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This fully updated and expanded second edition of a highly popular text book focuses on the structure and mechanism in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. Carbohydrates play important roles in biological systems as energy sources, as structural materials, and as informational structures (when they are often attached to proteins or lipids). Their chemical reactivity and conformational behaviour is governed by mechanistic and stereochemical rules, which apply as much to enzymic as to non-enzymic reactivity. The same principles of reactivity and conformation govern changes brought about in the process industries, such as pulp, paper and food. Extensively referenced with citations and a detailed index, the book contains everything the reader needs to know to start a carbohydrate research project with one of the real strengths being the treatment and integration of the important physical-chemical principles and methods (though lead references only are given to the finer points of carbohydrate synthesis). The book is suitable for both researchers who are new to the subject and those more established as well as a readership from diverse backgrounds and interests, including chemists, biochemists, food scientists and technologists involved with the processing of polysaccharides in the paper, textile, cosmetics, biofuels and other industries.

Global warming and, even more recently, the COVID pandemic have brought into public focus our dependence on science and the lens with which it considers the world. Science is providing opportunities for new ways of thinking and has always opened new avenues for creative thought and advances. This book examines and summarises the developments and changes in approaches to organic and natural product chemistry as seen through the published works of the author and seeks to place them in a philosophical and societal context. Demonstrating and explaining how scientists and, more particularly, chemists arrive at a world view, it will show how this is predicated not just by scientific advances but also by societal influences. The author uses personal experience to detail progress through science. Techniques used in such investigations are alluded to but not described in detail since the interested reader can access the full published papers if required. Interesting both to the general, scientifically literate reader and to the specialist wanting information on natural product chemistry, the book does not create a rulebook for carrying out natural product chemistry but rather examines the processes that lie beneath the development of natural product chemistry and how this enables chemists to examine and interpret the world. Students of chemistry (whatever their age or stage of career) may also be interested in reading how peer reviewed and published material relates to the wider society view.

Water scarcity affects around 40% of the world's population and, to make the situation worse, 80% of wastewater enters water bodies without being adequately treated. The term advanced materials can include nanomaterials, biomaterials and energy materials and many of these advanced materials have been demonstrated to be useful for removing pollutants from water. A wide range of advanced materials can be prepared through affordable, energy-efficient approaches and they can easily be retrofitted to existing wastewater systems. In the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in the field of synthesis and application of advanced materials especially for environmental remediation. Advanced Materials for Emerging Water Pollutant Removal focuses on the synthesis, characterisation and application of advanced materials that can be used for the removal of various emerging water pollutants. With an emphasis on renewable starting materials and sustainable processes this is a great book for environmental chemists, materials scientists and water treatment specialists alike.

The captivating field of modern forensic science can be challenging to understand. Written for those with little or no scientific knowledge, this book covers the three main areas of an investigation where forensic science is practised: at the scene of the crime, in the forensic laboratory, and in court. The fifth edition of this popular book has been fully updated including new chapters and authors. With practitioners once again providing these chapters, readers are able to gain information on the forefront of current practices across the forensic science disciplines. Ideal for anyone studying forensic science or law, this book details how crime scene and forensic examinations are conducted in the UK, courtroom procedures, and the role of the expert witness. It is an excellent source of information for anyone with a role in an investigation, including the police and crime scene investigators. Review of the 4th Edition:'This is an excellent book which I wholeheartedly recommend to anyone with an interest in forensic science, from the experienced practitioner to the curious layman.'Dr Alan Greenwood, Coventry University, UK

Antibiotic resistance is a global health concern. Strains of pathogenic microorganisms that have developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, such as MRSA, are extremely difficult to treat, and alternative methods for tackling pathogenic microorganisms are in demand. One potential target for new therapeutics is inhibition of quorum sensing: how microorganisms communicate and form biofilms in a density-dependent manner. Inhibiting this system via ‘quorum quenching'(QQ) is a promising route to new pharmaceuticals and for controlling biofilm formation and growth. Quorum sensing also provides interesting possibilities in synthetic biology for producing novel products, biosensors, bioactive molecules, and so on. This book covers the biology of quorum sensing and quenching, and potential sources of QQ enzymes and other inhibitors, as well as an overview of their mechanism and potential biotech applications. The book also covers the potential for new drug development from QQ, covering a range of related topics including protein engineering, imaging and computational studies, and integrated systems. This book is an ideal companion to researchers in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, particularly those interested in biofilm formation, quorum sensing, novel antimicrobial development, synthetic biology and enzymology.

Ionic liquids (ILs) play a crucial role in modern chemistry and chemical engineering. They remain more desirable than conventional volatile solvents and catalysts in many physical and chemical processes, often exhibiting green and designer properties for various applications. Examining the unique contribution of ILs towards current environmental challenges, this book addresses the importance of their role in the detection of micropollutants and decontamination processes in air and water compartments. It also presents a detailed review of how ILs impact the environment once released, a topic seldom covered in other books, and highlights novel chemoinformatic tools used to predict their fate, showing how advanced oxidation processes help in remediation. This is an ideal book for researchers in both academia and industry, and postgraduate students in environmental chemistry, chemical engineering and analytical chemistry looking at the potential applications of ionic liquids in addressing several environmental problems.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are extensively used in consumer products, despite their high persistence and other hazards. The risks posed by this chemical class to human health and the environment, which are increasingly becoming understood, have triggered regulation and policy changes. However, safer alternatives to these technically effective materials and methods to discover and use those alternatives are still under development. Remediation of PFAS contaminated sites will not solve the growing worldwide pollution, but substitution with safer substances at the formulation and manufacturing phases will at least abate the flow of PFASs into our bodies and environment. Introducing safer alternatives to some of the PFASs of concern used in select industry sectors, this book informs the reader about the processes of chemical hazard and alternatives assessment that can foster innovation. It is a valuable resource for both green chemists and industrial chemists interested in how they can make their products safer without compromising on function.

The cost of drug development is increasing, and investment returns are decreasing. The number of drugs approved by FDA is in decline in terms of the number of new molecular entities (NMEs). Amongst the reasons noted for this are the adverse side effects and reduced efficiency of many of the potential compounds. This is a problem both for the pharmaceutical industry and for those suffering from diseases for which there are no or few available treatments. Advances in computational chemistry, computer science, structural biology and molecular biology have all contributed to improved drug design strategies and reduced the time taken for drug discovery. By interfacing cheminformatics and bioinformatics with systems biology we can create a powerful tool for understanding the mechanisms of patho-physiological systems and identifying lead molecules for various diseases. This integration of drug design approaches can also play a crucial role in the prediction and rationalization of drug effects and side effects, improving safety and efficacy and leading to better approval rates. Addressing the lack of knowledge on the fundamental aspects of the various computational tools for drug discovery, this book is a compilation of recent bioinformatics and cheminformatics approaches, and their integration with systems biology. Written primarily for researchers and academics in chem- and bioinformatics, it may also be a useful resource for advanced-level students.

Looking for instructional material to help extend the shelf life of your crops? Look no further. Drying is one of the main preservation techniques available for extending the useful storage life of food products such as fruits and vegetables. Its origins pre-date recorded history and it can be performed on a small-scale without the need for massive quantities of fruits and vegetables and continuous conveyor belt dryers. By providing explanations of the basic concepts of food drying and techniques useable at the small-scale, this book outlines why various procedures in the process are followed. Coverage includes: preparation of fruits and vegetables; open air drying, solar drying and forced air drying techniques; packaging and shelf-life enhancement; and use of dehydrated food materials. This book is written in a non-scientific style that would be suitable for food processors and urban gardeners amongst others. Whether you are drying food at home or as a small-scale producer, you will find information to help you extend the shelf life of your crops and foods in this book.

Glycoproteins are central to numerous cellular processes and are among the most structurally complex biomolecules in nature. This unique complexity stems from variability in complex oligosaccharides that are located throughout the protein, a feature that is profoundly important for regulating biomolecular interactions but also makes glycoproteins difficult to study. As such, glycoprotein analysis entails a range of techniques to bridge the knowledge gap between glycoprotein structure and biological function. This book serves as an authoritative guide to glycoprotein analysis, written by internationally recognised experts in the field and discussed in the context of real-world applications across the life sciences. It provides a wide-ranging assessment of the modern methods, from those used to characterise glycoprotein structure, to approaches proficient in uncovering the molecular mechanisms by which they function as well as those capable of measuring structural dynamics and macromolecular assembly. These methods differ to a large extent and include mass spectrometry, glycan/lectin arrays, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography. Equally important are computational techniques, including molecular dynamics and bioinformatics, which are also covered and discussed in the wider context of glycoprotein analysis. Glycobiology is indeed a rapidly growing field and the development of advanced tools for glycoproteins analysis has been enabled by researchers from different backgrounds working to overcome long-standing analytical challenges and biological questions involving glycosylation. This book is intended to aid academic and professional researchers at various levels of their career to gain a deeper appreciation of cutting-edge methods in glycoprotein analysis and their applications in biomolecular research, biotherapeutic development, structural biology and biophysical chemistry.

Continuing their research uncovering the lives of women chemists at the turn of the 20th Century, Geoff and Marelene Rayner-Canham have turned their attention to some of the male chemists who enabled women to thrive in chemistry. This book provides an insight into the character of 14 male chemists and their female students. Using contemporary quotes, the authors build an interesting narrative, demonstrating how the support and encouragement of their students was reciprocated with significant contributions to their fame and research. Beyond the lives of individuals, readers will explore a period of social change in chemistry, not only the acceptance of co-educational teaching, but also the development of domestic chemistry as a subject. Significantly, this period also saw the acceptance of women into the Chemical Society, championed by several of the men featured.

Many of the polymers we use every day are highly flammable. Historically, a large number of home fires were caused by ignited polymeric materials until legislation was introduced requiring fire retardants to be added to these materials. Fire retardants increase the time it takes for materials to ignite, providing valuable time to prevent a fire or escape. However, it has become apparent that many of the traditional treatments used as fire retardants are harmful to human health and highly persistent in the environment. With evermore polymeric materials in our homes and lives it is still highly valuable to be able to make fire retardants, but consideration must be given to their environmental impact and sustainability. Green Fire Retardants for Polymeric Materials looks at both the choice of different materials and treatments for improving the fire retardancy of polymeric materials, as well as green approaches to synthesising these fire retardants. It is a timely resource both for green chemists interested in real world applications for their work and polymer scientists keen to increase the sustainability of their products and processes.

Based on a translated Japanese title published in 2012, this book provides fundamental aspects of experimental and computational methods, the properties and structure of solvents, ion solvation and equilibria and reactions of metal complexes in solution. It includes state-of-the-art details on metal complexes in newly developing sustainable liquids and applications in real life. Appealing to researchers working in coordination chemistry, including students and industrialists, the text uses exercises, tables and figures to help the reader with their understanding of the topic.

Superhydrophobic coatings have attracted substantial scientific research in recent years due to their real-world applications in a variety of fields including anti-corrosion, anti-icing, anti-fogging, oil separation and self-cleaning materials. Several approaches and methods have been used in developing superhydrophobic coatings on different substrates. This book guides readers through their fabrication and application, representing the latest significant advances in this important topic. Split into four sections, Part One concentrates on the fundamental principles of surface wettability and superhydrophobicity, before moving into Part Two and Part Three, which focus on different aspects of superhydrophobic coatings based on the materials used for fabrication and the substrate on which the coating is applied. Finally, Part Four focuses on the applications of these coatings. This book will serve as a valuable reference for graduate students, researchers and industrial practitioners in multiple industries working on surface wettability, materials chemistry and coatings related technologies.

With a vast landscape of material, careful distillation of the most important discoveries helps researchers find the key information. Publications in nanoscience cross conventional boundaries from chemistry to specialised areas of physics and nanomedicine. This volume provides a critical and comprehensive assessment of the most recent research and opinion from across the globe. Topics covered include, but are not limited to, advancing lithium-ion battery technology, sonochemistry in nanomaterial synthesis, mechanoluminescence and electronic and optical features of 2D materials. Appealing to anyone practising in nano-allied fields or wishing to enter the nano-world, this useful resource provides a succinct reference on recent developments in this area now and looking to the future.

With the expansion of human settlements and the environmental changes brought about by human activity and pollutants, toxicology and risk assessment of amphibian species has become increasingly of interest to toxicologists involved in environmental research. This book focuses specifically on environmental risk assessment in premetamorphic stages and adults of amphibians. Amphibian ecotoxicology is not totally understood in scientific research and as such environmental risk assessment in these vertebrates is an area of rapidly growing interest. It has the potential to answer some of the questions regarding risks to our environment. An ideal companion, this book will be useful to toxicologists and ecologists investigating risk assessment in the environments of amphibians, while also of interest to those working in conservation biology, biological invasion, biocontrol and habitat management.

Since 1984 this book, now in its 7th edition and thoroughly updated, has introduced the crucial interface between our diet and the essentially chemical nature of what we eat and drink. The contributions of the various classes of natural food components, as well as additives and contaminants, to the nutritional value of foods are considered. These include the nutrients required in large amounts like carbohydrates, proteins, fat, minerals and water as well as the less bulky nutrients such as vitamins, flavours, colours and preservatives. Undesirable food components, including allergens, pesticide residues and toxins are also dealt with. Not just the nature of food components are described, but also how they behave in storage, processing and cooking and accompanying changes in a food's nutritional value. The book features a ‘Special Topics'section at the end of each chapter for specialist readers and advanced students, comprehensive listings of up-to-date review articles and recommended books for further reading, an exhaustive index and the structural formulae of over 500 food components. Frequent reference is also made to wider food and health issues, e.g. lactose intolerance, polyunsaturated fatty acids, wheat and gluten evolution, salt and hypertension, flavonoids in tea and fruit, and the increasing replacement of artificial with natural food colours. Food: The Chemistry of its Components will be of particular interest to students and teachers of food science, nutrition and applied chemistry in universities, colleges and schools. Its accessible style ensures that it will be invaluable to anyone with an interest in food issues. Extracts from reviews of previous editions:“A superb book to have by your side when you read your daily newspaper.” New Scientist.“… filled me with delight, curiosity and wonder. All the chemistry is very clear and I thoroughly recommend it.” The Chemical Educator.“This is a lively and thorough treatment of the subject. I can recommend it to anyone interested in food, as an excellent reference or just to pick up and browse.” School Science Review.“Especially noteworthy are the author's simple observations on foods that are familiar to us all …” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Safety.

Looking for a comprehensive textbook that covers the interaction between micro-organisms and food? Spoilage, foodborne illness, and fermentation. Food Microbiology has been the most popular textbook in this area since it was first published in 1995. Now in its fifth edition, the highly successful authors bring the book right up to date. Maintaining its general structure and philosophy to encompass modern food microbiology, this new edition provides updated and revised individual chapters and uses new examples to illustrate incidents. It covers the three main aspects of the interaction between micro-organisms and food and the positive and negative features that result. Attention is paid to the illustrations included and there is a discussion on the factors affecting the presence of micro-organisms in foods and their capacity to survive and grow. Finally, recent developments in procedures used to assay and control the microbiological quality of food and protect public health are reported. Thorough and accessible, this book is designed for students in the biological sciences, biotechnology, and food science, as well as a valuable resource for researchers, teachers, and practising food microbiologists.

This book delves into the world of natural sources from medicinal plants, microbes, and fungi, to lichen, algae, and clay minerals that have been used for centuries in traditional medicine. These sources are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites that have a wide range of applications in various industries, including cosmetics and personal care products. This book provides a comprehensive guide to secondary metabolites for cosmeceutical purposes, regulatory perspectives for cosmeceuticals in different countries, and allergic responses from these secondary metabolites. Additionally, this book discusses the impact of nanotechnology on cosmetic products such as skin and hair care. Bioprospecting of Natural Sources for Cosmeceuticals is a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in chemistry, botany, biotechnology, microbiology, cosmetic science, and the pharmaceutical sciences. It is also useful for those researching traditional medicine systems and those in the microbiology, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and nanoscience industries.

Ice cream as we recognize it today has been in existence for at least 300 years, though its origins probably go much further back in time. Before the development of refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions but its advance to commercial manufacture was helped by the first ice cream making machine patented by Nancy Johnson in Philadelphia in the 1840s. The third edition of The Science of Ice Cream has been fully revised and updated with new material. The book still begins with the history of ice cream, subsequent chapters looking at the link between the microscopic and macroscopic properties and how these relate to the ultimate texture of the product you eat. A new chapter on non-dairy ice cream has been added and the book is completed with some suggestions for experiments relating to ice cream and how to make it at home or in a school laboratory. The book has authenticity and immediacy, with a new co-author who is an active industrial practitioner, and is ideal for undergraduate food science students as well as those working in the food industry. It is also accessible to the general reader with a basic knowledge of science and provides teachers with ideas for using ice cream to illustrate scientific principles.

Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins is a broad ranging title comprising a selection of comprehensive and critical reviews of significant developments at the biology and chemistry interface. Compiled by leading researchers in their subject, this volume incorporates current trends and emerging areas reflecting the state-of-the-art research in this field. Appealing broadly to researchers in academia and industry, it will be of great benefit to any researcher wanting a succinct reference in this field and looking at the future.

This annual review of the literature provides a comprehensive and critical survey of a vast field of study involving organophosphorus compounds, ranging from phosphines and their chalcogenide derivatives, phosphonium salts and P-ylides, to tervalent and quinquevalent phosphorus acid derivatives and penta- and hexa-coordinated phosphorus compounds. Recent developments in applications as reagents in green synthetic procedures are also given. With an emphasis on interdisciplinary content, this book will appeal to the worldwide organic chemistry and engineering research communities.

Of all the arts, photography has perhaps the closest association with science and technology: the physics of light and colour combined with chemistry to capture images. Lo-Fi Photography is an ideal introduction to the science that lies behind photography and the array of simple methods that can be used to capture light and create images. From making homemade cameras to accessible techniques, the goal of this book is to provide all readers with access to this interesting form of creative photography via how-to guides, plans and some tips and tricks. In addition to the theory and hands-on guidance, this book also explores Lo-Fi photography as a distinct art form and provides further reading and excellent sources for diving even deeper into the world of experimental photography. Lo-Fi Photography is both a superb introduction to anyone curious about the science of photography and a first-rate guide to the world of experiemental photography for inquisitive photographers.

Compounds with multiple anions provide a new materials platform, bringing a new degree of freedom for designing materials. Mixed-anion compounds have seen a recent resurgence in interest owing to their intriguing properties for a wide variety of applications. The purpose of this book is a systematic description of the science of mixed-anion compounds with a comprehensive description of synthesis, analysis, applications, and computational science related to mixed-anion compounds. The book will be of particular interest to postgraduate students and researchers in inorganic solid-state chemistry, computational science and the synthesis, analysis and application of mixed-anion compounds.

Billions of people globally live under conditions of water stress and water shortage, or with contaminated water sources. Anthropogenic contaminants pose an extra challenge as water purification technology must be constantly developed or upgraded to deal with newly fabricated pollutants. One of the UN sustainable development goals is to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Therefore, it is vital to develop novel materials and technologies for producing clean drinking water in a human safe, economically reasonable and environmentally sustainable way. Novel Materials and Water Purification introduces recent approaches to the fabrication of novel materials for water purification and discusses several significant applications including removal of heavy metals and pharmaceuticals. This is a timely work of high interest to researchers and learners in the fields of water science, water management and materials science.

The global miniature devices market is poised to surpass a valuation of $12–$15 billion USD by the year 2030. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices are a vital component of this market. Comprising a network of microchannels, electrical circuits, sensors, and electrodes, LOC is a miniaturized integrated device platform used to streamline day-to-day laboratory functions, run cost-effective clinical analyses and curb the need for centralized instrumentation facilities in remote areas. Compact design, portability, ease of operation, low sample volume, short reaction time, and parallel investigation stand as the pivotal factors driving the widespread acceptance of LOC within the biomedical community. In this book, the Editors meticulously explore LOC through three key ‘Ts': Theories (microfluidics, microarrays, instrumentation, software);Technologies (additive manufacturing, artificial intelligence, computational thinking, smart consumables, scale-up tactics, and biofouling); and Trends (biomedical analysis, point-of-care diagnostics, personalized healthcare, bioactive synthesis, disease diagnosis, and space applications) This comprehensive text not only provides readers with a thorough understanding of the current advancements in the LOC domain but also offers valuable insights to support the utilization of miniaturized devices for enhanced healthcare practices. Aimed at career researchers looking for instruction in the topic and newcomers to the area, the book is also useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students embarking on new studies or for those interested in reading about the LOC platform.

Tea is the world's most popular beverage. Dive into a cup of tea with a chemist and discover the rich molecular brew that can be extracted from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. Tea contains over a hundred different chemical compounds which contribute to its colour, taste and scent – and its stimulating effects. The best-known is caffeine, but how does caffeine end up in tea and how can you get it out? Beginning with the leaves, Steeped explores the chemistry behind different styles of tea, from green teas to pu-erh. It tackles the age-old question of when, or even whether, to add milk. And it puts the chemistry to use with advice on how to brew a better cup.

Global climate change is the most important challenge humankind is facing in the modern era. One of the main scientific concerns is the monitoring of contaminants in the environment, which require the right environmental remediation strategies. In this context, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques have a very important role in enabling the discovery of how pollutants are transformed, how they can move and how they can affect human health. This book discusses the present and the future perspectives of NMR techniques for environmental evaluations. It covers, amongst other topics, the importance of NMR as a contamination discovery tool, how to improve sensitivity in environmental NMR, and multiphase NMR for measurement of samples in their natural state. Samples include lubricant oils, soils and porous media. Due to the direct relationship between the environment and human health, there is information dedicated to the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor human health as related to environmental pollution. There is also a chapter on how NMR is used in cultural heritage to measure artefacts directly affected by environmental pollution. Filling a gap in the literature, the book is for researchers explaining how to apply their knowledge of NMR techniques to solve environmental problems, and for students who want to deepen their understanding of this topic.

Mass spectrometry is one of the most versatile analytical techniques due to the vast range of analytes that it can detect and quantify and, as such, for its contribution to a significant number of life science fields. The legal and forensics community has certainly benefited from this technique, which has been able to provide reliable evidence in court cases. Liquid Chromatography/Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC/GC–MS) still have a dominant role in the provision of forensic intelligence. However, in the past decade new and exciting MS-based techniques have emerged and are or have evolved to be at an operational deployment maturity, enabling either fast, ambient, non-destructive, or portable screening (or encompass all of these features). In this book, developments of LC–MS and GC–MS based techniques are covered with respect to operational practice and new applications, accompanied by other MS-based techniques that are increasing forensic opportunities and that operate on a variety of evidence types. Whilst the underpinning working principles of each relevant mass spectrometry technique are summarised, each chapter primarily focuses on its implementation in criminal investigation and court cases. In the last chapters, this book additionally covers emerging MS technologies that are at the beginning of their operational implementation journey as well as niche applications outside the fields of traditional forensic science but with a clear potential to impact future investigations (forensics beyond the courtroom). This book provides an up-to-date reference for the mass spectrometry-based tools that are currently available both as established and as emerging methods within forensic practice. It will help casework commissioning managers and forensic providers worldwide to make more informed decisions as to the forensic strategy and workflow when examining exhibits. It is also recommended to postgraduates and early career investigators with reference to the contribution that these techniques and methods could make if applied to classic forensic science practice.

Focusing on the complexity of the food digestion process from oral cavity to intestine, this book looks at the anatomical intricacies of the digestive system, techniques currently used to study food digestibility, the glycemic index and bioavailability of food components. It also provides a detailed understanding of various modification techniques critical to any food product development, such as modification of food structure, its composition, and size. Being the first of its kind to provide an in-depth idea of various stages of food digestion, whilst linking it with approaches in modifying foods so as to cater to specific food or functional requirements, the book provides an integrated approach. Existing methods to understand the process of food digestion and advances in artificial systems that have been used for such studies are presented, substantiated with findings from scientific publications. Apart from readers from the field of medicine, this book is highly inter-disciplinary and will attract readers from food science, nutrition and food physics.

Modern research in biology increasingly relies on multiple techniques for describing structures and mechanisms. This book provides an overview of the contemporary integrated biology approaches for solving structures and understanding mechanisms of complex biological systems. It includes several methodology chapters discussing the current developments in the areas of cryo-electron microscopy (EM) and cryo-electron tomography (ET), computational biophysics, solution NMR spectroscopy, solid-state NMR spectroscopy and dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), (photo-)chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP), X-ray crystallography and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS). Several subsequent chapters demonstrate how these methods are used in synergy to address problems at the forefront of structural biology, with particular emphasis on examples where individual techniques are insufficient. Examples of biological systems include membrane proteins, viral protein assemblies, cytoskeleton protein assemblies, photosynthetic reaction centers, large enzyme complexes and whole cells. The book is targeted to both the current practitioners of structural biology and scientists who are interested in entering the fields of structural biology or biophysical chemistry.

Sustainability from an economic and environmental perspective is linked to the way we extract and consume the earth's finite resources and is implicit in the definition of a circular economy (CE) as a model of production and consumption designed to retain value within the economic system. This can include conserving natural resources, making sustainable products by incorporating recyclability in product design, changing consumption behaviour, and adopting more sustainable business models. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of objectives for improving health and education, reducing inequality, and protecting our shared environment globally. The CE is a key enabler to achieving these objectives. The Circular Economy explores how the concepts of CE can help address and meet targets linked to the SDGs. Taking a broad view across different industries and areas, and looking at specific SDGs, this book discusses current activities, standards, policy and legislation, challenges to achieving the SDGs and opportunities for enhancing circularity and sustainability.

Sensors are significantly relevant to many aspects of life. The advancements in nanotechnology-based sensing systems are giving rise to exciting developments in sensor applications. Recently, nanocomposites have become highly promising candidates for the designing of new chemical sensing and biosensing platforms. Graphene-based nanocomposites have been successfully employed in many sensing applications in view of their excellent physical properties including high surface area, electrical conductivity, flexibility and optical transparency. They provide remarkable advantages such as lower fabrication costs, improved biocompatibility, prominent sensitivity, stability and selectivity for effective real-world implementation. The aim of the book is to give an overview on the properties and novel applications of graphene-based nanocomposites as chemical and biosensors. Chapters highlight various biosensing applications such as diabetes monitoring, cancer cell detection, virus, bacteria, DNA, protein and amino acid sensing, as well as hormone and cholesterol detection. Moreover, chemical sensing applications like gas, alcohol, and food toxin sensing, heavy metal ion detection, and H2O2 sensing are also covered. The book is ideal for postgraduates, analytical chemists, biomedical scientists and researchers in both academic and industrial settings working on materials science, chemical science and nanotechnology.

The field of optoelectronic polymers has continuously expanded in the past two decades because of their innovative applications in a variety of technologies in optoelectronic, photonic and energy research. Groups across the world are still looking into the fundamentals, as well as their applications, which remain to be fully understood and envisioned. This is the first book on the topic for researchers who are entering the field, highlighting the remarkable basic science and technological potential of this class of materials. Chapters will focus on the fundamental concepts as well as up-and-coming research into the applications of these polymers. Chapters will look at topics such as pure organic phosphorescence and external stimuli-responsive luminescent materials that are not covered in other books.

There is an increasing awareness that materials and chemicals produced from fossil fuels are not sustainable, both in terms of the pollution caused by the extraction and production processes, and the fact that there is only a finite supply of these fossil fuels. Therefore, there is a strong incentive to find sources for chemicals and materials from source materials that we know we can continue to generate. Plants are a source of a wide variety of chemicals, many with interesting properties, and these chemical feedstocks are considered renewable rather than finite. Green Chemistry and Green Materials from Plant Oils and Natural Acids covers the application of these natural materials in producing polymers, lubricants and plasticisers.

Incidents such as nuclear weapon tests, accidents in nuclear power plants, transport accidents and accidental or authorised discharges from nuclear facilities have introduced anthropogenic radionuclides into the environment. Scientists need accurate analysis of these radionuclides in order to estimate the risk to the public from released radioactivity. This book is an authoritative, up-to-date collection from leading scientists across the globe on environmental radiochemistry and radioecology, nuclear industry decommissioning, radiation detection and imaging, medical imaging, radioanalytical techniques and nuclear forensics. The research contributions were first presented at the 14th International Symposium on Nuclear and Environmental Radiochemical Analysis in September 2022. Providing a key reference for graduates and professionals who work across fields involving analytical chemistry, radiochemistry, environmental science and technology, and waste disposal, this book is essential reading to aid risk analysis and protection.

Molecular chaperones are critical to control protein quality in all living cells. Understanding chaperone function at the atomic level, and in particular its mode of interaction with client proteins, is crucial to understanding the fundamental roles chaperones play in biology. This book fills a gap in the literature by comprehensively summarizing and discussing new advanced experimental techniques for their analysis. Providing a comprehensive overview of advanced biophysical methods for the characterization of molecular mechanisms of molecular chaperones, the majority of the contributions are NMR methodology. This is the method of choice for atomic resolution studies of such systems. Additional notable biophysical approaches are considered to present all relevant current developments in exploring chaperone function and the transient and dynamic interactions with their client proteins. The book is targeted at both current practitioners of structural biology and biophysical chemistry and scientists who are interested in entering the field. It could be useful for graduate students as supplementary reading.

In the human body, there are millions of living microorganisms involved in protecting the body from invaders, helping digestion and regulating moods, but there are also harmful pathogens that cause infectious diseases. For instance, the coronavirus (COVID-19) has caused considerable loss of life since its outbreak. Comprehensive analysis and characterization of microbes is of significant importance to understand the function and role of microorganisms, and rapid detection and identification of unknown pathogens are essential in early diagnosis, treatment monitoring and personalized medicine. Mass spectrometry is a technique to ionize molecules and detect the mass-to-charge ratio of the generated ions. The technique is widely used in hospitals for pathogenic bacteria identification, as well as in environmental science and food science for biosafety control. This book summarizes the most recent development of mass spectrometry techniques in microbial analysis, including mass spectrometry-based microbial identification, bacterial antimicrobial resistance study, data mining algorithm development, omics for microbial research, applications in clinical diagnosis, environmental science and food science, and more. It will guide researchers in the field, and those who are about to enter the field, in the most appropriate methods to characterize microbes and enable their detection.

Transportation currently takes up around a third of overall energy usage, of which the majority is petroleum-based gasoline. Petroleum is both a finite resource and a big contributor to the carbon emissions that are causing climate change. To continue to benefit from transportation whilst mitigating climate change it is essential to find alternatives to petroleum-based gasoline. Although a lot of recent developments have focused on electrifying transport the infrastructure for large scale uptake of electric vehicles is still lacking and it may be less practical in some parts of the world than others. Biofuels, therefore, still have a role to play in improving the sustainability of our transportation systems. The term green gasoline refers to biofuels intended to be direct drop-in replacements for petroleum-based gasoline. Such products allow vehicles to run on biofuel without any engine modifications and, being made from biomass, they are both renewable and have a better carbon emission profile than petroleum-based gasoline. Green Gasoline covers a range of new technologies being used to produce these biofuels and compares them to petroleum-based fuels in terms of sustainability. It will be an interesting read for those working in fuel chemistry as well as green chemists and anyone with an interest in transport sustainability.

Currently the majority of carbon-based feedstocks come from fossil fuels of which there is a finite supply. Methane is an abundantly available carbon-based feedstock, with large amounts now available through fracking and renewable sources available from biogas plants. However, methane is not very chemically reactive. One of the remaining “grand challenges” in chemistry is the development of clean, efficient, affordable processes that allow methane to be converted to other high value molecules. Highlighting the recent advances in methane activation and direct conversion processes this book discusses the progress and current state of the art for a wide variety of alternative methane activation and subsequent conversion processes, including homogeneous- and heterogeneous catalytic, electrocatalytic and pyrolytic systems. It is a useful resource for anyone working in green chemistry, catalysis and chemical engineering.

With the expansion of human settlements and the environmental changes brought on by human activity and pollutants, toxicology and risk assessment of piscine species is becoming increasingly of interest to scientists involved in environmental research and connected disciplines. This book focuses specifically on environmental risk assessment in fish species from different zoogeographical regions of the world. Fish Species in Environmental Risk Assessment Strategies is an ideal companion to toxicologists and ecologists interested in risk assessment in the environments of ichthyic fauna, particularly those with an interest in the deleterious impact introduced by human activity. The book is also of interest to those working in conservation biology, biological invasion, biocontrol, habitat management and related disciplines.

Epigenetics is one of the fastest moving fields in drug discovery, with almost every large pharmaceutical company, and a substantial number of biotechnology companies, targeting epigenetic processes to treat diseases ranging from cancer to Huntington's disease and from inflammation to sickle cell anaemia. This book aims to provide an overview of the key topics adopted in current epigenetic drug discovery programmes with a focus on major developments and new technologies. Importantly, the book incorporates case studies and outlines the key challenges and techniques employed to overcome them. The book is an ideal resource for researchers in both industry and academia with an interest in epigenetic and genetic factors involved in drug discovery, target ID and validation. The book is also an excellent introduction for postgraduates interested in the interface between epigenetics and pharmaceuticals.

Functional macromolecular complexes are classified as distinctive functional material groups in the fields of chemistry and materials science. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the synthesis and applications of functional macromolecular complexes with a focus on Japanese chemists who are leading this field. Translated from the original Japanese title, it gives an overview of the synthesis, structures, functions, and applications of functional macromolecular complexes in an easily understandable manner. Useful for students who are interested in functional materials, as well as researchers and young scientists new to coordination chemistry in academic and industry settings, the book will help to generate new scientific and technological advances for the future.

The ongoing energy transition will require a number of emerging technological concepts (e.g. Power-to-X and Hydrogen Economy, etc.) which will ultimately combine renewable energy, novel chemical production/conversion processes and innovative, integrated devices/systems to produce sustainable platform molecules, fuels and materials. In this book, readers are introduced to selected concepts, challenges, steps forward and necessities relating to the technologies required to deepen the integration between the energy and chemical sectors. Selected key technologies to support this integration will be discussed, with particular emphasis on the catalytic systems and devices required to enable the transition including electrochemical cells, CO2 hydrogenation and plasma-assisted processes. Several chapters will discuss evolving and emerging technologies and tools (e.g. LCA) that will be required to enable a green and successful energy transition. The book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in renewable energy, catalysis, chemical engineering and chemistry, wishing to have an introduction to the topic and associated technologies.

New to coordination chemistry and looking for some straightforward resources? In this long-established field of science, developments have continued between disciplines. Thus, modern coordination chemistry is recognized as an interdisciplinary molecular science that has developed at the intersection of inorganic and organic chemistry. Translated from the original Japanese, this accessible book is for undergraduate and graduate students and young researchers new to coordination chemistry. It explores transition metal complexes involving d and f orbitals and is structured as a step-by-step guide. It starts with the basics, as the foundation of the topic, progressing in complexity to explain some of the recent interdisciplinary developments. Important analytical methods related to the contents are introduced for completeness. You need look no further for concise and easy-to-understand explanations of coordination chemistry.

The integration of nanoparticles with classical drugs to create biocompatible delivery platforms for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases can make a major impact on patient welfare. Traditional drug delivery systems are not selective and induce severe collateral damage to surrounding non-diseased cells and tissues. Nanoparticles, however, can be bio-conjugated with antibodies to encapsulate cardiovascular drugs, gaseous molecules and biomolecules to selectively deliver them in a safe, targeted and cost-effective manner. This book provides in-depth and insightful discussion on the mechanistic, pre-clinical and clinical applications of nanomedicine in cardiovascular disease. It not only discusses core chemical concepts via the synthesis of novel nanotechnology-based drug formulations, but also covers the latest drug delivery advances including innovative therapeutic targets in cardiovascular lesions at an early, curable and reversible stage. Written by experts in the field, students and researchers will find this book equally useful for understanding the trends and challenges of the clinical translation of cardiovascular nanomedicine.

Oligopeptides and oligonucleotides, jointly defined as TIDES, have been neglected in the past as potential drugs due to their short half-life and practical difficulties in the manufacturing processes. The consolidation of iterative synthetic techniques, allowing for design of new chemical entities with better pharmaceutical profiles, has led to renewed interest in these compounds. Large scale manufacturing is therefore now required, and it is important that sustainability and green chemistry are considered from the outset. As the two classes display many similarities, advances in sustainable approaches can easily be adapted from one class to the other. This book brings together all of the information on green synthesis of oligopeptides, which is well established, and all of the preliminary data on green oligonucleotides synthesis, creating a resource that will help chemists to bridge the gap between these two areas.

‘Click'reactions are a unique class of versatile synthetic tools used in organic and polymer chemistry to develop new materials. The high efficiency of the click reactions, combined with their easy and straightforward execution, have made them an inevitable tool for the development of a variety of advanced polymer materials with tailor-made architectures and stimuli-responsive features. This book aims to give a comprehensive overview and introduction on the use of ‘click'chemistry in polymer science, including ‘click,'‘click-like,'and reversible ‘click'(or ‘un-click') approaches in the design of macromolecules. Moreover, it will outline recent progress in utilizing different ‘click chemistry'in the development of functional polymer materials for various applications, such as self-healing, hydrophobic, shape-memory, and bio-based materials. Written and edited by leading experts in the field, chapters cover the use of different ‘click'reactions, like azide-alkyne, Diels-Alder, Alder-ene, thiol-X, electrophilic substitution, and trans (esterification/amination) reactions, in polymer science. It will also cover the concept of ‘trans-click'reactions, which have come to the foreground on account of improving the exchangeable efficiency of covalent bonds in covalent adaptable polymer materials. Recognizing the present state-of-the-art, this book will be a suitable reference handbook with a valuable resource of information for students of all levels, for learning and teaching endeavors, and for researchers and scientists working on the next generation of advanced polymeric materials.

This book provides a foundation in the burgeoning field of nanoengineering. That is, the exploitation (for the benefit of society) of materials and physical effects that occur on the scale of 1 to 100 nanometers. With an emphasis on the effects of size confinement and the forces which arise between molecules, nanoparticles, and surfaces, the book includes chapters on light–matter interactions (especially of metallic and semiconducting nanocrystals), organic nanostructures, lithography and nanomanufacturing, methods of spectroscopy and visualization, and applications in energy, environmental science, and human health. Written by Darren Lipomi PhD, a Professor of Nanoengineering at UC San Diego, along with Robert Ramji, the book is written in an engaging, jargon-free style. Its use of video supplements and cache of 150 solved problems meets students'needs regardless of their background of prior courses, yet it contains sufficient depth to satisfy the most curious beginners to the subject. The approach follows the model of teaching from the top down. That is to provide a framework of concepts into which the content of future courses on nanoengineering, nanotechnology, or nanoscience will fit. The text also provides an inviting introduction to the field for students in chemistry, physics, biology, and a broad range of engineering disciplines.

Looking to prevent future outbreaks of deadly pathogens by early detection? Infectious diseases continue to be a challenge that necessitates increased precision in detection and integration to achieve accurate diagnosis at the point of care (PoC). Field-effect transistors (FETs) have been investigated widely as biosensors for pathogen detection, with advantages such as label-free and real-time detection capabilities. These biosensors have: a high level of sensitivity, a remarkable capacity for miniaturization, a molecular minimum limit of detection (LoD), and seamless integration with semiconductor technologyIn this title, we have invited expert scientific researchers to share their experience in this field. This book focuses on the application and possibility of FETs as biosensors, for rapid and real time detection of pathogens that affect human life. The lack of commercially available efficient devices that can be deployed for this task resulted in the recent global spread of the SARS-CoV-19 virus. The book is an attempt to keep interested parties up to date. Aimed at scientists and engineers (researchers, academics, and postgraduate students) who are interested in developing and using BioFET based sensors, the information in this book is crucial to help prevent future outbreaks of pathogens which bring with them significant impacts on human health and wellbeing.