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The development of coherent radiation sources for sub-angstrom wavelengths - i.e. in the hard X-ray and gamma-ray range - is a challenging goal of modern physics. The availability of such sources will have many applications in basic science, technology and medicine, and, in particular, they may have a revolutionary impact on nuclear and solid state physics, as well as on the life sciences. The present state-of-the-art lasers are capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation from the infrared to the ultraviolet, while free electron lasers (X-FELs) are now entering the soft X-ray region. Moving further, i.e. into the hard X and/or gamma ray band, however, is not possible without new approaches and technologies. In this book we introduce and discuss one such novel approach: the focus is on the radiation formed in a Crystalline Undulator, where electromagnetic radiation is generated by a bunch of ultra-relativistic particles channeling through a periodically bent crystalline structure. It is shown that under certain conditions, such a device emits intensive spontaneous monochromatic radiation and may even reach the coherence of laser light sources. Readers will be presented with the underlying fundamental physics and be familiarized with the theoretical, experimental and technological advances made during the last one and a half decades in exploring the various features of investigations into crystalline undulators. This research draws upon knowledge from many research fields - such as materials science, beam physics, the physics of radiation, solid state physics and acoustics, to name but a few. Accordingly, much care has been taken by the authors to make the book as self-contained as possible in this respect, so as to also provide a useful introduction to this emerging field to a broad readership of researchers and scientist with various backgrounds.

As stated by The Cochrane Collaboration on their website, the practice of evidence-based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. Understanding Periodontal Research fills a significant gap in the literature by providing oral health and periodontal researchers with a comprehensive overview of the methodological aspects that are important when planning, conducting, and analyzing their research projects. It is designed to be easy to understand for beginners in the field, yet will also serve as a useful tool for those who are more experienced. Undergraduate and postgraduate dental students, dental hygienists, dental practitioners, and associated professionals who are interested in understanding the principles of periodontal research will all benefit from the clear information and guidance contained in this book.