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A decrease in the number of CD4 + lymphocytes in HIV infection is known to increase the risk of opportunistic infections, malignancies and other diseases classified as diagnostic criteria for AIDS. The purpose of this work is to analyze the main groups of opportunistic infections and infectious lesions commonly affecting the gastrointestinal tract in HIV-positive patients. Up to 90% of deaths from HIV infection are directly or indirectly caused by opportunistic infections that emphasize the importance of further research aimed at their prevention and management. A progressive decline in the number of CD4 + lymphocytes due to their non-stop destruction and insufficient replenishment from progenitor cells underlies the development of immunodeficiency in HIV infection. Pathological changes in the gastric mucosa may be associated with Mycobacterium avium complex. Cryptosporidosis is an opportunistic infection reported as common among immuno-suppressed patients. It occurs as a long-term, mild infection without severe clinical symptoms. In recent decades, opportunistic infections have become a medical and social challenge due to their spread and significant impact on the quality of life of HIV-positive people. It should be also noted that the presence of opportunistic infection has little effect on the characteristics of the microbial picture in the intestine. But, at the same time, it can deteriorate metabolic processes in the intestinal epithelium, proliferation and maintenance of its resistance to aggressive factors. Therefore, the issue of detection and timely treatment of opportunistic infections is of a great medical and social importance. Conclusions: Early diagnosis, prevention and management of opportunistic infections play an essential role in increasing the life expectancy of HIV-positive people and improving the course of the disease.