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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Edge Computing, EDGE 2023, held in Shenzhen, China, during December 17–18, 2023. The 8 full papers in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 14 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Practice of Edge Computing, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of Edge Computing.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Services Computing, SCC 2023, held in Shenzhen, China, during December 17–18, 2023.The 6 full papers in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 18 submissions. They are organized in topical sections as follows: business modeling, business consulting, solution creation, service delivery, and software architecture design, development, and deployment.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Cognitive Computing, ICCC 2023, held in Shenzhen, China, during December 17–18, 2023.The 9 full papers in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 14 submissions. They are organized in topical sections as follows: Cognitive Computing Technologies and Infrastructure, Cognitive Computing Applications, Sensing Intelligence, Cognitive Analysis, Mobile Services, Cognitive Computing on Smart Home, and Cognitive Computing on Smart City.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Internet on Things, ICIOT 2023, held as part of SCF 2023, in Shenzhen, China, during December 17–18, 2023.The 8 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 28 submissions. The papers cover topics in the field of sensors and other types of sensing devices, wired and wireless networks, platforms and tools, data processing/visualization/analysis and integration engines.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD 2023, held in Shenzhen, China, during December 17–18, 2023.The 5 full papers and 3 short papers in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 13 submissions. The conference facilitates the exploration of emerging research areas and the shaping of the future landscape of cloud computing.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference, BigData 2023, Held as Part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2023, Honolulu, HI, USA, during September 23–26, 2023. The 14 full papers presented together with 2 short papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 27 submissions. The conference focuses on ​research track and application track.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Metaverse, METAVERSE 2023, held in Honolulu, HI, USA, during September 23–26, 2023.The 9 full papers and 3 short papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 15 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: answer set programming; metaverse engineering foundations and applications, with a focus on novel approaches for engineering requirements, design and architectures, testing, maintenance and evolution, model-driven development, software processes, metrics, quality assurance and new software economics models, search-based software engineering, benefiting day-to-day services sectors and derived through experiences, with appreciation to scale, pragmatism, transparency, compliance and/or dependability.

This textbook systematically introduces the theories, methods, and algorithms for geotechnical reliability analysis. There are a lot of illustrative examples in the textbook such that readers can easily grasp the concepts and theories related to geotechnical reliability analysis. A unique feature of the textbook is that computer codes are also provided through carefully designed examples such that the methods and the algorithms described in the textbook can be easily understood. In addition, the computer codes are flexible and can be conveniently extended to analyze different types of realistic problems with little additional efforts.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Blockchain, ICBC 2023, held as part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2023, held in Honolulu, HI, USA, during September 23–26, 2023. The 9 full papers presented in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 18 submissions. The conference focuses on new blockchain architecture, platform constructions, blockchain development, and blockchain services technologies as well as standards and blockchain services innovation lifecycle, including enterprise modeling, business consulting, solution creation, services orchestration, services optimization, services management, services marketing, and business process integration and management.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mobile Services, AIMS 2023, Held as Part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2023, Honolulu, HI, USA, September 23–26, 2023.The 9 full papers presented together and selected from 16 submissions. The conference focuses on AI modeling; AI analysis; AI & mobile applications; AI architecture; AI management; AI engineering; mobile backend as a service (MBaaS); and user experience of AI & mobile services.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Web Services, ICWS 2023, held as Part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2023, held in Honolulu, HI, USA, in September 2023. The 7 full papers and one short paper presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 14 submissions. The papers cover topics in the field of: research track; application and industry track and short paper track.The International Conference on Web Services (ICWS) has been a prime international forum for both researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of Web-based services, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of Web-based services. All topics regarding Internet/Web services lifecycle study and management align with the theme of ICWS.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Conference on Cognitive Computing, ICCC 2022, held as part of SCF 2022 in December 2022. The conference was held in Honolulu, USA.The 6 full and 2 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 17 submissions. The papers cover all aspects of Sensing Intelligence (SIJ as a Service (SlaaS). Cognitive Computing is a sensing-driven computing (SDC) scheme that explores and integrates intelligence from all types of senses in various scenarios and solution contexts.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Internet of Things, ICIOT 2022, held in Honolulu, USA, as part of SCF 2022, during December 10-14, 2022.The 9 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 17 submissions.The conference Internet of Things (ICIOT 2022) covers state-of-the-art technologies and best practices of Internet of Things, as well as emerging standards and research topics which would define the future of Internet of Things.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mobile Services, AIMS 2021, held as a virtual conference as part of SCF 2021, during December 10-14, 2021.The 9 full presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 20 submissions. They cover topics in AI Modeling, AI Analysis, AI and Mobile Applications, AI Architecture, AI Management, AI Engineering, mobile backend as a service (MBaaS), user experience of AI and mobile services.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Web Services, ICWS 2022, held in Honolulu, USA, as part of SCF 2022, during December 10-14, 2022.The 9 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 20 submissions. The papers cover aspects of services computing and applications. Centered around services computing, it covers various systems and networking research pertaining to cloud, edge and Internet-of-Things (IoT), as well as technologies for intelligent computing, learning, big data and blockchain applications.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mobile Services, AIMS 2022, held as Part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2022, held in Honolulu, HI, USA, in December 2022. The 10 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 22 submissions.The International Conference on AI & Mobile Services (AIMS 2022) aims at providing an international forum that is dedicated to exploring different aspects of AI (from technologies to approaches and algorithms) and mobile services (from business management to computing systems, algorithms, and applications) to promoting technological innovations in research and development of mobile services, including, but not limited to, wireless & sensor networks, mobile & wearable computing, mobile enterprise & eCommerce, ubiquitous collaborative & social services, machine-to-machine & Internet-of-things clouds, cyber-physical integration, and big data analytics for mobility-enabled services.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Edge Computing, EDGE 2022, held as part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2022, held in Honolulu, HI, USA, in December 2022. The 5 full and 2 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 16 submissions.The International Conference on Edge Computing (EDGE) aims to become a prime international forum for both researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of edge computing, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of edge computing.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Big Data, BigData 2022, held as part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2022, held in Honolulu, HI, USA, in December 2022. The 4 full papers and 5 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 16 submissions.The 2022 International Congress on Big Data (BigData 2022) aims to provide an international forum that formally explores various business insights of all kinds of value-added'services'. Big Data is a key enabler of exploring business insights and economics of services.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Conference on Cognitive Computing, ICCC 2021, held as part of SCF 2021 in December 2021. The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 5 full and 3 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 31 submissions. The papers cover all aspects of Sensing Intelligence (SIJ as a Service (SlaaS). Cognitive Computing is a sensing-driven computing (SDC) scheme that explores and integrates intelligence from all types of senses in various scenarios and solution contexts.

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Services Computing 2021, held as Part of SCF 2021 in December 2021 as a virtual event due to COVID-19. The 5 full papers and 2 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 21 submissions. It covers the science and technology of leveraging computing and information technology to model, create, operate, and manage business services.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Internet of Things, ICIOT 2021, held virtually as part of SCF 2021, during December 10-14, 2021. The 8 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The conference Internet of Things (ICIOT 2021) covers state-of-the-art technologies and best practices of Internet of Things, as well as emerging standards and research topics which would define the future of Internet of Things.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Web Services, ICWS 2021, held virtually as part of SCF 2021, during December 10-14, 2021. The 7 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers cover aspects of services computing and applications. Centered around services computing, it covers various systems and networking research pertaining to cloud, edge and Internet-of-Things (IoT), as well as technologies for intelligent computing, learning, big data and blockchain applications.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Blockchain, ICBC 2021, held as part of SCF 2021, held as a Virtual Event, during December 10–14, 2021. The 8 full papers and 1 short paper presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 31 submissions. They deal with all topics regarding blockchain technologies, platforms, solutions and business models, including new blockchain architecture, platform constructions, blockchain development and blockchain services technologies as well as standards, and blockchain services innovation lifecycle including enterprise modeling, business consulting, solution creation, services orchestration, services optimization, services management, services marketing, business process integration and management.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Blockchain, ICBC 2022, held as part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2022, held in Honolulu, HI, USA, in December 2022. The 8 full papers and 1 short paper presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 22 submissions.The International Conference on Blockchain (ICBC) aims to provide an international forum for both researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state-of-the-art technologies and best practices of blockchain, as well as emerging standards and research topics which would define the future of blockchain.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD 2022, held as part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2022, held in Honolulu, HI, USA, in December 2022. The 8 full papers and 1 short paper presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 15 submissions.The International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD) has been a prime international forum for both researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of cloud computing, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of cloud computing. All topics regarding cloud computing align with the theme of CLOUD.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 17th World Congress on Services, SERVICES 2021, held as part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2021, in December 2021. The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 7 full papers and 2 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 43 submissions. The papers cover topics in the field of Advertising Services, Banking Services, Broadcasting & Cable TV Service, Business Services, Communications Services, Government Services, Real Estate Operations Services, Schools and Education Services, Healthcare Services, and much more.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD 2021, held online as part of SCF 2021, during December 10-14, 2021.The 6 full papers and 1 short paper presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 25 submissions. They deal with the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of cloud computing, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of cloud computing.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Conference on Edge Computing, EDGE 2021, held virtually as part of SCF 2021, held as a Virtual Event, December 10–14, 2021. The 5 full and 2 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 18 submissions. The conference proceeding EDGE 2021 presents the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of edge computing, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of edge computing.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th METAVERSE 2022 conference, held as part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2022, in December 2022 in Honolulu, USA. The 7 full papers and 3 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 21 submissions. The papers cover topics in the field of Advertising Services, Banking Services, Broadcasting & Cable TV Service, Business Services, Communications Services, Government Services, Real Estate Operations Services, Schools and Education Services, Healthcare Services, and much more.

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Services Computing 2022, SCC 2022, held as part of SCF 2022 during December 10-14, 2022 in Honolulu, USA.The 8 full papers and 1 short paper presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 15 submissions. It covers the science and technology of leveraging computing and information technology to model, create, operate, and manage business services.

Rubber products are widely used in all aspects of oil and gas drilling and production, which play an important role in oil and gas development. The performances of rubber products determine the safe and efficient development of oil and gas. In this book, rubber experiment and the constitutive model have been introduced. The rubber sealing ring, metal-rubber sealing structure, stator rubber of PDM, wellhead BOP and downhole rubber packer have been investigated. The mechanical properties and sealing properties of rubber structures have been studied. These contents can provide a basis for the design, manufacture and maintenance of rubber structures.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Big Data, BigData 2021, held online as part of SCF 2021, during December 10-14, 2021.The 6 full and 2 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 53 submissions. The topics covered are Big Data Architecture, Big Data Modeling, Big Data As A Service, Big Data for Vertical Industries (Government, Healthcare, etc.), Big Data Analytics, Big Data Toolkits, Big Data Open Platforms, Economic Analysis, Big Data for Enterprise Transformation, Big Data in Business Performance Management, Big Data for Business Model Innovations and Analytics, Big Data in Enterprise Management Models and Practices, Big Data in Government Management Models and Practices, and Big Data in Smart Planet Solutions.

This book is the first longitudinal study that addresses language policy and planning in the context of a major international sporting event and examines the ideological, political, social, cultural, and economic effects of such context-specific policy initiatives on contemporary China. The book has important reference value for future research on language management at the supernational level and language services for linguistically complex events. At the same time, it presents some broader implications for current and future language policy makers, language educators and learners, particularly from non-English speaking backgrounds. Foreword by Ingrid Piller

This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Conference on Web of Services, ICWS 2020, held virtually as part of SCF 2020, in Honolulu, HI, USA, in September 2020. The 14 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 52 submissions. The conference proceeding ICWS 2020 presents the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of Web-based services, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of Web-based services. All topics regarding Web-centric services, enabling technologies and applications align with the theme of ICWS.

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Services Computing 2020, held as Part of SCF 2020 in Honolulu, HI, USA in September 2020.. The 8 full papers and 2 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 20 submissions. They cover topics such as: foundations of services computing; scientific workflows; business process integration and management; microservices; modeling of services systems; service security and privacy; SOA service applications; and service lifecycle management.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD 2020, held as part of SCF 2020, during September 18-20, 2020. The conference was planned to take place in Honolulu, HI, USA and was changed to a virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The 16 full and 6 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 49 submissions. They deal with the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of cloud computing, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of cloud computing.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Big Data, BigData 2020, held as part of SCF 2020, during September 18-20, 2020. The conference was planned to take place in Honolulu, HI, USA and was changed to a virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 16 full and 3 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 52 submissions. The topics covered are Big Data Architecture, Big Data Modeling, Big Data As A Service, Big Data for Vertical Industries (Government, Healthcare, etc.), Big Data Analytics, Big Data Toolkits, Big Data Open Platforms, Economic Analysis, Big Data for Enterprise Transformation, Big Data in Business Performance Management, Big Data for Business Model Innovations and Analytics, Big Data in Enterprise Management Models and Practices, Big Data in Government Management Models and Practices, and Big Data in Smart Planet Solutions.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things, ICIOT 2020, held virtually as part of SCF 2020, in Honolulu, HI, USA, in September 2020. The 8 full and 4 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 20 submissions. The conference Internet of Things (ICIOT 2020) covers state-of-the-art technologies and best practices of Internet of Things, as well as emerging standards and research topics which would define the future of Internet of Things.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mobile Services, AIMS 2020, held as part of SCF 2020, during September 18-20, 2020. The conference was planned to take place in Honolulu, HI, USA and was changed to a virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 11 full and 2 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 42 submissions. They cover topics in AI Modeling, AI Analysis, AI and Mobile Applications, AI Architecture, AI Management, AI Engineering, Mobile backend as a service (MBaaS), User experience of AI and mobile services.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th World Congress on Services, SERVICES 2020, held as part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2020, in Honolulu, HI, USA, in September 2020. The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The 5 full papers and 4 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 10 submissions. The papers cover topics in the field of software engineering foundations and applications with a focus on novel approaches for engineering requirements, design and architectures, testing, maintenance and evolution, model-driven development, software processes, metrics, quality assurance and new software economics models, search-based software engineering, benefiting day-to-day services sectors and derived through experiences, with appreciation to scale, pragmatism, transparency, compliance and/or dependability.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the Third International Conference on Blockchain, ICBC 2020, held as part of SCF 2020, during September 18-20, 2020. The conference was planned to take place in Honolulu, HI, USA and was changed to a virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 14 full paper and 1 short paper presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 26 submissions. They deal with all topics regarding blockchain technologies, platforms, solutions and business models, including new blockchain architecture, platform constructions, blockchain development and blockchain services technologies as well as standards, and blockchain services innovation lifecycle including enterprise modeling, business consulting, solution creation, services orchestration, services optimization, services management, services marketing, business process integration and management.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Conference on Cognitive Computing, ICCC 2020, held as part of SCF 2020 in Honolulu, HI, USA, in September 2020.The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 8 full and 2 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 20 submissions. The papers cover all aspects of Sensing Intelligence (SIJ as a Service (SlaaS). Cognitive Computing is a sensing-driven computing (SDC) scheme that explores and integrates intelligence from all types of senses in various scenarios and solution contexts.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Conference on Edge Computing, EDGE 2020, held virtually as part of SCF 2020, in Honolulu, HI, USA, in September 2020. The 7 full and 2 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 13 submissions.The conference proceeding EDGE 2020 presents the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of edge computing, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of edge computing.

This book systematically presents the technical aspects of supercritical water oxidation and supercritical water gasification for energy and environmental applications, which include reactor design, construction materials, corrosion, salt precipitation, etc. The book provides a comprehensive introduction to the properties of supercritical water, and the industrial applications, reaction mechanisms and reaction kinetics of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) and supercritical water gasification (SCWG). The reactions occurring in supercritical water are complex, and studying their reaction mechanisms is of great importance for the development of supercritical water processing technologies. Accordingly, the book explains the oxidative mechanisms and kinetics of organic matter in supercritical water in detail. However, the harsh reaction conditions in supercritical water can easily create severe reactor corrosion and salt deposition problems. Therefore, the book alsocomprehensively reports on the mechanism analysis, state of research, and development trends regarding these two problems. Lastly, the book summarizes the development of supercritical water processing technologies, including studies on SCWO and SCWG, as well as near-zero-emission systems of pollutants based on SCWO technology. In short, the book provides a wealth of valuable information for all readers who are interested in using SCWO for organic waste treatment, and in using SCWG for hydrogen production with wet biomass.

With the development of Web 2.0 technologies, the internet has become a huge platform for information and data sharing. As such, web services provide an important foundation for branching technologies in end-user computing and applications. To make online technology more accessible for users, it is important to optimize web services to function properly or offer a personalized experience. Innovative Solutions and Applications of Web Services Technology is a collection of innovative research on the methods and applications of existing technologies for web service usability and accessibility. Highlighting a range of topics including business processes, cyber-physical systems, and recommendation accuracy, this book is ideally designed for IT professionals, researchers, graduate-level students, software developers, academicians, and computer engineers seeking current research on adapting online information and services to user needs.

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Services Computing 2019, held as Part of SCF 2019 in San Diego, CA, USA in June 2019. The 9 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 15 submissions. They cover topics such as: foundations of services computing; scientific workflows; business process integration and management; microservices; modeling of services systems; service security and privacy; SOA service applications; and service lifecycle management.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mobile Services, AIMS 2019, held as part of SCF 2019, in San Diego, CA, USA, in June 2019. The 12 full papers and one short paper presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 29 submissions. The papers cover different aspects of mobile services from business management to computing systems, algorithms and applications. They promote technological technological innovations in research and development of mobile services, including, but not limited to, wireless and sensor networks, mobile and wearable computing, mobile enterprise and eCommerce, ubiquitous collaborative and social services, machine-to-machine and Internet-of-things, clouds, cyber-physical integration, and big data analytics for mobility-enabled services.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things, ICIOT 2019, held as part of SCF 2019, in San Diego, CA, USA, in June 2019. The 8 full and 3 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 16 submissions. With the rapid advancements of mobile Internet, cloud computing and big data, device-centric traditional Internet of Things (IoT) is now moving into a new era which is termed as Internet of Things Services (IOTS). In this era, sensors and other types of sensing devices, wired and wireless networks, platforms and tools, data processing/visualization/analysis and integration engines, and other components of traditional IoT are interconnected through innovative services to realize the value of connected things, people, and virtual Internet spaces.

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the 8th International Congress on BIGDATA 2019, held as Part of SCF 2019 in San Diego, CA, USA in June 2019. The 9 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 14 submissions. They cover topics such as: Big Data Models and Algorithms; Big Data Architectures; Big Data Management; Big Data Protection, Integrity and Privacy; Security Applications of Big Data; Big Data Search and Mining; Big Data for Enterprise, Government and Society.

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD 2019, held as part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2019, in San Diego, CA, USA, in June 2019. The 24 full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 53 submissions. CLOUD has been a prime international forum for both researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of cloud computing, to identify emerging research topics, and to define the future of cloud computing. All topics regarding cloud computing align with the theme of CLOUD.