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By analyzing contemporary Les Misérables online fandom, how can we conceptualize fandom racism, especially when it complicates the typical and sometimes reductive narratives that assign racism to only the'bad'and the conservative'other'?Victor Hugo's Les Misérables is a well-adapted novel with films, television shows, anime, and stage productions constantly bringing new fans into the fold. Fans of these adaptations use the political text as a breeding ground for contemporary political conversations about socio-economic inequality, republicanism, and gendered violence. Yet in these conversations, race is an awkward, silenced topic. This primer presents findings from the author's study of a decade of Les Misérables fanart, in which they catalogue the formulation of racial identity in the fandom. Citing interviews with fans of color, they discuss the mechanics of how fandoms leverage concepts of “diversity” to downplay and ultimately silence criticisms in the name of fandom hegemony. They argue that despite using Hugo's barricade boys to process their white guilt, fan artists often see race as skin-deep and non-specific, rarely as active cultural or ethnic identities. This study of fan racism is held around moments of racial characterization that have convinced fans of color that'nothing changes, nothing ever will.'In looking at a fandom whose key principles are liberty, justice, and social equality, this research provides a base for future researchers and fans to have frank conversations about the subtle and thus more pernicious forms of racism that exist within fan spaces.

Literature and Computation presents some of the most relevantly innovative recent approaches to literary practice, theory, and criticism as driven by computation and situated in digital environments. These approaches rely on automated analyses, but use them creatively, engage in text modeling but inform it with qualitative[-interpretive] critical possibilities, and contribute to present-day platform culture in revolutionizing intermedial ways. While such new directions involve more and more sophisticated machine learning and artificial intelligence, they also mark a spectacular return of the (trans)human(istic) and of traditional-modern literary or urgent political, gender, and minority-related concerns and modes now addressed in ever subtler and more nuanced ways within human-computer interaction frameworks. Expanding the boundaries of literary and data studies, digital humanities, and electronic literature, the featured contributions unveil an emerging landscape of trailblazing practice and theoretical crossovers ready and able to spawn and/or chart the witness literature of our age and cultures.Introduction and Chapter 3 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Global Perspectives on Digital Literature: A Critical Introduction for the Twenty-First Century explores how digital literary forms shape and are shaped by aesthetic and political exchanges happening across languages and nations. The book understands'global'as a mode of comparative thinking and argues for considering various forms of digital literature—the popular, the avant-garde, and the participatory—as realizing and producing global thought in the twenty-first century. Attending to issues of both political and aesthetic representation, the book includes a diverse group of contributors and a wide-ranging corpus of texts, composed in a variety of languages and regions, including East and South Asia, parts of Europe, Latin America, North America, Australia, and Western Africa. The book's contributors adopt an array of interpretive approaches to make visible new connections and possibilities engendered by cross-cultural encounters. Among other topics, they reflect on the shifting conditions for production and distribution of literature, participatory cultures and technological affordances of Web 2.0, the ever-changing dynamics of global and local forces, and fundamental questions, such as,'What do we mean when we talk about literature today?'and'What is the future of literature?'

The aim at the core of this book is a synthesis of increasingly popular and culturally significant forms of digital literature on the one hand, and established literary and critical theory on the other: reading digital texts through the lens of canonical theory, but also reading this more traditional theory through the lens of digital texts and related media. In a field which has often regarded the digital as apart from traditional literature and theory, this book highlights continuities in order to analyse digital literature as part of a longer literary tradition. Using examples from social media to video games and works particularly by postmodern and poststructuralist theorists, Digital Literature and Critical Theory contextualises digital forms among their analogue precursors and traces ongoing social developments which find expression in these cultural phenomena, including power dynamics between authors and readers, the individual in (post-)modernity, consumerism, and the potential for intersubjective exchange.Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 of this book are freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.

Digitale Medien verändern, wie literarische Texte geschrieben werden und wie erzählt wird. Zugleich verändern sie die Auffassung von Gegenwart. Vor diesem Hintergrund fragt der Band nach dem Status von Gegenwartsliteratur nach der Digitalisierung: Welche Rolle spielen neue Zeitkonzepte für das Schreiben? Welche Formen der Zeitreflexion prägen Romane der letzten 15 Jahre? Welche neuen Schreibweisen werden in digitalen Medien entwickelt?

Was ist digitales Lesen? Wie gehen Lesende mit der digitalen Angebotsfülle um? Individuelle Bewältigungsmechanismen reichen oft nicht mehr aus, um diese Herausforderung zu meistern, und der Hype um digitale Medien verstellt den Blick auf ihre Tradition. Die Entwicklung stabiler Lesestrategien und Medienkompetenz erfordert daher eine systematische historische und wissenschaftliche Beschreibung des Phänomens. Aus der Synthese von Leseakttheorie, Materialitäts- und Medienforschung sowie Praxistheorie entwickelt Franziska Wilke eine Lesetypologie, die das Lesen digitaler Literatur veranschaulicht. Ihre gewonnenen Erkenntnisse nützen nicht nur Lesenden, sondern auch jenen, die es werden möchten.

This book will be of interest to all those who have engaged with hypertext either as creators or as users. They will discover that screen writing has a history going back to a number of avant-garde practices which already incorporated a screen imaginary into the creative work. Readers of this volume will be offered a privileged insight into a debate between detractors and advocates of the new modes of writing and reading and the new means of cultural transmission (CD-ROM, the Internet, digitisation); they will thus be able to weigh up for themselves the assets and illusions, the heuristic merits and politico-commercial issues at stake. May these reflections convert the globe-trotters of hyperspace into knowledgeable navigators!Cet ouvrage intéressera quiconque est confronté à l'hypertexte, que ce soit en tant que concepteur ou en tant qu'usager. Il découvrira ici que l'écrit d'écran a une histoire qui remonte à certaines pratiques avant-gardistes qui avaient déjà intégré un imaginaire de l'écran dans leurs créations. Il entrera de plain-pied dans un débat entre détracteurs et partisans des nouvelles modalités d'écriture/lecture et des nouveaux supports de transmission culturelle (cd-rom, Internet, digitalisation), afin qu'il puisse lui-même faire la part entre les atouts et les leurres, entre les mérites heuristiques et les enjeux politico-mercantiles. Que ces réflexions puissent convertir les globe-trotters de l'hypersphère en navigateurs avertis!

The first book-length study on the relationship between African literature and new media. The digital space provides a new avenue to move literature beyond the restrictions of book publishing on the continent. Arguing that writers are putting their work on cyberspace because communities are emerging from this space, and because increasing numbers of Africans use the internet as part of their day-to-day engagement with their societies and the world, Shola Adenekan explores this transformative development in Nigeria and Kenya, both significant countries in African literature and two of the continent's largest digital technology hubs. Queer Kenyans and Nigerians find new avenues for their work online where print publishers are refusing to publish short stories and poems on same-sex desire. Binyavanga Wainaina's rise to critical acclaim arguably started on the literary blog Generator 21. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's literary celebrity partly relies on her prolific use of social media to tell thestory of powerful Nigerian women. With further examples from the development of literature across the continent, this innovative book sheds new light on narratives about digital Africa. It will also be the first major work to provide a trajectory of class consciousness in Kenyan and Nigerian writing. Through this analysis, the book articulates the difference in attitudes towards queerness, sexuality, and hetero-normativity among successive generations of writers.

This volume reflects on the complexity of relations between traditional and new media. Articles collected here focus on the increasing dynamism and fluidity of dependencies between literature, visual arts, digital media, or internet artistic projects. They analyse the abrupt evolutions of the media through which art is made available to the public, as well as describe the changing status of audiences and viewers within the new communicative paradigms. Verging on the non-human, computer-generated, or virtual reality, texts and projects analysed here provide case studies for a better understanding of the contemporary cultural reality whose most significant feature is the fact that it is an inherent part of our everyday experience.

The field of electronic literature has a familiar catchphrase,'You can't do it on paper.'But the field has in fact never gone paperless. Reaching back to early experiments with digital writing in the mainframe era and then moving through the personal computer and Internet revolutions, this book traces the changing forms of paper on which e-lit artists have drawn, including continuous paper, documentation, disk sleeves, packaging, and even artists'books. Paper Electronic Literature attests that digital literature's old media elements have much to teach us about the cultural and physical conditions in which we compute; the creativity that new media artists have shown in their dealings with old media; and the distinctively electronic issues that confront digital artists. Moving between avant-garde works and popular ones, fiction writing and poetry generation, Richard Hughes Gibson reveals the diverse ways in which paper has served as a component within electronic literature, particularly in facilitating interactive experiences for users. This important study develops a new critical paradigm for appreciating the multifaceted material innovation that has long marked digital literature.

In the early twentieth century, the Dadaists protested against art, nationalism, the individual subject, and technologized war. With their automatic anti-art and cultural disruptiveness, Dadaists sought to “signify no thing.” Today, data also operates autonomously. However, rather than dismantling tradition, data organizes, selects, combines, quantifies, and simplifies the complexity of actuality. Like Dada, data also signifies nothing. While Dadaists protest with purpose, data proceeds without intention. The individual in the early twentieth century agonizes over the alienation from daily life and the fear of being converted into a cog in a machine. Today, however, the individual in twenty-first-century supermodernity merges, not with large industrial machinery, but with the processual and procedural logic of programming with innocuous ease. Both exclude human agency from self-narration but to differing degrees of abstraction. Examining the work of B.R. Yeager, Samuel Beckett, Jeff Noon, Kenji Siratori, Mike Bonsall, Allison Parrish, and narratives written by artificial intelligence, Wenaus considers the threshold of sensible narration and the effects that the shift from a culture of language to a culture of digital code has on lived experience. While data offers a closed system, Dadaist literature of exclusion, he suggests, promises a future of open, hyper-contingent, unprescribed alternatives for self-narration.

For decades, we've been warned that video killed the radio star, and, more recently, that social media has replaced reading. Nerdfighteria, a first-of-its-kind online literary community with nearly three million members, challenges these assumptions. It is the brainchild of brothers Hank and John Green, who provide literary themed programming on their website and YouTube channel, including video clips from John, a best-selling author most famous for his young adult book, The Fault in Our Stars. These clips not only give fans personal insights into his works and the writing process writ large, they also provide unique access to the author, inspiring fans to create their own fan art and make connections with one another. In the twenty-first century, reading and watching videos are related activities that allow people to engage with authors and other readers. Whether they turn to The Fault in Our Stars or titles by lesser-known authors, Nerdfighters are readers. Incorporating thousands of testimonials about what they read and why, Jennifer Burek Pierce not only sheds light on this particular online community, she also reveals what it tells us about the changing nature of reading in the digital age. In Nerdfighteria, we find a community who shows us that being online doesn't mean disinterest in books.

Das Internet als das Medium der Selbstdarstellung schlechthin wird auch von russischen Autorinnen und Autoren gerne genutzt. Sie übernehmen Bilder der Schriftstellerin bzw. des Schriftstellers aus der russischen Literaturtradition, passen sie auf die kommunikativen Gegebenheiten des Web an und erschaffen sie in medialen Experimenten neu. Doch wie lassen sich die unter der Oberfläche des Web 2.0 operierenden kreativen Mechanismen identifizieren und im Kontext der Literaturtheorie verorten? Gernot Howanitz verschränkt in seinem Buch qualitative und quantitative Verfahren im Sinne der Digital Humanities, um den (auto-)biographischen Praktiken im russischsprachigen Internet (Runet) nachzuspüren. Die dem Buch zugrundeliegende Dissertation wurde ausgezeichnet mit dem Gustav-Figdor-Preis für Literaturwissenschaften, verliehen durch die Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (2018), dem Dissertationspreis der Universität Passau (2018) sowie dem DARIAH-DE Digital Humanities Award (2018).

From Instapoetry to BookTube, contemporary literary cultures and practices are increasingly intertwined with social media. In this lively and wide-ranging study, Bronwen Thomas explores how social media provides new ways of connecting with and rediscovering established literary works and authors while also facilitating the emergence of unique and distinctive forms of creative expression. The book takes a 360˚ approach to the subject, combining analysis of current forms and practices with an examination of how social media fosters ongoing collaborative discourse amongst both informal and formal literary networks, and demonstrating how the participatory practices of social media have the potential to radically transform how literature is produced, shared and circulated. The first study of its kind to focus specifically on social media, Literature and Social Media provides a timely and engaging account of the state of the art, while interrogating the rhetoric that so often accompanies discussion of the ‘new'in this context.

This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com.Over the past half century, computing has profoundly altered the ways stories are imagined and told. Immersive, narrative, and database technologies transform creative practices and hybrid spaces revealing and concealing the most fundamental acts of human invention: making stories.The Digital Imaginary illuminates these changes by bringing leading North American and European writers, artists and scholars, like Sharon Daniel, Stuart Moulthrop, Nick Montfort, Kate Pullinger and Geof Bowker, to engage in discussion about how new forms and structures change the creative process. Through interviews, commentaries and meta-commentaries, this book brings fresh insight into the creative process from differing, disciplinary perspectives, provoking questions for makers and readers about meaning, interpretation and utterance. The Digital Imaginary will be an indispensable volume for anyone seeking to understand the impact of digital technology on contemporary culture, including storymakers, educators, curators, critics, readers and artists, alike.

A motto guiding Gregory L. Ulmer's career is from the poet Basho: not to follow in the footsteps of the masters, but to seek what they sought. The responsibility of humanities disciplines today is to do for the digital apparatus (social machine) what the classical Greeks did for alphabetic writing. Ulmer frames online learning as a mode of invention (heuretics), beginning with the invention of konsult itself. Konsult: Theopraxesis describes the invention of a genre of learning that is to digital media what Plato's dialogue was to alphabetic writing. The Greeks invented the practices of writing (rhetoric and logic) native to the new institution of school (the Academy), fostering a new behavior of selfhood (Socrates). Ulmer adopts this historical precedent as a relay, an inventory for what must be invented again today: a genre of learning, an educational institution, identity behavior. The insight of electracy is that each apparatus augments and institutionalizes one of the primary faculties of human intelligence: theoria in literacy; praxis in orality; poiesis in electracy. Needed today are not practices of writing, but'theopraxesis'of media. The analytical information economy of literacy required separation and isolation (siloing) of institutionalized intelligence. The multimodality of electracy enables syncretism of faculties into holistic performance: thinking-doing-making; knowledge-purpose-affect. The interface metaphor of Plato's dialogue was an oral conversation during which the illiterate interlocutor is introduced to dialectical reason as Idea. The interface metaphor of konsult is scientific consulting during which anelectrate students encounter plasmatic desire as simulacrum. This new learning is organized around an updating of Justice native to electracy.

We live in an age where language and screens continue to collide for creative purposes, giving rise to new forms of digital literatures and literary video games. Towards a Digital Poetics explores this relationship between word and computer, querying what it is that makes contemporary fictions like Dear Esther and All the Delicate Duplicates—both ludic and literary—different from their print-based predecessors.

Electronic Literature considers new forms and genres of writing that exploit the capabilities of computers and networks – literature that would not be possible without the contemporary digital context. In this book, Rettberg places the most significant genres of electronic literature in historical, technological, and cultural contexts. These include combinatory poetics, hypertext fiction, interactive fiction (and other game-based digital literary work), kinetic and interactive poetry, and networked writing based on our collective experience of the Internet. He argues that electronic literature demands to be read both through the lens of experimental literary practices dating back to the early twentieth century and through the specificities of the technology and software used to produce the work. Considering electronic literature as a subject in totality, this book provides a vital introduction to a dynamic field that both reacts to avant-garde literary and art traditions and generates new forms of narrative and poetic work particular to the twenty-first century. It is essential reading for students and researchers in disciplines including literary studies, media and communications, art, and creative writing.

This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com.Collecting and recontextualizing writings from the last twenty years of John Cayley's research-based practice of electronic literature, Grammalepsy introduces a theory of aesthetic linguistic practice developed specifically for the making and critical appreciation of language art in digital media. As he examines the cultural shift away from traditional print literature and the changes in our culture of reading, Cayley coins the term “grammalepsy” to inform those processes by which we make, understand, and appreciate language.Framing his previous writings within the overall context of this theory, Cayley eschews the tendency of literary critics and writers to reduce aesthetic linguistic making-even when it has multimedia affordances-to “writing.” Instead, Cayley argues that electronic literature and digital language art allow aesthetic language makers to embrace a compositional practice inextricably involved with digital media, which cannot be reduced to print-dependent textuality.

Quando il nostro modo di navigare online (e non solo) ha cominciato a essere condizionato da Amazon, Google e Facebook?Chi ha permesso una crescita senza precedenti di queste potentissime aziende con grosse conseguenze per tutti noi (dalla pirateria in ambito editoriale, musicale e cinematografico alla riduzione della nostra privacy)?Perché oltre 50 miliardi di dollari all'anno sono passati dalle mani di artisti, editori, scrittori, musicisti a quelle delle piattaforme digitali monopolistiche di proprietà di questi colossi?E come mai nessuno si è opposto a questi cambiamenti generando così uno squilibrio di potere che ha portato Amazon, Google e Facebook a godere di un'influenza in campo politico pari a quella dei colossi petroliferi (Big Oil) e farmaceutici (Big Pharma)?Jonathan Taplin in questo suo libro - in America noto come'Move Fast and Break Things'- descrive in maniera chiara e appassionante queste grandi aziende, come sono nate, chi le controlla, quali sono i loro veri obiettivi e soprattutto si chiede se è il caso di fermarle e come.L'AutoreJonathan Taplin è Direttore emerito del Laboratorio Annenberg per l'innovazione dell'Università della California del sud ed è stato in passato organizzatore dei tour musicali per Bob Dylan e la Band, oltre che produttore cinematografico in collaborazione con Martin Scorsese. Esperto dei media digitali di intrattenimento, Taplin è membro dell'accademia di arte e scienza cinematografica, esponente dell'Unità operativa per la banda larga in California nonché del Consiglio per la tecnologia e l'innovazione istituito dal sindaco di Los Angeles Eric Garcetti.Grazie a questo libro milioni di persone in tutto il mondo stanno scoprendo chi sono i nuovi padroni del nostro tempo e i pericoli che la democrazia sta correndo.

How has the Internet changed literary culture?2nd Place, N. Katherine Hayles Award for Criticism of Electronic Literature by The Electronic Literature OrganizationReports of the book's death have been greatly exaggerated. Books are flourishing in the Internet era—widely discussed and reviewed in online readers'forums and publicized through book trailers and author blog tours. But over the past twenty-five years, digital media platforms have undeniably transformed book culture. Since Amazon's founding in 1994, the whole way in which books are created, marketed, publicized, sold, reviewed, showcased, consumed, and commented upon has changed dramatically. The digital literary sphere is no mere appendage to the world of print—it is where literary reputations are made, movements are born, and readers passionately engage with their favorite works and authors.In The Digital Literary Sphere, Simone Murray considers the contemporary book world from multiple viewpoints. By examining reader engagement with the online personas of Margaret Atwood, John Green, Gary Shteyngart, David Foster Wallace, Karl Ove Knausgaard, and even Jonathan Franzen, among others, Murray reveals the dynamic interrelationship of print and digital technologies. Drawing on approaches from literary studies, media and cultural studies, book history, cultural policy, and the digital humanities, this book asks: What is the significance of authors communicating directly to readers via social media? How does digital media reframe the “live” author-reader encounter? And does the growing army of reader-reviewers signal an overdue democratizing of literary culture or the atomizing of cultural authority? In exploring these questions, The Digital Literary Sphere takes stock of epochal changes in the book industry while probing books'and digital media's complex contemporary coexistence.

Los estudios que configuran Elogio de lo mínimo contribuyen, dentro del marco de florecimiento de las TIC, al análisis de la consolidación y de la proliferación del microrrelato en diversos soportes digitales, especialmente en bitácoras, revistas digitales, redes sociales, etc. Asimismo, se delimita de forma conceptual el microrrelato, diferenciándolo de la minificción y de los microtextos virtuales no literarios, y se estudian los cambios que la incorporación al mundo digital ha introducido tanto en la producción textual como en los procesos de recepción y difusión del género, así como a la sistematización del aparato teórico-crítico del microrrelato en la teoría de los géneros literarios. Por último, estas investigaciones ponen de relieve los mecanismos que explotan las posibilidades que genera la construcción hipertextual y las condiciones de lectura que precisa el microrrelato en la red, ya que los soportes electrónicos no garantizan por sí mismos la transformación de los procesos de transmisión literaria, al existir la posibilidad de traspasar a la pantalla los planteamientos lineales propios de la cultura de la imprenta.

Digital Milton is the first volume to investigate John Milton in terms of our digital present. It explores the digital environments Milton now inhabits as well as the diverse digital methods that inform how we read, teach, edit, and analyze his works. Some chapters use innovative techniques, such as processing metadata from vast archives of early modern prose, coding Milton's geographical references on maps, and visualizing debt networks from literature and from life. Other chapters discuss the technologies and platforms shaping how literature reaches us today, from audiobooks to eReaders, from the OED Online to Wikipedia, and from Twitter to YouTube. Digital Milton is the first say on a topic that will become ever more important to scholars, students, and teachers of early modern literature in the years to come.

Briefe waren in der Zeit vor der Erfindung des Telefons zentral für die Kommunikation und sind bis heute eine faszinierende Quelle für die Forschung. Im Jahr 1870 wurden 334 Millionen Briefe in Deutschland versendet, 1895 waren es bereits über zwei Milliarden, also gut eine halbe Million pro Tag – und anders als heute, wo die meisten Briefe Werbung enthalten oder von Behörden kommen, war der Anteil der Privatbriefe sehr hoch. Bei denjenigen, die regelmäßig Briefe schrieben, waren fünf bis zehn pro Tag keine Seltenheit. Viele schrieben deutlich mehr – etwa so wie wir heute E-Mails. Nur ein Bruchteil dieser Briefe ist überliefert; die meisten gingen verloren oder wurden von den Empfängern oder deren Nachkommen bewusst vernichtet. Das Buch behandelt Spezifika und Rahmenbedingungen der Briefkommunikation seit der Aufklärung, greift Impulse aus der Historischen Netzwerkforschung auf und reflektiert die Bedeutung von Briefen für die Erforschung des 19. Jahrhunderts.

Rukmini Pande's examination of race in fan studies is sure to make an immediate contribution to the growing field. Until now, virtually no sustained examination of race and racism in transnational fan cultures has taken place, a lack that is especially concerning given that current fan spaces have never been more vocal about debating issues of privilege and discrimination. Pande's study challenges dominant ideas of who fans are and how these complex transnational and cultural spaces function, expanding the scope of the field significantly. Along with interviewing thirty-nine fans from nine different countries about their fan practices, she also positions media fandom as a postcolonial cyberspace, enabling scholars to take a more inclusive view of fan identity. With analysis that spans from historical to contemporary, Pande builds a case for the ways in which non-white fans have always been present in such spaces, though consistently ignored.

Gathering some of Kristina Busse's essential essays on fan fiction together with new work, Framing Fan Fiction argues that understanding media fandom requires combining literary theory with cultural studies because fan artifacts are both artistic works and cultural documents. Drawing examples from a multitude of fan communities and texts, Busse frames fan fiction in three key ways: as individual and collective erotic engagement; as a shared interpretive practice in which tropes constitute shared creative markers and illustrate the complexity of fan creations; and as a point of contention around which community conflicts over ethics play out. Moving between close readings of individual texts and fannish tropes on the one hand, and the highly intertextual embeddedness of these communal creations on the other, the book demonstrates that fan fiction is simultaneously a literary and a social practice. Framing Fan Fiction deploys personal history and the interpretations of specific stories to contextualize fan fiction culture and its particular forms of intertextuality and performativity. In doing so, it highlights the way fans use fan fiction's reimagining of the source material to explore issues of identities and peformativities, gender and sexualities, within a community of like-minded people. In contrast to the celebration of originality in many other areas of artistic endeavor, fan fiction celebrates repetition, especially the collective creation and circulation of tropes. An essential resource for scholars, Framing Fan Fiction is also an ideal starting point for those new to the study of fan fiction and its communities of writers.

The book that started the Techlash. A stinging polemic that traces the destructive monopolization of the Internet by Google, Facebook and Amazon, and that proposes a new future for musicians, journalists, authors and filmmakers in the digital age. Move Fast and Break Things is the riveting account of a small group of libertarian entrepreneurs who in the 1990s began to hijack the original decentralized vision of the Internet, in the process creating three monopoly firms -- Facebook, Amazon, and Google -- that now determine the future of the music, film, television, publishing and news industries. Jonathan Taplin offers a succinct and powerful history of how online life began to be shaped around the values of the men who founded these companies, including Peter Thiel and Larry Page: overlooking piracy of books, music, and film while hiding behind opaque business practices and subordinating the privacy of individual users in order to create the surveillance-marketing monoculture in which we now live. The enormous profits that have come with this concentration of power tell their own story. Since 2001, newspaper and music revenues have fallen by 70 percent; book publishing, film, and television profits have also fallen dramatically. Revenues at Google in this same period grew from $400 million to $74.5 billion. Today, Google's YouTube controls 60 percent of all streaming-audio business but pay for only 11 percent of the total streaming-audio revenues artists receive. More creative content is being consumed than ever before, but less revenue is flowing to the creators and owners of that content. The stakes here go far beyond the livelihood of any one musician or journalist. As Taplin observes, the fact that more and more Americans receive their news, as well as music and other forms of entertainment, from a small group of companies poses a real threat to democracy. Move Fast and Break Things offers a vital, forward-thinking prescription for how artists can reclaim their audiences using knowledge of the past and a determination to work together. Using his own half-century career as a music and film producer and early pioneer of streaming video online, Taplin offers new ways to think about the design of the World Wide Web and specifically the way we live with the firms that dominate it.

The production, reception and discussion of fanfiction is a major aspect of contemporary global media. Thus far, however, the genre has been subject to relatively little rigorous qualitative or quantitative study-a problem that Judith M. Fathallah remedies here through close analysis of fanfiction related to Sherlock, Supernatural, and Game of Thrones. Her large-scale study of the sites, reception, and fan rejections of fanfic demonstrate how the genre works to legitimate itself through traditional notions of authorship, even as it deconstructs the author figure and contests traditional discourses of authority. Through a process she identifies as the'legitimation paradox', Fathallah demonstrates how fanfic hooks into and modifies the discourse of authority, and so opens new spaces for writing that challenges the authority of media professionals.

The aim of this book is to unite computer-aided lectures of literary texts with lectures that follow the philological-historical tradition: Both methods should be complementary. According to this aim, the analysis of the five-volume pastoral novel entitled L'Astrée (1607-1627) by Honoré d'Urfé will combine close and distant reading and employ the method of the so-called topic modeling. This book does not focus on quantitative results, but instead on researches in the field of literary interpretation.

C'è un'arte nello scrivere un articolo che ha la proprietà di invogliare il lettore ad agire. Questo è il filo conduttore del libro che state leggendo sul vostro Kindle proprio ora. Qui, imparerete come si crea un articolo che ottenga l'interesse del lettore, lo affascini, lo informi e lo spinga a prendere una decisione entro la fine della lettura. Il libro che state leggendo descrive i metodi che uso per creare articoli per blog che hanno lo specifico obiettivo di operare su una persona dal momento in cui clicca sul link fino a che preme il bottone compra o sottoscrivi sul fondo della pagina. Imparerai: • Come creare un titolo che attira il lettone nel tuo articolo • Cosa mettere “sopra la piega” • Aggiungere innesti emozionali • Connetterti coi tuoi lettori • Cos'altro aggiungere al tuo articolo • Far si che premano “Compra” • Quanto sono importanti le immagini? • E i video?

Welche Geschichten erzählen Menschen, die die digitalen Medien als Instrumente und Bühnen des Erzählens nutzen oder sie zum Gegenstand des Erzählens machen? Diese Studie, in die Netzakteur_innen und Blogger_innen einbezogen waren, zeigt: Es sind Geschichten, die u.a. von Vernetzung, Verwandlung, Grenzmanagement und Aufbruch handeln. Als narrative Zeitsignaturen verweisen sie auf Fragen, Bedürfnisse, Ängste und Sehnsüchte, mit denen sich Kinder, Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene in verschiedenen Regionen der Welt angesichts des weltweiten gesellschaftlich-kulturellen Wandels konfrontiert sehen. Christina Schachtners kulturwissenschaftliche Reflexion berücksichtigt die Einflüsse von Kultur und digitaler Technik auf heutiges Geschichtenerzählen.

Ante la pregunta de si escribir libros se ha convertido en un anacronismo en la era de la comunicación digital y la cibercultura, la respuesta es, ciertamente, un no; sin embargo, aunque por una parte pueda observarse que el libro como objeto y concepto se mantiene vivo en la era digital, por otra, debe analizarse y estudiarse lo que esta presencia implica en términos de los nuevos modelos de escritura, lectura y pensamiento. Para Roger Chartier, la revolución del texto electrónico no ha relegado al libro de modo que pueda ser catalogado como una antigüedad; por el contrario, ha sido una excelente manera de reinventar el análisis de la cultura impresa haciendo énfasis en las diferentes herramientas con que cuenta la industria editorial. En el ámbito literario, el uso de estas tecnologías ha permitido el surgimiento de formas híbridas de creación, que permiten la integración de elementos extra-textuales y proponen un soporte diferente a la cultura escrita, así como un soporte nuevo para el libro: es a causa de una conjunción de este tipo que surge la llamada literatura electrónica, aquella que es creada en un entorno digital y sólo puede ser consumida en un soporte electrónico. En esta investigación se analizan aspectos relacionados con los cambios que padece el producto literario así como el repertorio del mismo, la figura del lector (o consumidor) y el concepto del productor (o autor).

Electronic literature is a rapidly growing area of creative production and scholarly interest. It is inherently multimedial and multimodal, and thus demands multiple critical methods of interpretation. Reading Project: A Collaborative Analysis of William Poundstone's Project for Tachistoscope {Bottomless Pit} is a collaboration between three scholars combining different interpretive methods of digital literature and poetics in order to think through how critical reading is changing—and, indeed, must change—to keep up with the emergence of digital poetics and practices. It weaves together radically different methodological approaches—close reading of onscreen textual and visual aesthetics, Critical Code Studies, and cultural analytics (big data)—into a collaborative interpretation of a single work of digital literature. Project for the Tachistoscope {Bottomless Pit} is a work of electronic literature that presents a high-speed, one-word-at-a-time animation synchronized to visual and aural effects. It tells the tale of a mysterious pit and its impact on the surrounding community. Programmed in Flash and published online, its fast-flashing aesthetic of information overload bombards the reader with images, text, and sound in ways that challenge the ability to read carefully, closely, and analytically in traditional ways. The work's multiple layers of poetics and programming can be most effectively read and analyzed through collaborative efforts at computational criticism such as is modeled in this book. The result is a unique and trailblazing book that presents the authors'collaborative efforts and interpretations as a case study for performing digital humanities literary criticism of born-digital poetics.

Digital Humanities remains a contested, umbrella term covering many types of work in numerous disciplines, including literature, history, linguistics, classics, theater, performance studies, film, media studies, computer science, and information science. In Traces of the Old, Uses of the New: The Emergence of Digital Literary Studies, Amy Earhart stakes a claim for discipline-specific history of digital study as a necessary prelude to true progress in defining Digital Humanities as a shared set of interdisciplinary practices and interests. Traces of the Old, Uses of the New focuses on twenty-five years of developments, including digital editions, digital archives, e-texts, text mining, and visualization, to situate emergent products and processes in relation to historical trends of disciplinary interest in literary study. By reexamining the roil of theoretical debates and applied practices from the last generation of work in juxtaposition with applied digital work of the same period, Earhart also seeks to expose limitations in need of alternative methods—methods that might begin to deliver on the early (but thus far unfulfilled) promise that digitizing texts allows literature scholars to ask and answer questions in new and compelling ways. In mapping the history of digital literary scholarship, Earhart also seeks to chart viable paths to its future, and in doing this work in one discipline, this book aims to inspire similar work in others.

Winner of the N. Katherine Hayles Award for Criticism of Electronic Literature from the Electronic Literature OrganizationThere is electronic literature that consists of works, and the authors and communities and practices around such works. This is not a book about that electronic literature. It is not a book that charts histories or genres of this emerging field, not a book setting out methods of reading and understanding. The Internet Unconscious is a book on the poetics of net writing, or more precisely on the subject of writing the net. By'writing the net', Sandy Baldwin proposes three ways of analysis: 1) an understanding of the net as a loosely linked collocation of inscriptions, of writing practices and materials ranging from fundamental TCP/IP protocols to CAPTCHA and Facebook; 2) as a discursive field that codifies and organizes these practices and materials into text (and into textual practices of reading, archiving, etc.), and into an aesthetic institution of'electronic literature'; and 3) as a project engaged by a subject, a commitment of the writers'body to the work of the net. The Internet Unconscious describes the poetics of the net's “becoming-literary,” by employing concepts that are both technically-specific and poetically-charged, providing a coherent and persuasive theory. The incorporation and projection of sites and technical protocols produces an uncanny displacement of the writer's body onto diverse part objects, and in turn to an intense and real inhabitation of the net through writing. The fundamental poetic situation of net writing is the phenomenology of “as-if.” Net writing involves construal of the world through the imaginary.

An essential introduction to a rapidly growing field of study, The Fan Fiction Studies Reader gathers in one place the key foundational texts of the fan studies corpus, with a focus on fan fiction. Collected here are important texts by scholars whose groundbreaking work established the field and outlined some of its enduring questions. Editors Karen Hellekson and Kristina Busse provide cogent introductions that place each piece in its historical and intellectual context, mapping the historical development of fan studies and suggesting its future trajectories. Organized into four thematic sections, the essays address fan-created works as literary artifacts; the relationship between fandom, identity, and feminism; fandom and affect; and the role of creativity and performance in fan activities. Considered as literary artifacts, fan works pose important questions about the nature of authorship, the meaning of “originality,” and modes of transmission. Sociologically, fan fiction is and long has been a mostly female enterprise, from the fanzines of the 1960s to online forums today, and this fact has shaped its themes and its standing among fans. The questions of how and why people become fans, and what the difference is between liking something and being a fan of it, have also drawn considerable scholarly attention, as has the question of how fans perform their fannish identities for diverse audiences. Thanks to the overlap between fan studies and other disciplines related to popular and cultural studies—including social, digital, and transmedia studies—an increasing number of scholars are turning to fan studies to engage their students. Fan fiction is the most extensively explored aspect of fan works and fan engagement, and so studies of it can often serve as a basis for addressing other aspects of fandom. These classic essays introduce the field's key questions and some of its major figures. Those new to the field or in search of context for their own research will find this reader an invaluable resource.

Nicht alles, was vermessbar ist, ist auch real. Bereits Galilei demonstrierte mit einer Vermessung der Hölle Dantes, dass man selbst literarische Räume kartieren kann. Diesem Vorbild folgen auch die Laienkartographen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Ihre »Map Mashups« führen eine Tradition fort, die seit der Antike Spuren in Literatur, Kartographie und wissenschaftlichen Diskursen hinterlassen hat. Mit diesen digitalen »Remediationen« sind literaturgeographische Fragen in der Internetforschung angekommen. Annika Richterichs Studie untersucht daher aus medien- und literaturwissenschaftlicher Sicht, wie (software-)technischer Fortschritt und habitualisierte Mediennutzung im Forschungsfeld der geomedialen Fiktionen zusammenspielen.

Lori Emerson examines how interfaces—from today's multitouch devices to yesterday's desktops, from typewriters to Emily Dickinson's self-bound fascicle volumes—mediate between writer and text as well as between writer and reader. Following the threads of experimental writing from the present into the past, she shows how writers have long tested and transgressed technological boundaries.Reading the means of production as well as the creative works they produce, Emerson demonstrates that technologies are more than mere tools and that the interface is not a neutral border between writer and machine but is in fact a collaborative creative space. Reading Writing Interfaces begins with digital literature's defiance of the alleged invisibility of ubiquitous computing and multitouch in the early twenty-first century and then looks back at the ideology of the user-friendly graphical user interface that emerged along with the Apple Macintosh computer of the 1980s. She considers poetic experiments with and against the strictures of the typewriter in the 1960s and 1970s and takes a fresh look at Emily Dickinson's self-printing projects as a challenge to the coherence of the book.Through archival research, Emerson offers examples of how literary engagements with screen-based and print-based technologies have transformed reading and writing. She reveals the ways in which writers—from Emily Dickinson to Jason Nelson and Judd Morrissey—work with and against media interfaces to undermine the assumed transparency of conventional literary practice.

Este libro se centra en la escritura literaria en las bitácoras digitales. En la blogosfera, ya desde su origen y expansión como fenómeno popular, se da una fuerte corriente de publicación literaria que ha resultado en no pocos weblogs que se convierten en libros (físicos o electrónicos). Sin embargo, solo en algunos casos se ha generado una tipología textual propia e identitaria del blog, resultante a su vez de dos tradiciones —el folletín y el diario personal— que confluyen en la red junto a la inmediatez, el anonimato y la velocidad de la comunicación en la esfera digital. En el tomo se identifican las obras fundacionales, su germen y evolución para presentar la blogonovela como hecho literario hispano.

La tension entre objectivation et ce qui permet/dépasse/entoure/précède cette objectivation, semble aujourd'hui réapparaître, de manière accentuée, par la prégnance grandissante de l'informatique en sciences du langage (SDL), désormais au cœur des traitements des corpus linguistiques numériques ou numérisés. L'effort objectiviste apparaît en effet relancé par un renforcement technique du paradigme empirico-inductif et l'amplification de tendances épistémologiques déjà bien présentes dans le domaine. Les interrogations qu'apporte l'« ère numérique », particulièrement en SDL, sont donc pour les auteurs l'occasion de développer ce qui constitue certainement une thématique transversale de l'ouvrage : l'évidence apparente que le traitement technologisé des corpus numériques fiabilise « le » sens, devenu plus aisément « traitable », « traçable ». Les contributions ici rassemblées exemplifient et interrogent cette tendance, en s'appuyant sur une perspective épistémologique et des références théoriques principalement empruntées aux philosophies phénoménologiques et/ou herméneutiques, lesquelles permettent de critiquer les formes de naturalisation du sens, qui tendent à évacuer le « préréflexif », l'« antéprédicatif ». Cette réflexion prolonge et amplifie la problématique de la prise en compte des représentations du chercheur, en SDL, et plus largement en SHS.

Digital Literary Studies presents a broad and varied picture of the promise and potential of methods and approaches that are crucially dependent upon the digital nature of the literary texts it studies and the texts and collections of texts with which they are compared. It focuses on style, diction, characterization, and interpretation of single works and across larger groups of texts, using both huge natural language corpora and smaller, more specialized collections of texts created for specific tasks, and applies statistical techniques used in the narrower confines of authorship attribution to broader stylistic questions. It addresses important issues in each of the three major literary genres, and intentionally applies different techniques and concepts to poetry, prose, and drama. It aims to present a provocative and suggestive sample intended to encourage the application of these and other methods to literary studies. Hoover, Culpeper, and O'Halloran push the methods, techniques, and concepts in new directions, apply them to new groups of texts or to new questions, modify their nature or method of application, and combine them in innovative ways.

Twilight, True Blood and The Vampire Diaries have sparked intense fan activity and generated a large quantity of fan fiction: stories which test the limits of an already existing fictional work and explore gaps and discrepancies within it. Working from the idea that texts constitute archives, expanded and altered by each addition, close readings of a selection of fanfics illustrate particular transformative practices in the online environment. The central figure of the vampire is read through the lens of fanfic authors'contributions to the archives, particularly regarding how figuratively or literally refanged versions of the trope are used to subvert norms established in the source texts concerning depictions of sexuality, sexual practices, and monstrosity. Complex relationships between authorial power and subversion, between mainstream messages and individual interpretations, are examined through fanfic analyses, the findings contributing to discussions about contemporary literary creativity.

This Companion offers an extensive examination of how new technologies are changing the nature of literary studies, from scholarly editing and literary criticism, to interactive fiction and immersive environments. A complete overview exploring the application of computing in literary studies Includes the seminal writings from the field Focuses on methods and perspectives, new genres, formatting issues, and best practices for digital preservation Explores the new genres of hypertext literature, installations, gaming, and web blogs The Appendix serves as an annotated bibliography

Der Band versammelt Beiträge einer wissenschaftlichen Tagung zur Brief-Edition im digitalen Zeitalter, die im Oktober 2011 in Weimar stattgefunden hat. Im Mittelpunkt stehen allgemeinere editionswissenschaftliche Fragen, z. B. wie wandeln sich editionswissenschaftliche Standards, etwa die Textkonstitution oder die Darbietung der Brieftexte sowie der Briefmanuskripte durch die elektronischen Medien? Welche Chancen, aber auch Probleme ergeben sich dabei für die Briefeditionen? Wo liegen die Vorteile, wo die Grenzen der Verwendung der neuen Medien für Recherche und Kommentierung der Briefe? In den hier versammelten Aufsätzen werden zudem verschiedene wissenschaftliche Brief-Editionsprojekte vorgestellt, die sich mit editorischen Fragestellungen gerade im Hinblick auf die veränderte Medienlandschaft beschäftigen. Sie spiegeln nicht nur den aktuellen Forschungsstand und neue Tendenzen der Brief-Edition wider, sondern machen auch deutlich, wo es durch den Medienwandel bedingten Gesprächsbedarf zwischen Editoren, Verlegern, Archiven und Nutzern gibt und zeigen Desiderate und Lösungsansätze im Bereich der gegenwärtig noch fehlenden Infrastrukturen für die Zusammenarbeit zwischen den beteiligten Disziplinen und Institutionen.

What is fanfiction, and what is it not? Why does fanfiction matter? And what makes it so important to the future of literature? Fic is a groundbreaking exploration of the history and culture of fan writing and what it means for the way we think about reading, writing, and authorship. It's a story about literature, community, and technology—about what stories are being told, who's telling them, how, and why. With provocative discussions from both professional and fan writers, on subjects from Star Trek to The X-Files and Buffy the Vampire Slayer to Harry Potter, Twilight, and beyond, Fic sheds light on the widely misunderstood world(s) of fanfiction—not only how fanfiction is transforming the literary landscape, but how it already has. Fic features a foreword by Lev Grossman (author of The Magicians) and interviews with Jonathan Lethem, Doug Wright, Eurydice (Vivean Dean), and Katie Forsythe/wordstrings. Cyndy Aleo (algonquinrt; d0tpark3r) V. Arrow (aimmyarrowshigh) Tish Beaty (his_tweet) Brad Bell Amber Benson Peter Berg (Homfrog) Kristina Busse Rachel Caine Francesca Coppa Randi Flanagan (BellaFlan) Jolie Fontenot Wendy C. Fries (Atlin Merrick) Ron Hogan Bethan Jones Christina Lauren (Christina Hobbs/tby789 and Lauren Billings/LolaShoes) Jacqueline Lichtenberg Rukmini Pande and Samira Nadkarni Chris Rankin Tiffany Reisz Andrew Shaffer Andy Sawyer Heidi Tandy (Heidi8) Darren Wershler Jules Wilkinson (missyjack) Jen Zern (NautiBitz)

Can a case be made for reading literature in the digital age? Does literature still matter in this era of instant information? Is it even possible to advocate for serious, sustained reading with all manner of social media distracting us, fragmenting our concentration, and demanding short, rapid communication? In The Edge of the Precipice, Paul Socken brings together a thoughtful group of writers, editors, philosophers, librarians, archivists, and literary critics from Canada, the US, France, England, South Africa, and Australia to contemplate the state of literature in the twenty-first century. Including essays by outstanding contributors such as Alberto Manguel, Mark Kingwell, Lori Saint-Martin, Sven Birkerts, Katia Grubisic, Drew Nelles, and J. Hillis Miller, this collection presents a range of perspectives about the importance of reading literature today. The Edge of the Precipice is a passionate, articulate, and entertaining collection that reflects on the role of literature in our society and asks if it is now under siege. Contributors include Michael Austin (Newman University), Sven Birkerts (author), Stephen Brockmann (Carnegie-Mellon University), Vincent Giroud (University of Franche-Comté), Katia Grubisic (poet), Mark Kingwell (University of Toronto), Alberto Manguel (author), J. Hillis Miller (University of California, Irvine), Drew Nelles (editor-in-chief, Maisonneuve), Keith Oatley (University of Toronto), Ekaterina Rogatchevskaia (British Library), Leonard Rosmarin (Brock University), Lori Saint-Martin (translator, Université du Québec à Montréal), Paul Socken (University of Waterloo), and Gerhard van der Linde (University of South Africa).

Can techniques traditionally thought to be outside the scope of literature, including word processing, databasing, identity ciphering, and intensive programming, inspire the reinvention of writing? The Internet and the digital environment present writers with new challenges and opportunities to reconceive creativity, authorship, and their relationship to language. Confronted with an unprecedented amount of texts and language, writers have the opportunity to move beyond the creation of new texts and manage, parse, appropriate, and reconstruct those that already exist. In addition to explaining his concept of uncreative writing, which is also the name of his popular course at the University of Pennsylvania, Goldsmith reads the work of writers who have taken up this challenge. Examining a wide range of texts and techniques, including the use of Google searches to create poetry, the appropriation of courtroom testimony, and the possibility of robo-poetics, Goldsmith joins this recent work to practices that date back to the early twentieth century. Writers and artists such as Walter Benjamin, Gertrude Stein, James Joyce, and Andy Warhol embodied an ethos in which the construction or conception of a text was just as important as the resultant text itself. By extending this tradition into the digital realm, uncreative writing offers new ways of thinking about identity and the making of meaning.

'This book provides insight into the most relevant issues in literary education and digital learning, covering literary aspects both from educational and research perspectives'--Provided by publisher.

What happens to literature in an age of digital technology? Regards Croisés: Perspectives on Digital Literature provides an answer, with a collection of cutting-edge critical essays on literature gone digital. Regards Croisés is an important addition to existing research on digital literature, and will appeal to scholars of electronic writing, digital art,humanities computing, media and communication, and others interested in the field. It offers a significant advance in the field through its wide-angle perspective that globalizes digital literature and diversifies the current critical paradigms. Regards Croisés shows how digital literature connects with traditions and future directions of reading and writing communities all over the world. With contributions by authors from eight countries and three continents, the collection presents points of view on a transcontinental practice of digital literature. Regards Croisés also opens dialogues with expanded critical paradigms of digital literature, beyond earlier critical concern with the aesthetics of the screen as a space of hypertext links. Many of the essays recognize a rich history and ongoing literary practice engaged with the basic fact of the computer as a programmable device. Other essays explore the latest developments in social media and Web 2.0 as venues for digital literature. Regards Croisés shows the vibrant engagement of writers and readers with literary practice in a digital world.

Parler de genre à propos des blogs, c'est moins chercher à découvrir une espèce littéraire nouvelle dans ce corpus hétérogène et massif que tenter de définir, au-delà des spécifications techniques et fonctionnelles, un objet esthétique. Le blog invente ses usages, ses communautés, ses configurations poétiques - autant de caractéristiques par lesquelles il fait genre. Entre contrainte de forme et liberté de parole, les déclinaisons multiples du blog décrivent aussi l'aventure d'une écriture.