (1.19±0.21 kg) compared to LIB (0.62±0.19 kg; p=0.001; ES=2.88), resulting in a lower percentage body mass loss (HYD -0.95±0.63% versus LIB -1.59±0.33%; p=0.044; ES=-1.35); total distance of Yo-Yo IR1 was higher, albeit not significantly, in HYD (2953±779 m) than in LIB (2103±939 m); CMJ performance was unchanged. In females, water drunk, body mass, Yo-Yo IR1 and CMJ did not vary in HYD versus LIB sessions. In adolescent males a 70% sweat replacement personalized hydration regimen reduced body mass loss and tended to improve performance, whereas in females ad libitum water drinking allowed to maintain hydration status (<1% body mass loss). Our results suggest that coaches and athletes themselves should consider a personalized hydration regimen for adolescent male soccer players, whereas ad libitum drinking seems suitable for females. . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydration of athletes may affect performance and health status likely with differences among sexes. We studied the impact of sex on hydration behaviour in adolescent athletes. Hydration status and urine markers were investigated in 7 female and 7 male elite 16 years-old soccer players in temperate climate (21-24°C). Participants consumed water ad libitum during the first training session (LIB), whereas in the second session (HYD) they drunk a water amount matching 70% of sweat loss from the LIB session. Post-training performances were evaluated by Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (IR1) test and countermovement jump (CMJ). Body mass values were recorded and urine samples were collected before and after each experimental session. Males drunk a double amount of water in HYD (1.19±0.21 kg) compared to LIB (0.62±0.19 kg; p=0.001; ES=2.88), resulting in a lower percentage body mass loss (HYD -0.95±0.63% versus LIB -1.59±0.33%; p=0.044; ES=-1.35); total distance of Yo-Yo IR1 was higher, albeit not significantly, in HYD (2953±779 m) than in LIB (2103±939 m); CMJ performance was unchanged. In females, water drunk, body mass, Yo-Yo IR1 and CMJ did not vary in HYD versus LIB sessions. In adolescent males a 70% sweat replacement personalized hydration regimen reduced body mass loss and tended to improve performance, whereas in females ad libitum water drinking allowed to maintain hydration status (<1% body mass loss). Our results suggest that coaches and athletes themselves should consider a personalized hydration regimen for adolescent male soccer players, whereas ad libitum drinking seems suitable for females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two CDs (CM-β-CD, TRIME-β-CD) were investigated for buffer modification in anion separation using CE-C4D. • Validation parameters for the lactate analysis method described. • Analysis of sweat lactate conducted for two subgroups of perspiration activities: exercise and non-exercise (after sauna). • Sweat lactate levels as indicators of exercise intensity, with a proposed decision limit. This study presents the analysis of lactate in sweat using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Two cyclodextrin (CD) compounds, carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin sodium salt (CM-β-CD) and heptakis (2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TRIME-β-CD), were evaluated as buffer modifiers for the separation of chloride, nitrate, sulfate, oxalate, maleate, acetate, lactate, and phosphate anions. The concentrations of these modifiers were tested at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mM for eight anions separation. The buffer was 40.0 mM MES/L-His (pH 6.0) with 0.05 mM CTAB, resulting in anodic separation. Due to separation efficiency in resolving lactate and phosphate peaks, TRIME-β-CD at a concentration of 0.1 mM was selected as the suitable buffer additive for sweat lactate analysis. The calibration of the developed method, using maleate as an internal standard, resulted in the linear ranges of 0.1–5.0 mM, r2 of 0.9999, and an instrumental LOD of 0.042 mM. The intra-day and inter-day precisions of the relative migration time (RMT) were 0.3–0.4% and 3–4% RSD, respectively. Lactate levels in sweat samples from the same group of volunteers were measured after two distinct activities: exercise (after running) and non-exercise (after sauna). For non-exercise activities, lactate concentrations ranged from 15 ± 1 mM to 36 ± 2 mM. While, after exercise, the concentrations were between 26 ± 1 mM and 136 ± 1 mM. Further evaluation of the stability of sweat storage for monitoring lactate contents, it was found that the changes in lactate levels were insignificant when stored for up to 24 weeks at 4 °C. This was confirmed by paired t -tests (t-stat ragnes from -0.59 to 2.49; t-critical = 2.57, P = 0.05). The measured lactate concentrations from volunteers were significantly higher, approximately 2–6 times, in exercise activities compared to non-exercise activities. This substantial difference in lactate secretion indicates a clear distinction in the factors that stimulate sweat lactate production. To evaluate the intensity of exercise based on lactate levels in sweat, a proposed cut-off level of 36.0 mM, with a decision limit of 40.0 mM, can be proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to assess the effect of biostimulation methods on endocrinological profiles of mithun bulls. Adult male (6, 4-5 year old) with good body condition score (5-6) from herd of mithun farm of the institute were selected for the present study. The biostimulation methods were grouped into 9 groups and each group consisted of 6 animals, viz. Gr 1 (without exposure of female), Gr 2 (exposure of urine of non-estrus female), Gr 3 (exposure of urine of estrus female), Gr 4 (exposure of dung of non-estrus female), Gr 5 (exposure of dung of estrus female), Gr 6 (exposure of sweat of non-estrus female), Gr 7 (exposure of sweat of estrus female), Gr 8 (exposure of nonestrus female) and Gr 9 (exposure of estrus female). Exposure to each group was done with the interval of 1 month. The experiment was replicated 3 times. Blood samples were collected 15 min after exposure to the different methods of biostimulation for estimation of testosterone, thyroxine (T4) and cortisol, and at 30 min for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Hormone profiles revealed a significant difference among the different methods of biostimulation in mithun bulls. The hormone profiles were significantly higher in adult mithun bulls that were exposed to estrus female followed by exposed to urine, dung, sweat of estrus female and lowest was observed in secretions of non-estrus animal groups. Through this investigation, a suitable model was developed to improve the endocrinological profiles by use of biostimulation techniques in mithun bulls which inturn will indirectly support will to higher semen production and its quality for artificial breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. One possible way of iron loss is sweating. It is unclear how physical activity performed by untrained individuals affects the iron status in sweat. Objective. The purpose of this study was to analyse iron concentration in sweat during 4-week exercise training to determine the changes in iron excretion during follow-up exercises. Materials and method. 43 untrained volunteers participated in the study, 29 of whom completed the full exercise programme. The training programme consisted of exercises on a cycle ergometer and cross-trainer. In the first week, participants exercised for 8 minutes on each device, in the second for 10 minutes, and in the third and fourth weeks they exercised for 15 min on each device. Intensity was submaximal and defined as 85% of maximal heart rate. A sterile sweat patch was placed on the skin between shoulder blades. Results. Concentration of iron on the first and the fifteenth day of exercises was comparable and statistically insignificant. Iron concentration was highly increased on the last day of training in comparison with first (p<0.001) and fourteenth day (p<0.006). The median of iron concentration in 29 samples on the first day of sampling was 21.2 ppb, in the fifteenth – 52.5 ppb, and on the twenty-eighth day – 286.2 ppb. In relation with the sodium concentration, the iron content was also increased on the twenty-eighth day of the training programme (p<0.005). Conclusions. Iron sweat loss significantly increased during the 4-week exercise programme. A possible explanation may be improvement in the thermoregulation mechanism and secretory activity of sweat glands. Iron sweat loss may be an indicator of iron deficiency observed in active individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Current treatment of fluid retention in heart failure relies primarily on diuretics. However, adequate decongestion is not achieved in many patients. We aimed to study the feasibility and short-term performance of a novel approach to remove fluids and sodium directly from the interstitial compartment by enhancing sweat rate. Methods: We used a device designed to enhance fluid and salt loss via the eccrine sweat glands. Skin temperature in the lower body was increased from 35 °C to 38 °C, where the slope of the relationship between temperature and sweat production is linear. The sweat evaporates instantaneously, thus avoiding the awareness of perspiration. The primary efficacy endpoint was the ability to increase skin temperature to the desired range. A secondary efficacy endpoint was a clinically meaningful hourly sweat output, defined as ≥150 mL/h. The primary safety endpoint was any procedure-related adverse events. Results: We studied 6 normal subjects and 18 patients with congestion. Participants underwent 3 treatment sessions of up to 4 hours. Skin temperature increased to a median of 37.5 °C (interquartile range, 37.1–37.9 °C) with the median core temperature increasing by 0.2 °C (interquartile range, 0.1–0.3 °C). The median hourly weight loss during treatment was 215 g/h (interquartile range, 165–285; range, 100–344 g/h). In 80% of treatment procedures, the average sweat rate was ≥150 mL/h. There were no significant changes in hemodynamic variables or renal function and no procedure-related adverse events. Conclusions: Enhancing sweat rate was safe and resulted in a clinically meaningful fluid removal and weight loss. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04578353. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1690 to 1800 texts printed in England linked racial difference and foul odour through understandings of occupation, food, cosmetics and sweat. Even by the end of the eighteenth-century racial odour was represented as a labile, culturally and environmentally determined characteristic. This article traces how the social ‘use’ of olfactory stereotypes, particularly their links with cosmetics, food, and odorous spaces, determined the mobilization of explanations for and attitudes to racial scent. It argues that ideas of race should not be considered monolithic or described in terms of narratives that posit a divide between the body/culture, but that racial stereotypes should be understood as collections of traits, of which smell was one, with distinctive histories. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Molybdenum disulfide nanomaterials (MoS 2 NMs) have shown significant role as photocatalysts, lubricating agents and sterilant due to their remarkable physicochemical properties. Because of the increasing demand for MoS 2 NMs in numerous industrial domains, greater occupational exposure and subsequent NMs release into environment would be unavoidable. However, much efforts have been made to uncover the biological effects of NMs at unrealistic high concentration or acute duration, placing constraints on setting the realistic occupational exposure thresholds with confidence. In order to fill the current knowledge gap, this study aimed to evaluate the nanotoxicity of MoS 2 NMs with or without surface defects under the more realistic exposure mode. Noteworthily, the artificial sweat transformed-occupational exposure-cytotoxicity investigation of MoS 2 NMs was established as the main studied line. And the high cellular internalization and augmented oxidative stress triggered by surface defect could be recognized as the main factors for triggering serious cellular damage. Moreover, the HaCaTs exhibited loss of cell membrane integrity, dysfunction of mitochondria, disorder of endoplasmic reticulum and damages of nuclei after chronic exposure, compared with acute exposure. The study provided closely realistic exposure scenarios for NMs which exhibited significant difference from acute toxic investigation, enriching understanding towards real environmental safety of NMs. [Display omitted] • The study provided real toxic investigation of MoS 2 with or without defects. • The sweat transformed - occupational exposure - toxicity investigation was established as studied line. • Higher toxicity was triggered by sweat transformed MoS 2 after chronic exposure than acute exposure. • High internalization and oxidative damage caused by defect were main factors for serious nanotoxicity. • The function of main organelles and cellular defense were disturbed after occupational exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent progress in wearable sweat sensors had overcome numerous limitations of conventional sensors and provided methods of collecting molecular-level insight into the dynamics of human bodies. Lactate, a major metabolite in human sweat, can serve as the critical limiting factor for continuing physical activity. However, pioneering works in biosensors for lactate detection in sweat has been encountered major challenges such as noble material usage, immobile power supply, and complicated circuit connection to realize the compact sustainable sensing systems. To solve these restrictions, herein, the self-powered molecular imprinted polymers-based triboelectric sensor (MIP-TES) was designed to offer a multifunctional noninvasive approach for specific and simultaneous lactate detection. Free-standing PVDF/graphene flexible electrode modified poly(3-aminophenyl boronic acid) imprinted lactate molecule demonstrated the change of the surface properties after lactate adsorption. MIP-modified electrode revealed the selective lactate sensing over non molecular imprinted polymers (NIP) electrode through the superior and stable signal change with variation of lactate concentration in human sweat. Moreover, MIP modified lactate sensor was further introduced in the triboelectric nanogenerator system to harvest mechanical energy from contact and separation into electrical output. The more adsorbed lactate led to lower energy barriers and decreasing electrical potential when detecting higher lactate concentration. Self-power triboelectric lactate sensor could directly power the number of LED lights without an external energy supply. Eventually, it was validated the feasible application of wearable sensors on human skin. The proposed self-powered lactate has created a fascinating horizon in portability, compact, and the real-time analysis of people's perspiration in the future. [Display omitted] • MIP-based self-powered biosensor is developed for lactate detection in human sweat. • Lactate imprinted polymer modified PVDF/Graphene could selectively target lactate. • The surface property change upon sensing was exhibited by electrical signal change. • MIP-TES could directly power the LEDs conforming to the lactate concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates sweat to deepen theoretical understandings of how gender is lived. To do so we adopt a visceral approach that opens possibilities of thinking geographically about the affective ties and emotional bonds of sweat to engage with feminist logics of embodiment. Our interest is in what sweaty bodies can ‘do’. Attention is given to the way that affects, emotions and sensations associated with being sweaty, smelling sweat, as well as touching one’s own sweat, and that of others, provides insights into the gendered lives of people as they move through different context. Our analysis of how gendered is lived through sweaty bodies draws on ‘Summer Living’ narratives of 17 participants who understand themselves as men and live in Wollongong, a city of around 280,000 people on the east coast of New South Wales, Australia. We illustrate the theoretical significance of thinking about sweat for gender and geography by discussing the ambiguity, proximity and collectivity of sweaty bodies; and, the fragility, multiplicity and vitality of sweaty bodies. To conclude we outline how a visceral approach provides possibilities to improve household sustainability policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human skin is weak-acidic in a healthy condition, so that it is important keeping a slightly acidic skin to suppress the breeding of ill-function microorganisms on skin. In this study, we have applied newly developed weak- acidic PET fabrics for sportswear in order to examine the effect on the pH at skin surface and its consequent condition. Two types of weak-acidic PETs were prepared by chemical modification and subsequent processing, and the skin condition was compared by human subjects wearing the sportswear made of untreated and two weak-acidic PET fabrics. The weak-acidic PET fabrics were found effective to maintain the pH value lower at skin surface. Here the pH value was even lower after exercise than before exercise. The pH value at skin surface did not change before and after exercise in the case of untreated PET fabric. The results indicate that the pH of sweat is buffered by weak-acidic PET and the breeding of ill-function microorganism is suppressed. In fact the generation of foul smell due to the fermentation of sweat components is less detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examined the reference zinc values in racehorses, the effects of exercise and sweating on the clinical application of zinc testing, and the relationship between serum zinc levels and diseases in racehorses. Particular focus is given to the materials and methods used on Thoroughbred racehorses. It also discusses results which suggested that measurement of serum zinc levels is a potential marker for monitoring inflammatory state of Thoroughbred racehorses.

Background: Primary focal hyperhidrosis not uncommonly begins during the first two decades of life, and can have a profound effect on quality of life. Few treatment options have been studied in children. Objective: We sought to evaluate the response to oral glycopyrrolate in pediatric patients. Methods: Records of pediatric patients with hyperhidrosis seen at a pediatric hospital in a 10-year period were reviewed retrospectively and, if possible, parents and patients were also interviewed. The efficacy and adverse effects of oral glycopyrrolate were assessed. Results: In all, 31 children took at least one dose of oral glycopyrrolate. All had daily hyperhidrosis that affected their quality of life and were resistant or intolerant of aluminum salts. The mean age of hyperhidrosis onset was 10.3 years, and mean age of initiation of glycopyrrolate was 14.8 years. At a mean dosage of 2 mg daily, 90% of patients experienced improvement, which was major in 71% of responders. Improvement occurred within hours of administration and disappeared within a day of discontinuation. Duration of treatment averaged 2.1 years (range to 10 years). Side effects were noted by 29% of children, most commonly dry mouth (26%) and eyes (10%), and were dose-related. One patient developed blurred vision, which resolved with dosing below 5 mg/d; one patient experienced palpitations and discontinued the medication. Limitations: This was a retrospective analysis of a limited number of pediatric patients. Conclusion: Oral glycopyrrolate is a cost-effective, painless second-line therapy for children and adolescents with primary focal hyperhidrosis that impacts their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology / Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Data regarding systemic medications in the management of hyperhidrosis (HH) are limited. Objective: The goal of this study was to provide evidence for the safety and efficacy of systemic medications for primary HH. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients seen at an academic dermatology department prescribed systemic medications for primary HH. Results: A total of 71 patients were prescribed systemic agents. Twelve patients (17%) were lost to follow-up and were excluded from further analysis. A total of 59 patients with at least 2 months of follow-up data (mean age 28.9 ± 12.0 years; 37 women, 22 men; mean follow-up 19.5 months) were included in the analysis. Palmoplantar and/or axillary HH was most common (42/59; 71%); followed by generalized (9/59; 15%) and craniofacial (8/59; 14%) HH. Glycopyrrolate (generally 1-2 mg once or twice daily) was prescribed to 45 patients, with response rate of 67% (30/45). Fifteen treatment failures included 6 nonresponders and 9 with adverse effects, including xerostomia and gastrointestinal disturbance. Clonidine (0.1 mg twice daily) was prescribed to 13 patients, with a response rate of 46% (6/13). Seven treatment failures included 3 nonresponders and 4 with adverse effects, all relating to decreased blood pressure. One patient responded to oxybutynin at 5 mg twice daily. There were no significant differences in efficacy (P = .21; odds ratios 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.12-1.5) or adverse effects (P = .46; odds ratios 1.78, 95% confidence interval 0.44-7.1) in comparing glycopyrrolate versus clonidine. Limitations: This was a retrospective study from a single, university-based population. Conclusion: Systemic therapy with glycopyrrolate or clonidine can be effective for HH. Nearly two-thirds responded to therapy, and less than a quarter had treatment-limiting adverse effects, all of which were self-limited and nonserious. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Human sweat, liquid ammonia, and bovine blood are known to be attractive to some hematophagous flies. These materials were evaluated with and without carbon dioxide (CO2) for their ability to increase capture of female "canyon flies" (Fannia conspicua Malloch) using CDC-type suction traps (without light). Ammonia acted synergistically with CO2 to increase trap catch 89.9% over CO2 alone. There was no synergistic effect of human sweat or bovine blood with CO2. In the absence of CO2, none of the three materials increased trap catch of female canyon flies relative to non-baited traps. Implications for canyon fly control and further trap improvement are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of sweat and perspiration as disgusting, as separate from the socially valued concepts of sports, exercise, and physical activity which produce them. Topics include ambivalence to sweat, social reactions to sweat stains, and the removal of sweat by wiping it with a tissue.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine if K+ is leached from the stratum corneum when sweat is present on the skin's surface. The results will help address whether sweat [K+] previously reported in the literature are artifactually elevated as a result of K+ leaching. Methods: Twelve (six female, six male) healthy volunteers participated in this study. After thorough skin cleansing and preparation with isopropyl alcohol and high-performance liquid chromatography-grade distilled water, three sites were chosen and a 50 μL drop of artificial sweat was pipetted directly onto the skin. The artificial sweat had a [K+] of 4 mEq·L-1, an osmolality of 120 mosm·L-1, and a pH of 6.0. Immediately following, a clear plastic cover slip (~6 cm2) with a shallow 0.8 cm2 convex impression in the center was applied over each drop, preventing evaporation. Each sample was allowed to sit on the forearm, under the plastic cover slip, for 10 min. Results: The mean (±SD) [K+] in 'artificial' sweat not exposed to the skin was measured to be 4.2±0.4 mEq·L-1. After 10 min of exposure to the stratum corneum of the forearm, the artificial sweat had a mean (±SD) [K+] of 3.9±0.3 mEq·L-1. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the [K+] between the control artificial sweat and the samples collected after 10 min of exposure to forearm skin. Conclusions: These results do not support the hypothesis that significant K+ leaching from the stratum corneum into standing sweat is the cause for the previously reported elevated sweat [K+]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medicina Naturista is the property of Sociedad Europea de Medicina Naturista Clasica (Seccion Espanola) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: It has been reported that patients with cholinergic urticaria have a type 1 allergy to autologous sweat; however, the pathogenesis of that disorder has not been fully elucidated. Objective: We investigated the responsiveness to autologous sweat and serum in patients with cholinergic urticaria in relation to their clinical characteristics. We further classified the clinical subtypes that are clearly characterized by responsiveness to in vivo and in vitro tests as well as their clinical features. Methods: Intradermal tests with autologous sweat and serum were performed in 18 patients with cholinergic urticaria. Histamine release from peripheral blood basophils induced by autologous sweat was measured. Results: Eleven of 17 patients with cholinergic urticaria showed positive reactions in skin tests with their own diluted sweat. Substantial amounts of sweat-induced histamine release from autologous basophils were observed in 10 of 17 patients. Eight of 15 patients with cholinergic urticaria showed positive reactions in the autologous serum skin tests. All 6 patients who developed satellite wheals after the acetylcholine test showed hypersensitivity to sweat. Further, patients whose eruptions were coincident with hair follicles showed positive responses to the skin test with autologous serum, whereas patients whose eruptions were not coincident with hair follicles did not. Conclusion: On the basis of these findings, we propose that cholinergic urticaria should be classified into 2 distinct subtypes. The first (nonfollicular) subtype shows strong positive reactions to autologous sweat and negative reactions to autologous serum. The second (follicular) subtype shows weak reactions to autologous sweat and positive reactions to autologous serum. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Vasomotor function has often been evaluated with basal blood flow. Simultaneous measurement of skin blood flow and sweating using a single probe were provided as lesser basal blood flow on one side compared to the contralateral side in complex regional pain syndrome does not always indicate greater vasoconstrictor nerve activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and wearable epidermal biofuel cells (BFCs) that are worn on skin for the direct electricity generation from human perspiration are perceived to be a most enticing and promising next-generation energy source for addressing the on-body energy-harvesting challenge of wearable electronics. Previously reported epidermal BFCs are only focused on the utilization of human endogenous substances (i.e., glucose or lactate that can be produced by human body) in sweat as the biofuels for power production. Given the substances diversity in human body, some exogenous substances (that cannot be produced by body) are abundant in sweat in certain daily situations, however, their utility for epidermal bioenergy harvesting has been ignored so far. In the present work, we propose the first example of a flexible and wearable epidermal microfluidic human exogenous substance ethanol/oxygen BFC for the simultaneous sweat sampling and sweat bioelectricity generation on skin of individuals who drink alcohol. Certain actual situations that were associated with alcohol absorption and elimination in human body were considered and investigated for skin-on, continuous in situ sweat ethanol bioenergy generation in controlled environments. Such non-invasive flexible and wearable epidermal ethanol BFC expands the scope of human sweat-derived biofuels from endogenous substances to exogenous ones and holds great promise for the skin-worn and real-time bioenergy harvesting from human perspiration, which may open up a new challenge and approach to explore the human sweat for bioenergy conversion. We demonstrated the first example of a flexible and wearable epidermal microfluidic human exogenous substance ethanol/oxygen biofuel cell through a skin-worn, real-time in situ fashion to harvest the continuous electrical power from alcohol drinkers' perspiration in different real-life scenarios. [Display omitted] • The first example of a flexible and wearable epidermal human exogenous substance ethanol biofuel cell. • The simultaneous sweat sampling and sweat bioelectricity generation on skin of individuals who drink alcohol. • Certain actual situations were considered and investigated for skin-on, continuous in situ sweat ethanol bioenergy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been hypothesized that sweat loss during exercise causes a disruption in calcium homeostasis that activates bone resorption and over time leads to low bone mineral density. The purpose of this small pilot study was to determine whether dermal calcium loss from a bout of excessive sweating during light intensity physical activity triggers an increase in biomarkers of bone resorption. Biochemical markers related to bone homeostasis were measured before and after a 90 min Bikram hot yoga practice performed in a room heated to 105 °F with 40 % humidity. Participants were five females with a mean age of 47.4 ± 4.7 years. Nude body weight, serum total calcium (Ca2+), free ionized calcium, albumin, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and CTX-I were measured before and after a Bikram hot yoga practice. Mean estimated sweat loss was 1.54 ± 0.65 L, which elicited a 1.9 ± 0.9 % decrease in participant's body weight. Mean Ca2+ concentration in sweat was 2.9 ± 1.7 mg/dl and the estimated mean total calcium lost was 41.3 ± 16.4 mg. Serum ionized Ca2+ increased from 4.76 ± 0.29 mg/dl to 5.35 ± 0.36 mg/dl after the Bikram hot yoga practice (p =  0.0118). Serum PTH decreased from pre- 33.9 ± 3.3 pg/ml to post- 29.9 ± 2.1 pg/ml yoga practice (p =  0.0015) when adjusted for hemoconcentration (PTHADJ), implying a decrease in PTH secretion. We conclude that calcium loss in sweat during 90 min of Bikram hot yoga did not trigger an increase in PTH secretion and did not initiate bone resorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Skin biofluids contain a wealth of molecular information related to an individual's health and wellbeing state. • These biofluids (i.e. sweat, interstitial fluid, blood) may be on-invasively accessed and analysed using wearable technology. • Novel wearable biosensors are able to detect physiological levels of biomarkers for disease diagnosis and health monitoring. • Advancements in nano- and micro-technologies have greatly contributed to the development of wearable biosensors. • This review highlights the challenges and opportunities on wearable biosensing systems, and anticipates research directions. The skin, as the largest and most accessible organ in the human body, contains biofluids rich in biomarkers useful not only in diagnosis and monitoring of diseases, but also in profiling an individual's wellbeing. Advancements in micro- and nanotechnology research have underpinned the development of multifunctional wearable sensing devices. Those sensors may allow monitoring of physiological parameters from different skin sections such as epidermis, dermis and hypodermis by sampling various bodily fluids. Our review summarizes current advances in wearable biosensors for on-skin analysis of sweat, transdermal monitoring of interstitial fluid and analysis of subcutaneous fluids via implanted devices. The review is divided into three main parts describing biosensors acting on the different skin sections. Each part focuses on recent scientific and technological advancements in the wearable biosensing field by highlighting critical challenges as well as providing information on how these barriers are being addressed by the research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glycopyrronium tosylate (GT) is a topical anticholinergic developed for once-daily treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis.Objective: Assess the efficacy and safety of GT for primary axillary hyperhidrosis.Methods: ATMOS-1 and ATMOS-2 were replicate randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, 4-week phase 3 trials. Patients were randomized 2:1 to GT 3.75% or vehicle applied once daily to each axilla for 4 weeks. Coprimary endpoints were responder rate (≥4-point improvement from baseline) on item 2 (severity of sweating) of the Axillary Sweating Daily Diary (ASDD), which is a newly developed patient-reported outcome measure, and absolute change from baseline in axillary gravimetric sweat production at week 4. Safety evaluation included treatment-emergent adverse events.Results: Pooled data, which are consistent with the individual trial results, show that significantly more GT-treated patients achieved an ASDD-Item 2 response than did those treated with vehicle (59.5% vs 27.6%), and they had reduced sweat production from baseline (-107.6 mg/5 min vs -92.1 mg/5 min) at week 4 (P < .001 for both coprimary end points). Most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild or moderate and infrequently led to discontinuation.Limitations: Short trial duration and inherent challenges in gravimetrically assessing sweat production.Conclusions: GT applied topically on a daily basis over 4 weeks reduced the severity of sweating as measured by ASDD-Item 2, reduced sweat production as measured gravimetrically, and was generally well tolerated in patients with primary axillary hyperhidrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Generally, in a perspiration function, a summer rise and a winter decline are expected. However, modern lifestyles have acted to modify this change, and the sweat function may not necessarily increase in the summer, either. In this study, we focused on daily exercise customs and the palatability of air conditioning, and we investigated the relationship between lifestyle and sweat function change. Methods: We used healthy male college students and measured their sweat volume with summer heat stress in succession once a month for 12 months. The heat stress, which involved soaking the lower limbs in a bath (41°C water temperature) at 35°C room temperature, and was administered to each subject for 30 minutes. Sweat volume was calculated from weight change. Results & Discussion: The exercise custom group showed a higher quantity of sweat in comparison with the non-exercise custom group over the year. The change of sweat volume in the summer season more significantly increased in the exercise custom group than in the non-exercise custom group. Furthermore, in the non-exercise custom group, the possibility that the palatableness of air conditioning influenced the increase of the sweat quantity during the summer months was shown. It was suggested that having an exercising custom and the regular use of air conditioning influenced strongly the seasonal variation of sweat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sweat is a major aggravating factor of atopic dermatitis (AD) and approximately 80% of patients with AD show type I hypersensitivity against sweat. Objective: To identify and characterize an antigen in sweat that induces histamine release from basophils of patients with AD. Methods: Basophil histamine-releasing activity in sweat was purified by a combination of chromatographies, and proteins were analyzed with mass spectrometry. Recombinant proteins of the sweat antigen were generated, and their biological characteristics were studied by immunoblots, histamine release tests, and neutralization assays. Results: We identified a fungal protein, MGL_1304, derived from Malassezia globosa (M globosa) in the purified sweat antigen. Recombinant MGL_1304 induced histamine release from basophils of most of the patients with AD, in accordance with the semi-purified sweat antigen. Moreover, recombinant MGL_1304 abolished the binding of serum IgE of patients with AD to the semi-purified sweat antigen, or vice versa in immunoblot analysis, and attenuated the sensitization of RBL-48 mast cells expressing human FcɛRI by serum IgE. Studies of truncated mutants of MGL_1304 indicated that IgE of patients with AD recognized the conformational structure of MGL_1304 rather than short peptide sequences. Western blot analysis of the whole lysate, the culture supernatant of M globosa, and the semi-purified sweat antigen showed that MGL_1304 was produced as a minor immunological antigen of M globosa with posttranslational modification, cleaved, and secreted as a 17-kDa major histamine-releasing sweat antigen. Conclusion: MGL_1304 is a major allergen in human sweat and could cause type I allergy in patients with AD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]