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Introduction. The article is devoted to the problems of ecological consequences of forest fires in protected areas. It is proposed to assess atmospheric air pollution during forest fires and their impact on public health by the calculated method of specific emissions and hazard coefficients. The aim of the work is to perform a comparative analysis of environmental risks for the populations of three subjects of the Russian Federation in the Baikal region, and ranking of territories by the level of atmospheric air pollution during forest fires.Materials and Methods. The initial data were statistical information on forest fires in the Irkutsk region, the Republic of Buryatia, the Trans-Baikal Territory in the period from 2013 to 2020, procedural documents of forest fires, including schemes and types of fires, areas and coordinates of fires, protocols of inspection of the fire site, acts of official investigation and other materials.Results. The paper analyzes forest fires in the protected Baikal natural area of the Baikal region and their environmental consequences. The emphasis is placed on establishing the average annual characteristics of forest fires (number, area, economic damage, specific emissions of combustion product into the atmosphere, risks to public health). It is proved that bulk emissions from forest fires bring additional atmospheric pollution; it is 20 % of stationary sources of emissions. The Republic of Buryatia and the Irkutsk region contribute the most to the pollution of the atmosphere of the Baikal region.Discussion and Conclusion. The methodology proposed by the authors for ranking territories by environmental risks can be used for predictive assessment of the consequences of fires for public health. The forecast results serve to support organizational and administrative measures, including decisions to attract additional forces and equipment, and to evacuate the population. According to the results of the forecast of the consequences of fires for the health of the population, a fire-fighting plan is being developed, which determines the methods and tactics of fire extinguishing, the distribution of forces and means, the decisive direction of actions, etc. According to the greatest contribution to the deterioration of living conditions and the risk of poisoning by combustion products, the studied territories are ranked in the following order: Irkutsk region – Republic of Buryatia – Trans-Baikal Territory.

Introduction. In 2021, new regulatory legal acts in the field of fire safety came into force. Special attention is paid to the control, classification and minimization of false alarms of fire protection systems and installations. In this regard, it makes sense to refer to the statistics of such triggers on specific objects in order to assess the sufficiency and validity of the criteria proposed in the new documents. The purpose of the work is to study the requirements for maintenance and operation of fire protection systems and installations. The objectives of this study are to study the main approaches to the regulation of false alarms of fire protection systems, analysis of the main quantitative indicators of the operation of systems of a particular object, assessment of the compliance of the protection object with new requirements.Materials and Methods. The empirical basis of the study was the results of constant monitoring of the state of fire protection systems and installations in one of the largest shopping and entertainment complexes in the South of Russia. The reports of the fire prevention service, data from the automated workplace of the operator of the fire station, records in operational logs were used. The information is summarized in tables by types of false alarms and by chronology. Calculations were performed in MS Excel. To identify the links between different types of false positives, a correlation analysis was carried out.Results. The connection between the number of false alarms and the intensity of work of tenants of the protection object is noted. The ratios of different types of false alarm and the significance of the triggering factors are determined. The correlation between false alarms and malfunctions of systems is revealed.Discussion and Conclusion. The methodology developed by the authors makes it possible to monitor malfunctions of fire alarm systems on an ongoing basis. A number of problematic issues of applying the classification of false alarms of the fire alarm system in GOST R 59638-2021 have been identified. A connection has been established between the number of false alarms and the intensity of the work of the tenants of the shopping center. The conclusion is made about the compliance of the protection object with the newly introduced requirements. The identified problematic issues of the application of GOST R 59638-2021 for statistical analysis in future studies force us to develop a different classification of false alarms of fire alarm systems.

Introduction. Railway enterprises are characterized by an increased labor risk, the professional activity of personnel is associated with the risk of injury. Occupational safety measures are regularly carried out in the industry. At the same time, accidents are known to occur in Russian Railways JSC (Russian Railways). Risk reduction requires a theoretical study of the problem, as well as the study of applied solutions, which determines the relevance and significance of the proposed study. The purpose of the work is to determine the resulting indicators on which the dynamics of industrial injuries in Russian Railways depends.Materials and Methods. To identify the causes of injury to railway transport workers of the Russian Railways holding, the authors analyzed statistics for 2007–2021. We systematized and ranked 17 types of accidents, which are associated with accidents resulting in injuries. Using the Pareto chart, they were differentiated as resultant and non-resultant. We identified 7 resultants. We performed a stochastic analysis and established the relationship of each factor with the total number of accidents. The correlation coefficients were calculated.Results. Preliminary calculations were presented in the form of a table to obtain the coefficient of stochastic dependence of industrial injuries on the number of injured employees of Russian Railways in road accidents. The value of the stochastic relations coefficient was calculated and adjusted. The average error was determined — the difference between the general injury rate and the injuries in road accidents. The results of these calculations were compared with the data of the Student's t-distribution quantile table for confidence probability. Similarly, the degree of stochastic relationships for the other resulting types of incidents was calculated and summarized in a table. The result was visualized in a diagram.Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the conducted surveys allow us to assert that the dynamics of industrial injuries in Russian Railways JSC is determined mainly by incidents in road accidents. It is necessary to investigate their causes and develop measures aimed at improving occupational safety.

Introduction. The topic under consideration is updated by official domestic statistics, according to which more than a third of employees work in harmful and dangerous conditions. During the production process, people get injured and maimed, lose their ability to work. Dozens of fatal incidents are recorded at workplaces every year.The purpose of the study is to show the advantages and prospects of the introduction of gaming computer technologies in the training of workers in labor protection in the agro-industrial complex (AIC).Materials and Methods. The scientific literature devoted to the educational possibilities of digital gaming solutions is considered. In relation to the topic of this study, the potential of a number of computer games, virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies is evaluated. The well-known and commercially available gaming software is considered in relation to the topics and objectives of occupational safety training. The strengths and weaknesses of this approach are noted.Results. The paper shows how to prepare for the introduction of gaming computer technologies into the occupational safety training system. In particular, it is necessary to identify and systematize the causes of accidents and injuries at work, to focus on industry (in this case, the most typical for agriculture). Special attention should be paid to organizational risks, because if they are neglected, personnel will work in initially dangerous conditions and high- quality training may be useless. The approaches to the organization of training, conducting classes, checking and consolidating knowledge are considered. Digital gaming products that have proven themselves in occupational safety training in various industries, including the agro-industrial complex, are presented. Variants of such training are considered. The use of digital gaming technology tools for the qualitative development of safety techniques, the formation of safe behavior skills and motivation to prevent injuries is justified.Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the work allow us to assert that gaming computer technologies can be successfully used for teaching occupational health and safety in agriculture. This approach has serious advantages in terms of organization, visibility, cost-effectiveness and safety. Certain disadvantages of the method are likely to hinder the widespread implementation of such solutions in occupational safety training at agricultural enterprises for some time. However, in the medium term, it is possible to predict the solution of the identified problems due to the development of the digital games market, virtual technologies and the development of domestic analogues.

Introduction. Maintenance is one of the factors of elevator systems safe operation. In regulatory documents, the influence of the loading mode of elevators on the frequency of maintenance is not taken into account and is assumed to be the same for objects operating in disparate conditions. This suggests the need to determine rational intervals between maintenance to ensure safe and economically feasible operation of the equipment in question. The work objective is to substantiate the required maintenance frequency of passenger elevators based on comprehensive assessments of their technical condition.Materials and Methods. The domestic and foreign experience of choosing the maintenance frequency of elevator units is considered. The paper evaluates the possibilities of substantiating the required maintenance intervals on the basis of established comprehensive assessments of technical condition, taking into account the conditions and operating modes. Since the problem has no direct analytical solution, an alternative approach is proposed. It is based on the hypothesis of the interrelation between the regulatory resource characteristics of assemblies and the modes and conditions of their operation. The authors obtained the necessary indicators through measurements in high-rise apartment buildings in Rostov-on-Don, experiments and adequate simulation modelling.Results. A structural and logical model has been developed to solve this problem. It consists of procedures that can be described in detail and clarified. A method for adjusting the maintenance frequency of elevators is proposed and tested. The standards of the system resource in terms of time and number of work cycles for the control time are summarized and tabulated. In this light, the gearbox, electric motor, brake, door drive and elevator ropes in 9-storey buildings are described at a cabin speed of ≤ 1 m/s. For example, the paper provides the calculated normative indicators:Kmcp норм — coefficient of net machine time (NMT);ncp норм — specific number of switching-on of the main drive and the doorAccording to the calculation results, Kmcp норм for the electric motor is 0.228; ncp норм for the brake is 1.065 per NMT minute. To assess the overall load level, the resulting technical condition of the elevator and its main components, a single generalized indicator is proposed — the load index WΣ. It is calculated as the sum of coefficients reflecting the relative level of load on the elevator assembly. It is established that as the resource is being depleted, while maintaining the value of time and power indicators, the estimated maintenance frequency will decrease. The recommended change threshold is 15–20 %.Discussion and Conclusion. The developed methodology for assessing the technical condition of the elevator unit allows us to develop a complex index by which we can judge the need to revise the regulatory intervals of the elevator unit assemblies. The proposed procedures are applicable to existing, installed and designed elevators. Simulation modeling in a specially developed computer program determines the main indicators of the technical condition of the power units of the elevator: the coefficient of net machine time, switching-on specific number, the power load and the share of the expired service life. Simulation modelling also takes into account the parameters of the building: population density and random external and internal influences. The method of adjusting the maintenance frequency allows you to quickly plan and optimize the costs of operating elevator equipment without losing the level of reliability and safety.

Introduction. The shipping industry pays great attention to the safety of man-made and natural systems. At the same time, increased requirements are imposed not only on the quality of the fuel composition, but also on exhaust emissions. Currently, Annex VI of the MARPOL-73/78 Convention has been ratified by many of its signatories. The compliance with this document requires that engine emissions comply with the specified NOx level limits. Until recently, such rules were mainly applied in the Baltic and North Seas, but over time, the compliance with environmental standards will affect other areas of navigation.The work objective is to show through the study of modern technical solutions that we need an integrated approach to solve practical environmental problems, which will allow developing rational schemes of modern marine propulsion systems, taking into account their compliance with the safety requirements of technogenic and natural systems.Materials and Methods. The methods and recommendations given in open sources and corresponding to the requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) were used in the work. The experience of leading foreign firms and domestic enterprises in terms of modern design solutions that will reduce ship emissions to acceptable limits is analyzed and summarized.Research Results. The issues related to the study of factors influencing the development of rational schemes of ship propulsion systems, taking into account their current level of development, pricing policy and the compliance with the environmental requirements, are considered. It is shown that one of the effective ways to reduce NOx emissions is the installation of a selective catalytic reducer (SCR) on the main engine, and the use of efficient and innovative power generation technologies to reduce technogenic emissions. In the medium term, the transition to gaseous fuels is predicted, and in the long term – to hydrogen technologies.Discussion and Conclusion. Possible technical solutions to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides by installing selective catalytic reducers on the main marine engines are presented. It is established that one of the promising areas of development are diesel-electric propulsion systems. It is shown that in the medium term, due to stricter environmental requirements, there will be a transition to gaseous fuels, which will allow us with minor structural changes to increase the power of the existing main engines and to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides and greenhouse gases. In the long term, the transition to hydrogen fuel cells with continuous improvement of the technological level of production, storage and development of the corresponding infrastructure can be considered as a real alternative to hydrocarbon fuels in marine transport.

Introduction. The article presents an analysis of the destruction of welds that occurred during the operation of modular overhead cranes. Measures are proposed to prevent the occurrence of such defects in the future, reduce the likelihood of accidents and improve the safety of operation of overhead cranes with a welded modular construction. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that in the Russian Federation approximately 65% of the lifting cranes registered with Rostechnadzor have fulfilled the standard service life.The work objective is to improve the safety of operation of modular overhead cranes and the reliability of their welded metal structures. Achieving the objectives of the work, based on the analysis of the destruction of metal structures of overhead cranes, a diagnostic map of welded joints of metal structures of end beams with modules of travelling wheels of overhead cranes was compiled. The use of the proposed diagnostic card in a production environment will significantly improve the quality of diagnostics of welded joints.Materials and Methods. Investigations of accidents of load-bearing metal structures of cranes by methods of technical diagnostics of destruction of welds that occurred during the operation of overhead cranes of modular design have been carried out. This made it possible to develop a number of measures to prevent accidents of overhead cranes initiated by the destruction of their welded modular structures.Results. Based on the analysis of accidents, a diagnostic map of destructing welded joints of metal structures of end beams with modules of travelling wheels of an overhead crane has been compiled. The use of the proposed diagnostic card will increase the reliability of welded metal structures and improve the quality of diagnostics of welded joints in production conditions.Discussion and Conclusions. As a result of the analysis of structural failures of modular overhead cranes, a number of measures are proposed to prevent the formation of such defects, the occurrence of accidents due to them, and to improve the safety of operation of overhead cranes.

Introduction. Major projects in the oil refining industry require the involvement of contractors. Cooperation with qualified and responsible contractors can be considered as a competitive advantage, allowing timely delivery of objects with the proper level of quality and safety.Significant injury rates in contracting organizations operating at oil refining facilities attract attention. This leads to an interest in safety of working conditions in the industry. One of the approaches to solving the problem is to use the occupational health and safety management system in the interactions of the customer and the contractor.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to improve the mechanism of rating contractors from the point of view of occupational and industrial safety.Theoretical Part. The paper uses the official statistical reports on injuries and the data on injuries of employees of contracting organizations at an oil refinery of a large Russian company. A mechanism for rating contractors in this area has been developed. It includes three sections with their own criteria and weight coefficients. The automatically generated and periodically updated rating is proposed to be placed in open access on the website of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment.Conclusions. The use of the proposed rating will allow customers working in the field of oil refining to reasonably judge the risks generated by the industrial safety system of potential contractors.

Introduction. At the present stage of technology development, special importance is given to improving the efficiency and durability of machine parts and especially parts of assemblies operating under increased loads. The problem of increasing reliability in the conditions of intensification of production, energy and resource conservation poses the task of introducing new technological processes and the use of modern materials into production. Often, the weakest element in the «material – working» environment system, which determines the operating conditions and the resource of mechanisms, is the surface of the material. Therefore, an important role in increasing its wear resistance is played by coatings that protect parts from the destructive influence of working environments.Problem Statement. The main objective of the research is the development of technological modes for applying thermal coatings to the belt pulleys of the TORUM 750 combine harvester by Rostselmash, as well as the selection of optimal coatings to increase the durability and wear resistance of the pulley surface.Theoretical Part. As a theoretical description, the application of various coating options is analyzed, as well as the mathematical processing of experimental data on the adhesion strength between the aluminum surface and the coating material is considered.Conclusions. The studies carried out by the authors have shown that it is advisable to conduct thermal spraying on aluminum alloys of belt coatings on a heated substrate (preheating temperature from 210°C). In the case of spraying coatings on the rubbing surfaces of pulleys, the surfaces should be regularly cooled.

Introduction. Studies of risks dynamics of death and injury of the Federal Fire-Fighting Service personnel in the performance of official duties for a long period (from 2006 to 2021) have shown that difficulties often arise due to the heterogeneity of data, their significant fluctuations in different periods of time and the influence of random factors.Problem Statement. In this paper, to study the risks of death and injury of personnel of the Federal Fire-Fighting Service of the State Fire Service in the performance of official duties, time series smoothing methods (the moving average method and the exponential smoothing method) were used, which made it possible to eliminate abnormal observations and reduce the influence of random factors.Theoretical Part. To identify trends in the risks of death and injury of personnel of the Federal Fire-Fighting Service of the State Fire Service in the performance of official duties, the method of time series smoothing was used. The methods of moving average and exponential smoothing are considered. The distribution of the risks of injury and death of the personnel of the Federal Fire-Fighting Service of the State Fire Service in the performance of official duties for the period 2006-2021 is shown, the average annual levels of injury and death risks for this period are determined, the dynamics of the ratio of the number of cases of injury and death in these years is considered.Conclusions. The number of registered cases of injuries has decreased due to the improvement of the occupational safety management system. During the period from 2006 to 2021, there was a reduction in the risk of injury to personnel by 4 times. The ratio of the number of injured and dead has significantly decreased (by more than three times) — from 31.5 to 9.4. In addition, as a result of occupational safety management system improvement, the number of injuries with severe and moderate damage has decreased due to their transition to the category of injuries with light damage.

Introduction. The development of modern technology imposes increasingly stringent requirements on materials operating under conditions of high pressures, speeds, deformations and aggressive media. The use of powder metallurgy methods in the creation of new materials makes it possible to provide a rational combination of production technology, structural and performance characteristics. Powder steels used in mechanical engineering are of great interest among the materials obtained by powder metallurgy. The article explores the possibility of manufacturing porous bearings made of iron powder for fan motors of domestic air conditioners instead of porous bearings made of bronze graphite.Problem Statement. To ensure long-term operation of fan motors from metal powders, it is necessary to create porous bearings without alloying additives with the required mechanical properties. This requires a series of experimental work to determine the dependences of mechanical and technological properties on the sintering temperature, compacting pressure and the porosity of samples.Theoretical Part. As a theoretical description, the use of a mold with an additional draining gap, which provides high bearing density at low compacting pressure, is analyzed. The effect of compacting pressure on the strength of sliding bearings under mechanical deformations depending on the sintering temperature is also considered.Conclusions. It was established in the work that during the sintering of sliding bearings at a temperature of 800-1100°C, a significant charge carburization occurs due to the decomposition of zinc stearate in closed pores. As a result, a ferritepearlite structure is formed, due to which the bearings are well calibrated and have high wear resistance when paired with a steel shaft. Optimum sintering modes and compacting pressures were selected, which showed high reliability and durability of the products obtained from pure iron powder.

Introduction. For steel armor materials, it is important to reduce the thickness and, consequently, the metal consumption of the protective structure. The previously developed class of materials with the structure of a natural ferrite-martensite composite (NFMC) has characteristics that favor the inhibition of crack development under impact loads and has prospects as an armor material.Problem Statement. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the possibility of using NFMC materials for armor protection devices based on the results of ballistic resistance tests under a high-power concentrated impact (a projectile flying at a hyper-high speed).Theoretical Part. The study of ballistic resistance was carried out on samples of steel 14G2 processed according to various modes. The samples had the shape of plates and a square grid on the surface. Simulation tests of the impact of heat-strengthened dowels from a powder-actuated tool and firing of military small arms at the testing site from an SVD sniper rifle and an AK-74 assault rifle with machine loading ammunition were carried out. The results of simulation tests showed a clear advantage of steel with the NFMC structure. The comparison of the results of firing with military small arms has showed that the ballistic resistance of steel with the NFMC structure depends on the ratio of the volume fractions of ferrite and martensite, which cause different thicknesses of the ductile and strong components of the composite. The highest resistance was observed for a sample with an NFMC structure processed according to the regime: quenching 730°C and tempering 180°C.Conclusions. Steels treated for the NFMC structure can provide effective protection for military personnel with a lower material consumption of armor protection devices, which is due to a special method of braking destruction during a high-power local impact. Thus, the practical application of the developed class of natural composite materials seems promising for obtaining an armor plate with a thinner thickness, which helps to reduce the weight of combat vehicles, increase their mobility and reduce fuel consumption.

Introduction. Shipping, as one of the infrastructural transport communications, is a strategic branch of the economy of the Russian Federation. The timely delivery of goods, equipment, materials and raw materials to consumers depends on the reliability of shipping facilities operation. Therefore, ensuring safety, preventing man-made and natural destructive events are urgent and priority tasks of the owners of such facilities. Among the incidents that can cause significant direct and indirect damage, the most dangerous are fires. In this regard, in order to make management decisions on fire safety, it is necessary to know the situation with fires, to understand their social and economic consequences, to be able to identify possible causes for fires both at construction infrastructure facilities (shipyards, docks, port facilities) and on watercraft. At the same time, an important component in making such decisions is the study of the effectiveness of the fire alarm as a primary element in the general technological systems of fire automation on shipping facilities.Problem Statement. The objective of the study is to analyze the causes of fires and the operation of fire alarm systems at shipping facilities.Theoretical Part. Based on statistical data on fires and their consequences for 2017-2021, the social (the number of dead and injured people) and economic (direct material damage) consequences of fires at shipyards, port facilities, watercraft (ships, boats, vessels) and docks are analyzed. Estimates of the effectiveness of fire alarm systems at shipping facilities are given.Conclusions. The efficiency of fire alarm systems at all shipping facilities is on average at the level of 90%. At the same time, for sea and river vessels, this figure is about 82%, for port facilities it is almost 100%. But despite such a high level of fire alarm systems, it is not possible to avoid social and material consequences of fires. In addition, it should be noted that most fires occur at shipping facilities that are privately owned. At shipyards, port facilities and docks, fires on private property account for 71% of the total number of fires. On private sea and river vessels, the proportion of fires reaches 90%.

Introduction. It is known that fires are one of the most large-scale emergencies. It is possible to systematize and formalize their causes only if you take into account the effective analysis of statistical data. The scientific problem lies in the lack of effective mathematical tools and techniques that allow the use of fire statistics as an emergency prevention tool. The solution of this problem is relevant for science and technology. Based on the identified problem, the purpose of this study is formulated, which consists in the analysis of fire statistics and its formalization in predicting emergencies.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to analyze the state and causes of fires, as well as to find a tool for their prediction.Theoretical Part. The methodological tools for solving this problem are the use of multiple regression and correlation analysis methods that allow criticizing and formalizing the available fire statistics. It is established that an acceptable parameter characterizing the reliability and closeness of the connection of empirical data with their mathematical function in relation to the task is the correlation coefficient.Conclusions. It is proved that an effective tool for predicting fires is the use of linear regression analysis methods. The practical significance of the results obtained for science and technology lies in the possibility of creating digital tools for predicting and preventing emergencies, which will significantly reduce resource costs for eliminating their consequences.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the issues of non-destructive testing of mechanical characteristics of metal structural elements of cranes. The reliability of cranes largely determines their safety. The main manifestations of operational failures of floating cranes are analyzed on the example of the UMK-2 crane. It is noted that 27% of failures occur due to the loss of metal strength of their structural elements. Determination of the causes of such failures is possible by conducting non-destructive testing of the mechanical characteristics of the failing structural elements metal. The paper provides the principle of one of the methods of non-destructive strength control based on the impact insertion of a conical indenter into the metal under study with the subsequent analysis of the intermediate parameters of this insertion. The results of measurements of the mechanical characteristics of the metal deformed during the operation of the boom strut of a floating crane are given. The current measured values of the mechanical characteristics of the metal obtained at various points of the strut are processed for compliance with the three-parameter Weibull law to obtain the minimum values of these characteristics. As a result of such processing, it is stated that the minimum values of yield strength, strength and elongation are lower than those claimed by the design documentation for the crane. This may be one of the reasons for the deformation of the structural element during operation.Problem Statement. The application of the method of non-destructive testing of the metal of the boom strut is considered in order to assess the mechanical characteristics and establish possible causes of its deformation when analyzing the operational reliability of the crane.Theoretical Part. When identifying possible causes of deformation or destruction of steel elements of crane structures, it is proposed to apply a method of non-destructive testing of mechanical characteristics based on the impact insertion of a conical indenter into the test surface. Further, it is proposed to process the obtained sample of values of the measured characteristic for compliance with the three-parameter Weibull law to estimate the shift parameter or the minimum value of this characteristic.Conclusions. The minimum values of the tensile strength, yield strength and relative elongation of the metal of the deformed boom strut of the UMK-2 crane were obtained on the basis of the application of the method of non-destructive testing with subsequent approximation of statistical information by the Weibull distribution law. A conclusion was made about the reduced strength characteristics of the metal relative to those stated in the technical documentation, which could cause deformation of the crane boom element.

Introduction. The durability and other performance characteristics of machine parts are largely determined by physical and chemical state of thin surface layers. The localization of hardening processes in these layers serves as a significant reserve for increasing the service life of parts while reducing the cost of manufacturing materials. One of the most progressive directions of strengthening technology is the application of protective coatings on the working surfaces of machine parts.The article investigates the process of sintering compacts from steel PKh23N18 in boron carbide powder in containers with a fusible seal. It has been established that sintering in such containers provides high mechanical characteristics of sintered steel with good reproducibility of the sintering process.Problem Statement. To improve corrosion resistance, as well as to improve wear resistance of friction surfaces of products and machine parts operating in aggressive environments, it is necessary to choose a rational technology of chemical-thermal treatment that allows increasing the mechanical and technological properties of products.Theoretical Part. As a theoretical description, the use of various methods of stainless steel boriding is analyzed, and the dependences of changes in the mechanical and technological properties of samples on various boriding schemes and methods for obtaining samples are considered.Conclusions. It was established in the work that the increase in strength of samples subjected to boriding sintering in an autonomous gaseous medium occurred due to the absence of oxidation and deep saturation with boron (volumetric strengthening) through the vapor-gas phase. The use of container technology makes it possible not only to simplify the technology, but also to ensure the preservation of material properties, regardless of the presence of a protective gaseous medium in the thermal shop.

Introduction. Vegetable production is one of the branches of plant cultivation that is distinguished by the specifics of conducting technological processes, characterized by the structural variety of cultivation facilities and special working conditions. Injuries of employees are the serious problem in the workplace now. The body of a worker is exposed to a complex of unfavorable production factors: mineral fertilizers, pesticides and products of their metabolism: heating microclimate, high humidity, significant physical exertion. If agrotechnical techniques are followed, they cannot be a source of deterioration of health. Violation of sanitary and hygienic regulations and technological schemes for growing crops increases the risk of health problems and affects the ability to work.Problem Statement. The task for the study is to develop a simplified design to lower vegetables into storage, improve working conditions and safety of workers. Theoretical Part. Occupational safety improvement in agriculture is necessary, first of all, from the point of the preservation and purpose of the system as a mechanism for protecting the interests of workers, guaranteeing the preservation of their life, health, working capacity in the process of professional activity, as well as for the purpose of agricultural production efficiency. There is an urgent problem of safety when laying vegetables in containers. The main type of injury to workers is occurred during work for eliminating technical and technological failures. Conclusions. As a result of the research, market analysis and evaluation of the competitiveness of the development under consideration, the main distinguishing features of the proposed device from the existing ones are determined. This design can be recommended for further integration into the existing enterprise system, as well as for use in any agricultural enterprises.

Introduction. Currently, there are a number of different concepts for reducing occupational injuries. One of the most important mechanisms for reducing the number of potentially dangerous events and injuries at hazardous production facilities is the formation of an industrial safety culture. However, there are currently no studies devoted to the effectiveness of the use of the occupational safety and health management system.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to analyze the state of industrial safety culture based on occupational injury statistics.Theoretical Part. As the basic information, statistical reports on cases of industrial injuries provided by the Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company Joint Stock Company (JSC Kola MMC), a subsidiary of PJSC «MMC «Norilsk Nickel», were used, on the basis of which an analysis of the state of industrial safety culture was carried out.Conclusions. The results of a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of creating a favorable environment for the formation of industrial safety culture on the example of the concern PJSC «MMC «Norilsk Nickel», which includes the largest mining enterprise in the region, Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company (JSC Kola MMC), indicate the effectiveness of the measures taken.

Introduction. Timely and effective identification and assessment of all hazards and occupational risks is one of the urgent problems in the prevention of occupational injuries of industrial workers. Both legislative and regulatory acts and a number of foreign and domestic authors offer various approaches to such an assessment, the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of which is the subject of this articleProblem statement. The objective of this study is a critical analysis of the existing approaches to the assessment of hazards and occupational risks of workers in industrial enterprises.Theoretical part. As the basic information, state regulatory methods were used, as well as methods for assessing the occupational risks of employees of industrial enterprises, proposed by various authors.Conclusions. According to the results of the analysis, the ways of solving the problem of preventing occupational injuries of industrial workers on the conditions of "preliminary" assessment of their occupational risks, i.e. before the occurrence of negative events, are determined.

Introduction. In the construction industry, there has recently been a positive trend towards a decrease in injury rates. The authors have identified the specific conditions of construction work as a source of occurrence of prerequisites for accidents. The paper provides the analysis of a statistical sample of data on accidents and occupational injuries in the construction industry, which shows that the sources of the vast majority of cases of industrial injuries are avoidable factors.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between the accident rate in the construction industry and several factors related to the education and qualifications of employees.Theoretical Part. As the basic information, the data of statistical reporting on occupational injuries provided by the Federal State Statistics Service, as well as materials from literary sources of domestic and foreign authors, were used. The method of complex assessment of the qualification of personnel is proposed.Conclusions. Functional dependences of the frequency of accidents at the enterprise on the criterion of qualification of personnel are determined. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the level of education of employees of construction enterprises, the correspondence of their basic education to the profile of the enterprise's activities and the frequency of professional development positively affect the overall state of the occupational safety system at the enterprise, including the reduction in the number of accidents.

Introduction. The problem of creating new sintered materials is now in the center of attention of the entire domestic community in the field of powder metallurgy. Today, when creating a new class of structural materials, first of all, it is worth paying attention to their strength properties. The article considers technological features in the formation of highquality interparticle splicing of dispersion-strengthened materials. High-quality splicing is primarily determined by the mechanical properties of the alloys, which show the degree of its completeness during sintering. Depending on the density of the materials, the sintering temperature and the percentage of carbon that is introduced into the charge, the mechanical properties of the material also change. The determination of these properties is the main task of the research.Problem Statement. To determine the strength and plastic characteristics of the materials under consideration, it is necessary to analyze how these characteristics are affected by free carbon introduced into the charge. Determination of mechanical properties will allow us to recommend an alloy with the best characteristics for further research.Theoretical Part. As a theoretical description, the processes of sintering of dispersion-strengthened alloys, carbon homogenization, and the effect of compaction density and pressure on the mechanical properties of alloys are given.Conclusions. The obtained mechanical properties show that the addition of 0.8% carbon is sufficient to achieve high strength characteristics. However, the addition of carbon by 20-30% reduces the plastic characteristics of the alloys. The results obtained in this work will help to recommend the material for the manufacture of products with high performance properties.

Introduction. Recently, sintered materials and products made of them have been increasingly used in powder metallurgy. In this regard, the issue of obtaining sintered products with high performance properties is acute. To achieve such properties, the materials are subjected to heat treatment. This procedure significantly affects their structure and mechanical properties. In production, sintered materials are most often subjected to subsequent hardening and tempering, as a result of which their equilibrium structure is established, grain growth stops, and strength characteristics improve.The article discusses the problems that arise in the formation of the qualitative structure of dispersed-hardened alloys as a result of their heat treatment.Problem Statement. The objective of this work is to study the phase changes in the process of cooling of powder steels and alloys in order to determine the modes of their heat treatment in order to form optimal conditions for the martensitic transformation of austenite.Theoretical Part. Phase transformations in powder steels occur in the temperature range at which their structures are rearranged, and as a result, the properties of the material change. The main factors affecting the phase transformations are the chemical composition of the alloy, the structure imperfection and the size of the grains. Changes in the structure and properties of alloys are considered in comparison with compact materials. Heat treatment significantly affects the phase and structural characteristics of powder materials, which are related to the mechanical characteristics of the alloys themselves.Conclusions. The conducted studies have shown that with an increase in the heterogeneity of the solid solution of steels, the temperature of the beginning of the martensitic transformation increased. A decrease in the temperature of the martensitic transformation with an increase in the degree of homogeneity of the solid solution occurs due to its enrichment with carbon and other alloying elements (chromium, molybdenum). With an increase in the percentage of carbon, an increase in the porosity of samples, the starting point of martensitic transformation also decreases. The temperature of the beginning of the martensitic transformation is not affected by carbides that are with austenite. These conclusions will help us to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials, as well as to develop recommendations for the practical application of heat treatment in the manufacture of products of complex shape.

Introduction. The paper analyzes the requirements for the implementation of occupational risk assessment at the enterprise. Until recently, this procedure did not actually have the necessary legislative basis, so the authors offer a detailed review of the key changes in the normative-legal regulation of occupational safety, which specifically touched upon the management of occupational risks.Problem Statement. The purpose of this study is a detailed consideration of innovations in the field of the occupational safety, which came into force on March 1, 2022.Theoretical Part. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation was used as the basic information for the study.Conclusions. The results of the analysis indicate the need to create effective tools for the regulatory procedure of occupational risk assessment.

Introduction. The paper considers the problem of ice formation on the spray ring of vertical steel tanks (VST) in spring, which threatens the safety of operating personnel when carrying out technological operations. The necessity of introduction of means of protection against ice is emphasized, which will make it possible to release commercial operators from performance of high risk operations of ice clearing from dry pipelines.Problem Statement. The task of the research is to substantiate the use of possible ways of icing control on the tank spray ring.Theoretical Part. As the basic information, the modern methods of de-icing used in mechanical engineering, oil industry and construction are presented.Conclusions. As a result, the work proposes options for the use of means to fight against icing, through which the overall level of safety in the tank farm will increase.

Introduction. The research of energy-absorbing element made of aluminum alloy, which is part of the passive safety system of a racing car, is carried out in the article. Designing and testing of the energy absorbing element was performed within the framework of the technical regulations of the international student engineering competition Formula SAE. Formula SAE is an engineering competition of student teams organized by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).The design and analysis of the dynamic performance of the research object were performed in the computer-aided design system (CAD) ANSYS® Workbench SpaceClaim and ANSYS Explicit Dynamics.Problem Statement. The task of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of the use of aluminum alloy as the main material for the manufacture of the energy-absorbing element of the passive safety system of the car.Theoretical Part. Eleven structures of different shapes (structures) made of aluminum alloy 6063 were developed as promising models of energy-absorbing elements. A simulation crash test (frontal impact) was carried out, as a result of which it was possible to study the flow of deformation in the structure, to find the main zones of stress and load. This study of energy-absorbing elements can be used to justify the choice of material for the manufacture of passive car safety elements by car manufacturers and machine builders.Conclusions. The result of the research is a simulated process of destruction (or deformation) of the energy-absorbing element responsible for the absorption of energy in case of a frontal impact. The dependence of the manufacturing material and the shape of the energy absorbing element on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the passive car safety system has been investigated. Loads and stresses appearing in the structure of energy absorbing element have been studied. The efficiency of using aluminum alloy in promising car passive safety elements has been proved. Simulations of crash-tests showed that the use of progressive materials of construction elements of passive safety of vehicles, namely, aluminum alloys in an optimized (as a result of modeling) performance allows you to achieve high levels of protection of the pilot and passengers of the vehicle.The analysis of the absorbed energy value distribution allows revealing the direction for further improvement of the car passive safety systems. The influence of energy absorbing element manufacturing material on the processes occurring during frontal impact has been established. A universal technology of crash-testing (modeling of impact processes) of an energy absorbing element with a rigid obstacle has been developed in Ansys software. The percentage ratio (redistribution) of energy absorbed by frontal elements of passive safety of the car has been investigated.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the issues of improving the processes of periodic knowledge testing and assessing the qualifications of slingers to improve the level of professional skills, readiness to use appropriate devices, equipment and personal protective equipment.Problem Statement. In view of the often formal organization of regular (periodic) knowledge checks of slingers, which potentially leads to accidents at work, there is a need to apply new forms of organization and conduct of these activities.Theoretical Part. Periodic knowledge testing involves an oral examination in the commissions of the organizations that operate cranes. As an alternative to regular knowledge checks, the independent qualification assessment at Qualification Assessment Centers is of particular importance. Taking into account the widespread digitalization of production and the widespread use of IT technologies, it is proposed to develop and apply mobile applications for periodic knowledge checks of slingers, allowing them to visualize and choose the right solutions for performing labor functions.Conclusions. The high level of professional training of the slinger is an important component in the issue of increasing the level of safety in the operation of lifting structures, so special attention must be paid to the training of qualified personnel.

Introduction. The article analyzes the methods of assessing the fire hazard level of operated buildings (structures). The indicator "the proportion of people injured in fires from the total number of people injured in fires" is proposed to assess the fire hazard level of operated buildings (structures).Problem Statement. To assess the fire hazard level of operated buildings (structures), various indicators are used that do not take into account the number of people present at the facility during the fire, but are dependent on this value. The calculation of the indicator "the proportion of people injured in fires from the total number of people injured in fires" as an additional one allows us to estimate the magnitude of fire hazard factors at facilities without taking into account the number of people who were at the protection facility during the fire.Theoretical Part. As the basic information in the study, the statistics of fires and their consequences for 2017-2020 at operated facilities grouped by functional fire hazard classes were used. The indicators used in the calculation are the number of fires, the number of people killed and the number of injured people.Conclusions. The indicator "the proportion of people injured in fires from the total number of people injured in fires" evaluates the probability of survival of people caught in the zone of exposure to fire hazards that lead to injury or death of a person, and characterizes the magnitude of fire hazard factors. Large values of this indicator may indicate a low level of fire hazard — the damage to health does not lead to the death of victims. The calculations of this and other indicators for objects of protection by functional fire hazard classes based on statistical data on fires and their social consequences are given. The high level of fire hazard in single-family residential buildings, agricultural buildings and cultural and leisure institutions is shown.

Introduction. The article discusses the harmful factors of foundry production. The authors analyze and evaluate the workplace of the operator of the shot blasting chamber and offer technical solutions to improve working conditions and reduce the development of occupational diseases.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of noise and dust pollution on the production sites of the foundry.Theoretical Part. In the course of the study, the most polluted areas were identified with the exceeding permissible values of the considered indicators of noise level and dust content. These are the areas of shake-out grids and casting cleaning. Measures to improve the situation were proposed, such as: organization of acoustics taking into account the characteristics of the production room (acoustic screens, soundproof partitions), a suitable sound absorption area of the premises, the improvement of sound absorption by upgrading the body of the shot blasting chamber.Conclusions. The results of the analysis indicate a sufficiently high level of influence of harmful production factors on the operators of the shot blasting section of the foundry and the need to strengthen labor protection in this area.

Introduction. Construction is one of the most injury-causing industries. It is connected with a large amount of operating production factors, that are constant or present potentially, which aggravate the high level of professional risks. The need to develop a methodology on the organization and performance of work in the field of labor protection in case of installation and construction works on building sites is proved in the article and by practical organizational activities of the construction entities.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing occupational risks for construction companies.Theoretical Part. The paper analyzes dangerous and harmful production factors that affect workers of construction organizations. The emphasis is placed on practical provision of labor protection in construction. At the same time, special attention is paid to the identification of occupational risks, their assessment and management. It is proposed to take into account statistical data on injuries in construction, the content of the construction organization project, work production projects and technological maps for the work carried out in the general assessment of occupational risk in the workplace.Conclusions. The authors propose an effective methodology for assessing occupational risks, taking into account the specifics of construction production.

Introduction. The article discusses the issues of labor protection at mining enterprises. Timely analysis and elaboration of measures to prevent them can reduce the risks of major accidents with a large number of victims.Problem Statement. It is necessary to choose the most effective measures to improve the level of industrial safety at mining enterprises based on a ready-made conceptual model of hazardous phenomena and accidents.Theoretical Part. To solve this problem, the article considers a ready-made conceptual model of hazardous phenomena and accidents that may occur in mines as a result of non-compliance with the requirements of occupational safety and industrial safety of enterprises proposed by A. I. Babenko. The analysis of accidents, risk factors, potential dangerous and harmful production factors at the mining enterprise is carried out. Based on the analysis, the most effective measures to improve the level of industrial safety at mining enterprises are proposed.Conclusions. The article considers the issues regulating labor protection at mining enterprises, as well as it identifies industrial risks and options for their elimination through the organization of measures to ensure industrial safety. Based on the results obtained, the most effective means to reduce the risks of hazardous production situations is the use of multifunctional systems to ensure occupational safety and industrial safety of mining enterprises.

Introduction. The article presents an analysis of accidents of lifting cranes, the causes of which are the destruction of load-bearing structural connections during the designated service life, caused by structural and technological deficiencies, with operational loads not exceeding the passport specifications.Problem Statement. The objective of the study is to analyze the causes of accidents of different types of lifting cranes and the features that connect these accidents.Theoretical Part. A review of statistical data on accidents on lifting cranes has shown that the destruction of load bearing structures occurs not only due to fatigue strength during long-term operation, but also due to insufficient bearing capacity of the hinge joints, violations of technological processes of structural elements welding in conditions not exceeding the passport specifications during the service life.Conclusions. It is established that the destruction occurs in the design elements of metal structures associated with the crane mounting at a relatively high level of operating stresses and insignificant loading cycles, which indicates errors in the design and violations of welding processes during their manufacture.

Introduction. The paper discusses the methods for occupational risks assessment of workers within the framework of the labor protection management system. To date, there is no legally approved methodology for occupational risks assessment. Numerous well-known methods of ORS are advisory in nature. Their main weak point is the influence of the human factor and, consequently, the relative subjectivity of the final conclusions.Problem Statement. The main objective of this work is to study the possibility of occupational risks assessment of workers by the "Bow tie" method in the occupational safety management system.Theoretical Part. The method of risk assessment "Bow tie" was adopted as a basis. The main components of this method are considered. Approbation has been carried out. It is proposed to introduce an additional barrier into the "Bowtie" risk assessment method, which is called "Non-destructive control".Conclusions. As a result, a technique for occupational risks assessment was proposed, taking into account the results of non-destructive testing. The positive aspects of the proposed approach are also identified.

Introduction. The article deals with the problems of deterioration of water quality in rivers in the Rostov region, their shallowing and drying out. The degradation of reservoirs is associated with various aspects of economic and industrial anthropogenic activities. The degree of influence depends on the intensity of the negative impact, and can be reduced if environmental measures are implemented.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to monitor the water quality of the Glubokaya River in the Rostov region on different sections of the river and to assess the degree of anthropogenic impact.Theoretical Part. Water quality studies were carried out in three channels of the Glubokaya River on the territory of the cities of Millerovo and Kamensk-Shakhtinsk, as well as near them. The content of ammonia, phosphorus was determined by spectrophotometric analysis methods and petroleum products by IR photometric analysis method. The results of the study of water quality in the reservoir are compared with the normative values for three years with a certain periodicity.Conclusions. The results of the studies on changes in the chemical composition of water at various sites in dynamics, taking into account the degree of anthropogenic load, are analyzed.

Introduction. The article considers the industrial injuries of personnel working in the Rosenergoatom (energy division of the Rosatom State Corporation) and employees of contracting organizations working on the NPP’s territory using the statistical method in the period from 2013 to 2020. Based on the data obtained, the recommendations are proposed to reduce the level of industrial injuries for the personnel of contracting organizations.Problem Statement. The purpose of this study is to research the industrial injuries and to develop recommendations for reducing injuries with personnel who work on the NPP’s territory.Theoretical Part. Annual reports of Rosenergoatom are used as basic information.Conclusions. The results of the analysis indicate a significant level of industrial injuries among the employees of contracting organizations. This fact requires the implementation of a set of measures aimed at improving the safety level on the NPP’s territory to prevent occupational injuries.

Introduction. The article considers the problems of occupational morbidity and occupational injuries in the food industry, including factors and causes that form working conditions that contribute to the occurrence of morbidity and accidents. Problem Statement. The aim of the study is to analyze occupational morbidity and occupational injuries and their causes, as well as to propose corrective or preventive measures aimed at eliminating the causes of accidents, injuries, and the development of occupational diseases. Theoretical Part. As initial information, the statistical reporting data of the Federal State Statistics Service and the materials of domestic and foreign literary sources are given.Conclusions. The results of the work indicate the presence of occupational morbidity and occupational injuries among food workers and the need to introduce and implement a number of measures aimed at improving working conditions and improving safety.

Introduction. The article analyzes and selects the most rational methods for calculating the heat gain from solar radiation. The correct calculation of this component of the heat balance allows you to correctly determine the power of the projected cabin climate system, which will ensure optimal working conditions at the workplace of mobile car operators.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to analyze and select a rational method for calculating heat gain from solar radiation for the correct determination of the thermal load on the climate system of the cabin of a mobile car.Theoretical Part. To implement the task, the most common methods for calculating solar radiation were described and analyzed in detail and the most accurate ones were recommended.Conclusions. The more labor-intensive method of V.N. Bogoslovskiy (taking into account the time of day) can be recommended for automated calculations in Excel, and the method of P.Y. Gamburg (taking into account the sides of the horizon) — for comparative estimated engineering calculations. When conducting "in-depth" model calculations and accounting for solar radiation, the ASHRAE method is explicitly suitable, which has two important advantages: it takes into account the solar factor in relation to a specific type of glazing and is adapted for automated calculations in ANSYS FLUENT.

Introduction. The paper considers the new requirements for the activities of the state fire supervision bodies. The ways of solving the problems arising during the implementation of these innovations are given. One of such solutions is the developed by the authors algorithm of the express method for assessing the compliance of the object of supervision with fire safety requirements. The article analyzes the work of inspectors of the state fire supervision during inspections of low-rise retail facilities of small area, taking into account the time spent on them, and the work of the inspector using a new express method of conducting inspections.Problem Statement. The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency of managerial decision-making in ensuring fire safety based on the criterion of "fire risk", taking into account the minimum fire safety requirements determined by the calculation.Conclusions. The developed algorithm for supporting managerial decision-making on the compliance of the protection of commercial facilities with fire safety requirements will allow inspectors of the state fire supervision during inspections to assess the existence of a threat to human life and health and decide on further actions depending on the presence or absence of this threat.

Introduction. The article provides an overview of the existing approaches to solving the problem of combustion of substances and materials, for their adequacy in determining their fire hazard of products and objects. The relevance of the work is due to the need to move from latent forms in determining the fire hazard of materials and products made from them (degrees of fire resistance, flammability groups, groups of the effectiveness of fire retardant coatings, etc.) to analytical forms describing the processes in the combustion theory.Problem statement. The task of the research is to determine the relationship between the theory of combustion of substances and materials and to assess their fire hazard in natural and man-made systems.Theoretical part. The system analysis of solutions to the combustion theory problems is performed. Its results became the basis of probabilistic-physical and entropy approaches, as well as proposals for changing standards designed to provide protection from fires.Conclusions. The results of the study showed the need to revise empirical approaches in assessing the fire hazard of materials and products made from them, which includes using thermoanalytic and acoustic methods and means.

Introduction. The paper presents the results of the studies on assessing the quality of the aquatic ecosystem of a lake located within the city. The European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and the Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) were used as an indicator for determining the quality of the aquatic ecosystem by the method of fluctuating asymmetry.Problem Statement. The aim of the work was to conduct monitoring with the subsequent assessment of the quality of the ecosystem of the city lake using the method of fluctuating asymmetry (hereinafter FA).Theoretical and Practical Part. The quality of the urban lake aquatic ecosystem was assessed using the FA method (indicators: the European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.), 1758 and the Gibel carp (Carassius auratus Bloch), 1783). To identify the reasons for the high PFA values, a chemical analysis (in an accredited laboratory) of the gills of the Gibel carp for heavy metals was performed.Conclusions. As a result of the research, the FA indicators values for these indicators were obtained. According to the results of a laboratory study of the content of heavy metals in the gill arches of the Gibel carp, an excess of the maximum permissible concentration of 8 out of 10 analyzed elements was revealed. It has been established that the ecosystem of the city lake Kenon is experiencing a significant anthropogenic load (5 points — the critical quality of the aquatic environment) and it continues to increase towards the deterioration of the habitat.

Introduction. The paper considers the issues of modernization in the field of fire safety. It is noted that insufficient attention is paid to the tasks of fire safety management of the protected objects, and this negatively affects the overall level of security in the regions. The most relevant and effective method of improving the fire safety of the protected objects is the active introduction of robotics and artificial intelligence.Problem Statement. The objectives of this study are to develop proposals to improve fire prevention and fire protection systems, as well as to create a set of measures aimed at ensuring fire safety.Theoretical Part. The works of scientists on the topic of this study are used as basic information. The system of fire safety organization, legal regulation and state measures in the field of fire safety have been studied.Conclusions. The results of the study can be used in practice to ensure the fire safety of the protected objects, as well as for further scientific research.

Introduction. Active withdrawal of energy raw materials from the subsoil, as well as technogenic impact from energy sources based on traditional fuel, lead to irreversible environmental consequences. To minimize this impact, it is necessary to start from two main conditions: the search for alternative energy sources and the improvement of the existing ones.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is a comparative analysis of energy facilities in order to identify the plant that has the greatest negative impact on the environment.Theoretical part. The comparative analysis of various energy production systems reflects the ecological and economic components of each. For example, a thermal power plant (TPP), a nuclear power plant (NPP) and a wind power plant (WPP) are considered. The negative impact on the environment is mainly exerted on the atmospheric air, in connection with which the data on the amount of pollutants are considered. Also, a modified Leopold matrix was constructed for an expert assessment of the mentioned stations.Conclusions. The results of the analysis show that among the considered power plants, the wind power plant is the most environmentally friendly and favorable for the health of the population.

Introduction. Modern construction is characterized by work at a height using stairs. The article presents various engineering solutions aimed at preventing injuries during such work.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to compare the available engineering solutions aimed at preventing the upper part of the ladder from shifting when performing work at height.Theoretical Part. The work shows the ranking of the existing technical means that allow fixing the upper part of the ladder on the surface of the support and reducing the risk of sliding the upper part of the ladder on the support. It is shown that the structure fixed to the support has the least risk in ensuring the safety of work at height.Conclusion. The article defines the most promising directions of development of technical solutions against shifting the upper part of the ladder.

Introduction. The article presents the results of studies on assessing the performance of fire alarm systems in buildings (structures) for various purposes in the period from 2016 to 2020. The analysis of the regulatory framework and the results of previous studies in the field of assessing the effectiveness of fire automatics, including at industrial and residential facilities, is presented. This article explores other types of protected objects.Problem Statement. The objective of the research is to study the efficiency of functioning of fire alarm systems.Theoretical Part. Based on the statistical data for the period from 2016 to 2020 about fires and their consequences, the operability of fire alarms in buildings (structures) for various purposes has been investigated. The social (the number of dead and injured people) and economic (direct material damage) consequences of fires when the fire alarm systems are triggered are analyzed.Conclusion. The results of the study of the operability of the fire alarm in general indicate an increase in the efficiency of its operation compared to the period up to 2016. At the same time, the number of protected objects is characterized by rather low values (less than 50 %) of response efficiency indicators and significant socio-economic consequences of fires.

Introduction. The article deals with the issues related to provision of air humidity parameters required for nonhazardous operation of various technical facilities.Problem Statement. The paper considers analytical methods for energy efficiency assessment of adsorption and condensation methods of air dehumidification, which provide safe microclimatic working conditions, and the influence of the operating modes of dehumidifying plants on the parameters of the microclimate.Theoretical Part. As indicators of the energy efficiency of each of the methods, it is proposed to use the energy costs that are minimally necessary for the implementation of ideal physical dehumidification processes and per unit mass of water units emitted from air. This ensures safe and comfortable microclimatic working conditions with minimal energy costs. The ratio of the specific energy costs of the condensation and adsorption methods shows their comparative efficiency. An electronic Id-diagram was used to determine the air parameters in the implemented dehumidification processes (cooling, condensation and adsorption of water vapor).Conclusion. Analytical dependences are obtained for the analyzed energy efficiency indicators that provide safe and comfortable microclimatic working conditions with minimal energy costs. Numerical estimates were carried out according to the most probable modes of dehumidification processes and air parameters. The parametric restrictions on the implementation of the adsorption dehumidification method are justified, in which it becomes energetically more profitable. The conditions under which it is possible to implement a combined dehumidification method to ensure safe microclimatic working conditions are determined.

Introduction. In the age of automation and mechanization of labor, noise and vibration have become the leading dangerous and harmful production factors (DHPF) in various industries and agriculture. In order to reduce the harmful effects of vibroacoustic factors on the human body, first of all, it is necessary to evaluate this factor. The article provides general information on the assessment of working conditions under the influence of vibroacoustic factors.Problem Statement. The aim of this work is to study the main aspects in the assessment of vibroacoustic factors.Theoretical Part. As basic information, the paper provides the definitions of noise and vibration, their main characteristics, classification, hygienic regulation, the negative impact of these factors on human health, methods of assessment and measures of protection against them.Conclusion. The study of the main aspects of the assessment of vibroacoustic factors allows us to analyze the DHPF and further develop measures to reduce the negative impact of these factors on the human body.

Introduction. The article considers the problem of monitoring technologically loaded landscapes. To solve it, the authors proposed an innovative method for studying the chemical composition of objects using direct spectral sensing means.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to consider the possibility of using spectral sensing to control the composition of soils in technogenically loaded territories.Practical Part. To confirm the hypothesis that observing changes in the parameters of reflection spectra in non-selective areas will make it possible to establish the presence of basic biogenic macroelements for plants in the soil and evaluate its fertility, or determine the degree of contamination of the territory, a laboratory experiment was conducted using modern spectral equipment and multidimensional data calibration was performed.Conclusion. The results of the analysis show the fundamental possibility of using spectral sensing in the monitoring of technogenically loaded territories using methods of multidimensional data analysis.

Introduction. The article proposes a model for assessing the integrated safety of the labor process of workers with the risk of the spread of infectious respiratory diseases, for the development of which multifactorial dependences of occupational risk on working conditions at the workplace were used, taking into account the likelihood of contracting coronavirus infection.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to formulate methodological aspects of ensuring the safety of the workplace and the working environment, reflecting the need for constant epidemiological monitoring of objects of control (employees and the ways of virus transmission) with an assessment of the controlled parameters.Theoretical Part. Official data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service was used as basic information.Conclusion. The results of the analysis indicate the need for a rapid assessment of occupational risk, taking into account the epidemiological circumstances.

Introduction. The issues of ensuring the environmental safety of metalworking industries are still very relevant. Moreover, the primary role in these issues is played by the protection of atmospheric air from the emissions of industrial enterprises in this industry. For the successful implementation of measures aimed at ensuring the environmental safety of atmospheric air, it is important to study in detail the composition and properties of the emission components.Problem Statement. The aim of the study is to analyze the entire range of modern methods for measuring the parameters of the properties of metal dust, as the main component of emissions from metalworking industries; to select the method of experimental research; to conduct a dispersion analysis of metal dust particles.Theoretical Part. As a rule, the productivity of experimental studies of the parameters of the properties of pollutants largely depends on the methods that were used in the performance of the work. To solve these problems, the authors have analyzed modern methods for measuring the parameters of the properties of metal dust. The choice is made according to the basic principles: relativity, relevance, completeness, labor intensity. The conditions for the final results of the research, their accuracy and reliability, the conditions for the terms, resources, technical means of research used, and the positive and negative aspects of each of the methods under consideration are also taken into account.Conclusion. The article presents the result of the choice of the research method and the results of experimental studies of the properties of metal dust.

Introduction. The article discusses the problems of limited assessment of occupational risk using the existing Fine-Kinney method, which does not take into account the results of a special assessment of working conditions, therefore the authors propose an improved methodology for assessing occupational risk taking into account the working conditions indicator.Problem Statement. The purpose of this study is to analyze the existing methods of assessing professional risks, analyze the labor protection system at the drilling enterprise, and develop a methodology for assessing professional risks for the drilling enterprise.Theoretical Part. The existing methods for assessing professional risks and the enterprise standard were used as basic information.Conclusion. The improved technique will reduce the degree of risk, prevent accidents at work and generally be used at other enterprises.

Introduction. Environmental contamination by vehicles is one of the main and important questions. Road transport is on the first place by quantity of harmful substances released into the atmosphere. The railway transportation pollutes environment by 3 %, planes — by 6 % from the total amount of pollution. The rest is motor transport. As it is known, the maximum quantity of harmful substances is thrown out in an idle mode of work of the engine, i.e. at idle times at stops. The improvement of an ecological situation on transport highways is possible by the optimization of movement of city public transport.Problem Statement. The task was to develop a project that allows you to eliminate violations of the dispatch schedule of city buses. It is proposed to use the computer program "Line Dispatcher" developed by the authors and a mobile application to monitor the compliance with the dispatch schedule.Theoretical Part. The field observations carried out on one of the most intense sections of the transport arteries of Rostov-on-Don — the ring at the intersection of Vavilova and Koroleva streets — show how many buses produce harmful emissions only on one section, stand idle at the stop, do not fulfill the dispatching schedule, and, thereby, worsen the environmental situation in the city. The authors have developed a computer program "Line Dispatcher", which allows you to: download a map of the city or a district, the information about the stops on the route and the timetable; choose the desired route; monitor the movement of the bus according to the schedule. The mobile app can be installed on any smartphone of the driver and dispatcher.Conclusion. A practical solution is proposed to optimize the activity of public transport, which will eliminate downtime at stops due to electronic control of the dispatch schedule and reduce emissions of harmful substances by urban public transport.