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In digital news environments, incidental news exposure (INE) refers to coming across news when online for other reasons. In this systematic scoping review, conducted to summarize the current state of research on INE, I identified 88 scientific articles via Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar and systematically analyzed them. In quantitative analysis, trained coders coded categories such as year of publication, method, region of the sample, and the primary topic. In qualitative analysis, I summarized results for the concept of INE (e.g. definition and process of INE), its operationalization (e.g. in surveys and experiments), and published findings (e.g. determinants and effects). Finally, I articulate seven implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reddit's (Reddit Inc) large user base, diverse communities, and anonymity make it a useful platform for substance use research. Despite a growing body of literature on substance use on Reddit, challenges and limitations must be carefully considered. However, no systematic scoping review has been conducted on the use of Reddit as a data source for substance use research. Objective: This review aims to investigate the use of Reddit for studying substance use by examining previous studies' objectives, reasons, limitations, and methods for using Reddit. In addition, we discuss the implications and contributions of previous studies and identify gaps in the literature that require further attention. Methods: A total of 7 databases were searched using keyword combinations including Reddit and substance-related keywords in April 2022. The initial search resulted in 456 articles, and 227 articles remained after removing duplicates. All included studies were peer reviewed, empirical, available in full text, and pertinent to Reddit and substance use, and they were all written in English. After screening, 60 articles met the eligibility criteria for the review, with 57 articles identified from the initial database search and 3 from the ancestry search. A codebook was developed, and qualitative content analysis was performed to extract relevant evidence related to the research questions. Results: The use of Reddit for studying substance use has grown steadily since 2015, with a sharp increase in 2021. The primary objective was to identify tendencies and patterns in various types of substance use discussions (52/60, 87%). Reddit was also used to explore unique user experiences, propose methodologies, investigate user interactions, and develop interventions. A total of 9 reasons for using Reddit to study substance use were identified, such as the platform's anonymity, its widespread popularity, and the explicit topics of subreddits. However, 7 limitations were noted, including the platform's low representativeness of the general population with substance use and the lack of demographic information. Most studies use application programming interfaces for data collection and quantitative approaches for analysis, with few using qualitative approaches. Machine learning algorithms are commonly used for natural language processing tasks. The theoretical, methodological, and practical implications and contributions of the included articles are summarized and discussed. The most prevalent practical implications are investigating prevailing topics in Reddit discussions, providing recommendations for clinical practices and policies, and comparing Reddit discussions on substance use across various sources. Conclusions: This systematic scoping review provides an overview of Reddit's use as a data source for substance use research. Although the limitations of Reddit data must be considered, analyzing them can be useful for understanding patterns and user experiences related to substance use. Our review also highlights gaps in the literature and suggests avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Persons diagnosed with serious chronic illnesses and their caretakers experience multiple types of financial costs that strain their income and generate financial distress. Many turn to medical crowdfunding (MCF) to mitigate the harms of these costs on their health and quality of life. Objective: This scoping review aims to summarize the research on MCF for persons diagnosed with serious chronic illness regarding study designs and methods; the responsible conduct of research practices; and study foci as they relate to stress, stress appraisals, and the coping processes. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. Eligible studies were conducted in countries designated as high income by the World Bank and focused on beneficiaries diagnosed with serious chronic illness. The findings of the included studies were summarized as they related to the key concepts in a conceptual framework derived from an established stress, appraisal, and coping framework and a conceptual model of financial toxicity in pediatric oncology. Results: Overall, 26 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. The main findings included a lack of integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches and the inconsistent reporting of the responsible conduct of research practices. The included studies focused on financial stressors that contributed to financial burden, such as out-of-pocket payments of medical bills, basic living expenses, medical travel expenses, and lost income owing to illness-related work disruptions. Few studies addressed stress appraisals as threatening or the adequacy of available financial resources. When mentioned, appraisals related to the global financial struggle during the COVID-19 pandemic or the capacity of social network members to donate funds. The consequences of MCF included the receipt of 3 forms of social support (tangible, informational, and emotional), privacy loss, embarrassment, and the propagation of scientifically unsupported information. Studies found that friends and family tended to manage MCF campaigns. Although most of the studies (21/26, 81%) focused on monetary outcomes, a few (5/26, 19%) concentrated on peoples' experiences with MCF. Conclusions: The identified methodological gaps highlight the need for more robust and reproducible approaches to using the copious data available on public MCF platforms. The integration of quantitative and qualitative methods will allow for nuanced explorations of the MCF experience. A more consistent elaboration of strategies to promote the responsible conduct of research is warranted to minimize risk to populations that are vulnerable and express concerns regarding the loss of privacy. Finally, an examination of the unanticipated consequences of MCF is critical for the development of future interventions to optimize existing supports while providing needed supports, financial and nonfinancial, that are lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As anthropogenic pressures on the environment grow, science-policy interaction is increasingly needed to support evidence-informed decision-making. However, there are many barriers to knowledge exchange (KE) at the science-policy interface, including difficulties evaluating its outcomes. The aims of this study are to synthesize the literature to elucidate the a) intended and b) claimed outcomes of KE processes at the interface of environmental science and policy, as well as the c) evidence used to evaluate them and d) methods used for collecting evaluation data. Results from systematically identifying and analyzing 397 articles show that co-production, knowledge brokerage, boundary organizations, and social connections were the most common strategies for KE. KE processes commonly aimed, claimed and referred to evidence regarding the usability of knowledge (e.g. credibility, salience, legitimacy) and social outcomes (e.g. networking, awareness, learning, trust-building). They also aimed for deeper policy/economic/societal impacts and actual use of scientific knowledge within decision-making. These additional goals, however, were seldom claimed to have been achieved, although products (e.g. maps/tools) and process attributes (e.g. equity, power-relations, transparency) were commonly used for evidencing impact. Hence, this study found that success from KE at the interface of environmental science and policy comes in diverse forms and showed a divergence between what studies aim for (ambitious) and what they evidence or claim as an achievement (more modest). This may represent failures of KE processes to reach intended goals, shortcomings in evaluation literature/approaches, or mismatches between timescales of evaluation and impact. Overall, this suggests a need to better align goals with evaluation measures to plan, facilitate, and appreciate the diverse impacts of KE processes. [Display omitted] • Our review aims to understand success at the environmental science-policy interface. • Success at the science-policy interface comes in very diverse forms. • Usability of knowledge and/or social outcomes are most common goals. • Divergence between what studies aim for and what they evidence/claim as impact. • Results show need to plan for, and appreciate diverse impacts of knowledge exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An updated systematic scoping review and narrative analysis of all possible mental health studies done during the concerned immediate years clarifies its present condition and status for all professionals, and concerned researchers. To synthesize published mental health research studies in and for Saudi Arabia for the years 2009–2019 with the confidence to evaluate current situation, identify research gaps and limitations (if any), and assist in conceptualizing the forthcoming directions of future mental health research activities. Scoping systematic review and modified narrative analysis were the methods utilized to achieve the aim and objective set for this formal academic endeavor. Of the 1006 published studies identified from chosen databases, a total of 241 papers were included and had passed the stringent criteria set for the scoping review process. Basic characteristics of the reviewed studies were quantitative survey type with about 101–500 size range of respondents, utilizing non-patients and adults for participants which were common and randomly chosen from selected population, and most research activities were self-funded. Four major research themes were found including a list of research limitations. This systematic scoping review identified a wide range of results characterizing the different studies that qualified using pre-determined inclusion-exclusion criteria. Though of increasing publication volume in the past decade, most researches done were quantitative survey type whose themes seemed to show no drastic difference or change from the previous years of output. More variety in research themes would further improve the over-all quality of mental health publications. • An increasing number of publications in Saudi Arabia in the years 2009-2019 on mental health research studies. • Most published articles utilized quantitative survey type with about 101-500 size range of non-patient respondents. • Four research themes: awareness & attitude studies, QOL, intervention development studies, and social issues studies. • Most limitations included small sample size, sampling bias, self-reporting bias, and cross-sectional design limitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus pandemic also commonly known COVID-19 has affected various parts of the world rendering a negative impact on people’s lives and properly as well as the global economy. Several strategies have been devised by scientists and other innovators to address the issue of COVID-19 based on its different dynamics. A scoping review research about the dynamics of COVID-19 was conducted with the aid of the Arksey and O’Malley framework. The systematic searches were mostly conducted in ProQuest, Web of Science (WoS), Google Scholar, and Medline whereby key search word such as COVID- 19 and coronavirus. The scoping review managed to identify 1,067 documents that were carefully scrutinized based on the provisions of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The eligibility criteria helped in the elimination of 873 documents leaving a sample of 194 documents. Scoping reviews are considered as new methods of reviewing evidence but are increasingly being adopted as the best ways assessing different research problems or concepts. Due to the high variability in the conduct of scoping reviews, there is need for proper methodological standardization which will help to improve the utility and general strength of the evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To describe how workload-related exposure variables have been defined in sports injury articles, and to identify the number of workload-related exposure variables included in comparative analyses. DESIGN: Scoping review. LITERATURE SEARCH: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus were systematically searched on March 13, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened the retrieved literature and selected articles for inclusion. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: Prospective cohort studies using workload-related variables as the primary exposure to sports injury were eligible for inclusion. DATA SYNTHESIS: The type (eg, distance, balls bowled) and construct of workload-related exposure variables (eg, acute-chronic workload ratio) were extracted and summarized in frequency tables. RESULTS: A total of 648 articles were identified, and 45 were eligible for inclusion. Workload definition differed greatly, as sports- and workload-related exposure variables could be, but were not limited to, distance, balls bowled, session rating of perceived exertion, accelerations, soreness, and sleep. Within and across articles, authors used different constructs for workload-related exposure variables. For example, distance was represented as total distance, distance per week, distance per 2 weeks, and acute-chronic workload ratio. The number of workload-related exposure variables included in comparative analyses ranged from 1 to 336. CONCLUSION: Studies used different definitions of workload-related exposure variables. The number of workload-related exposure variables in a single study ranged from 1 to 336. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The study purpose was to map and identify gaps in the recent (∼2011–2017) literature on the costs of illness to parents of children diagnosed with cancer. The costs of illness include direct costs, indirect costs and psychosocial costs. Methods A systematic scoping review was conducted. Data sources included PubMed, CINAHL, PsychInfo and EconLit. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were conducted in high-income countries, published in the English language, and reported parent perspectives on direct costs, indirect costs and/or psychosocial costs due to financial costs. Results 25 studies were eligible. Most were conducted in Canada, the USA, or Sweden. The studies used a variety of designs, target populations, time frames and sample sizes. Intervention studies were lacking. Across studies fathers were underrepresented. While no study comprehensively measured costs of illness, more studies used rigorous methods and considered psychosocial costs. Financial costs were measured using a micro-costing or general estimates approach. Psychosocial costs were measured using a variety of PRO measures, some of which were investigator developed. The studies provide evidence that financial toxicity occurs in pediatric oncology. Conclusions Future studies should comprehensively measure costs using a consistent set of established measures and make efforts to recruit fathers to cost of illness research. Interventions to mitigate financial toxicity are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are increasingly and widely used as substitutes for brominated flame retardants in daily life. The chemical structure of OPFRs is very similar to that of organophosphorus pesticides, leading to concerns about their neurotoxicity. A few epidemiological studies have been published with inconsistent results on this topic, and a systematic scoping review is needed to provide an overview or map of the current evidence on the relationship of OPFRs with neurodevelopmental toxicity. Therefore, MEDLINE (accessed through PubMed), Web of Science, and CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure) were systematically searched for articles published in the last two decades. Nine eligible articles were included in the present systematic scoping review for adherence to the predefined PECOS (population, exposure, comparison, outcome, study design) statement. Six studies were conducted in the USA, and the remaining three studies were conducted in Austria, Norway and China. A total of 2 581 children (1 203 females and 1 378 males) were included. Half of the included studies focused on the adverse effects of OPFR exposure on cognition in children, while others primarily focused on the behaviors of children. In summary, the current evidence suggests inverse associations between early-life exposure to OPFRs and the childhood intelligence quotient and internalizing behavior and positive relationships of OPFR exposure with externalizing behavior. However, some differences in the timing of sample collection for exposure measurements, in the individual OPFR metabolites available, in the neurodevelopmental scales for outcome measurement, and in the statistical methods used to analyze the data are noted. In addition, further studies are warranted to evaluate some important issues, such as sex differences in the association, exposure-sensitive periods, and cumulative exposure risk assessment. • Human studies on neurotoxicity of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were rare. • The first systematic review was conducted for OPFRs linked with child neurotoxicity. • It indicated an inverse association of OPFR with child IQ and internalizing behavior. • It suggested a positive relationship between OPFR and child externalizing behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes a global assessment of digital agriculture services and their impacts. A scoping review conducted under a protocol aligned to the internationally accepted PRISMA- ScR found that most studies are focused on the provision of digital advisory and extension services to farmers, and they reported outcomes associated mainly with "practice change" and "increased knowledge." While many studies focused on on-farm agronomy, either through digital advisory or precision agriculture tools, they lacked data about outcomes related to environmental sustainability and climate resilience. This review also found that use facilitators and barriers should also be considered when studying and reporting on the uptake of services and their outcomes. • Proliferation of digital technologies serving farmers in low- and-middle income countries. • Research on digital agriculture on the rise with most studies published in the past three years. • Most studies are focused on digital advisory and extension services for farmers. • Few studies reported outcomes related to environmental sustainability and climate resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the world's population aging, more health-conscious older adults are seeking health information to make better-informed health decisions. The rapid growth of the internet has empowered older adults to access web-based health information sources. However, research explicitly exploring older adults' online health information seeking (OHIS) behavior is still underway.Objective: This systematic scoping review aims to understand older adults' OHIS and answer four research questions: (1) What types of health information do older adults seek and where do they seek health information on the internet? (2) What are the factors that influence older adults' OHIS? (3) What are the barriers to older adults' OHIS? (4) How can we intervene and support older adults' OHIS?Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed in November 2020, involving the following academic databases: Web of Science; Cochrane Library database; PubMed; MEDLINE; CINAHL Plus; APA PsycINFO; Library and Information Science Source; Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts; Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection; Communication & Mass Media Complete; ABI/INFORM; and ACM Digital Library. The initial search identified 8047 publications through database search strategies. After the removal of duplicates, a data set consisting of 5949 publications was obtained for screening. Among these, 75 articles met the inclusion criteria. Qualitative content analysis was performed to identify themes related to the research questions.Results: The results suggest that older adults seek 10 types of health information from 6 types of internet-based information sources and that 2 main categories of influencing factors, individual-related and source-related, impact older adults' OHIS. Moreover, the results reveal that in their OHIS, older adults confront 3 types of barriers, namely individual, social, and those related to information and communication technologies. Some intervention programs based on educational training workshops have been created to intervene and support older adults' OHIS.Conclusions: Although OHIS has become increasingly common among older adults, the review reveals that older adults' OHIS behavior is not adequately investigated. The findings suggest that more studies are needed to understand older adults' OHIS behaviors and better support their medical and health decisions in OHIS. Based on the results, the review proposes multiple objectives for future studies, including (1) more investigations on the OHIS behavior of older adults above 85 years; (2) conducting more longitudinal, action research, and mixed methods studies; (3) elaboration of the mobile context and cross-platform scenario of older adults' OHIS; (4) facilitating older adults' OHIS by explicating technology affordance; and (5) promoting and measuring the performance of OHIS interventions for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research on the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into community-based primary health care (CBPHC) has highlighted several advantages and disadvantages in practice regarding, for example, facilitating diagnosis and disease management, as well as doubts concerning the unintended harmful effects of this integration. However, there is a lack of evidence about a comprehensive knowledge synthesis that could shed light on AI systems tested or implemented in CBPHC.Objective: We intended to identify and evaluate published studies that have tested or implemented AI in CBPHC settings.Methods: We conducted a systematic scoping review informed by an earlier study and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review framework and reported the findings according to PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis-Scoping Reviews) reporting guidelines. An information specialist performed a comprehensive search from the date of inception until February 2020, in seven bibliographic databases: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), ScienceDirect, and IEEE Xplore. The selected studies considered all populations who provide and receive care in CBPHC settings, AI interventions that had been implemented, tested, or both, and assessed outcomes related to patients, health care providers, or CBPHC systems. Risk of bias was assessed using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). Two authors independently screened the titles and abstracts of the identified records, read the selected full texts, and extracted data from the included studies using a validated extraction form. Disagreements were resolved by consensus, and if this was not possible, the opinion of a third reviewer was sought. A third reviewer also validated all the extracted data.Results: We retrieved 22,113 documents. After the removal of duplicates, 16,870 documents were screened, and 90 peer-reviewed publications met our inclusion criteria. Machine learning (ML) (41/90, 45%), natural language processing (NLP) (24/90, 27%), and expert systems (17/90, 19%) were the most commonly studied AI interventions. These were primarily implemented for diagnosis, detection, or surveillance purposes. Neural networks (ie, convolutional neural networks and abductive networks) demonstrated the highest accuracy, considering the given database for the given clinical task. The risk of bias in diagnosis or prognosis studies was the lowest in the participant category (4/49, 4%) and the highest in the outcome category (22/49, 45%).Conclusions: We observed variabilities in reporting the participants, types of AI methods, analyses, and outcomes, and highlighted the large gap in the effective development and implementation of AI in CBPHC. Further studies are needed to efficiently guide the development and implementation of AI interventions in CBPHC settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Delirium prevention is crucial, especially in critically ill patients. Nonpharmacological multicomponent interventions for preventing delirium are increasingly recommended and technology-based interventions have been developed to support them. Despite the increasing number and diversity in technology-based interventions, there has been no systematic effort to create an overview of these interventions for in-hospital delirium prevention and reduction.Objective: This systematic scoping review was carried out to answer the following questions: (1) what are the technologies currently used in nonpharmacological technology-based interventions for preventing and reducing delirium? and (2) what are the strategies underlying these currently used technologies?Methods: A systematic search was conducted in Scopus and Embase between 2015 and 2020. A selection was made in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Studies were eligible if they contained any type of technology-based interventions and assessed delirium-/risk factor-related outcome measures in a hospital setting. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using a predesigned data form.Results: A total of 31 studies were included and analyzed focusing on the types of technology and the strategies used in the interventions. Our review revealed 8 different technology types and 14 strategies that were categorized into the following 7 pathways: (1) restore circadian rhythm, (2) activate the body, (3) activate the mind, (4) induce relaxation, (5) provide a sense of security, (6) provide a sense of control, and (7) provide a sense of being connected. For all technology types, significant positive effects were found on either or both direct and indirect delirium outcomes. Several similarities were found across effective interventions: using a multicomponent approach or including components comforting the psychological needs of patients (eg, familiarity, distraction, soothing elements).Conclusions: Technology-based interventions have a high potential when multidimensional needs of patients (eg, physical, cognitive, emotional) are incorporated. The 7 pathways pinpoint starting points for building more effective technology-based interventions. Opportunities were discussed for transforming the intensive care unit into a healing environment as a powerful tool to prevent delirium.Trial Registration: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42020175874; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=175874. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accessibility of laughter and humour make them attractive choices for self-care, and integrative medicine. There is a growing body of literature, but both fields are fragmented and the overall evidence has not been systematically reviewed. The relationship between health and personal development is increasingly recognized. This review scopes the evidence for laughter and humour interventions from the perspective of their potential benefits on personal development. A systematic scoping review used Joanna Briggs guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Scoping Review extension (PRISMA-ScR). All-population laughter and humour interventions described in primary and secondary research from 1970, and in English, were searched in Web of Science and PubMed/Medline. Analysis of 240 primary research articles (k), and 11 systematic reviews (K), identified k = 564 discrete articles with studies involving 574,611 participants (n). Twelve large studies (n >15,000) contributed 77 % of participants. Classification analysis found more research relating to humour (k = 445, n = 334,996) than laughter (k = 119, n = 239,615) and identified diverse personal development outcomes associated with Biological, Psychological, Social, Environmental, and Behavioural (BPSE-B) factors. This review presents growing evidence for the diverse applications and benefits of laughter and humour. Multiple opportunities for self-care and interventional applications are described. The consideration of personal development outcomes may support tailored applications according to specific needs and objectives. An umbrella Personal Development Theory of laughter and humour, inclusive humour and laughter definitions, and a humour-laughter-affect model are proposed to unify the fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]