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Economic and bioenergetics efficiency of the use of bio drugs when cultivating peas The field trials were conducted in the southern zone of the Rostov region in 2014-2016 with the non-leafy morphotype of the pea variety ‘Angela’ to identify the best drugs used for its cultivation. In the experiments we used such preparations as ‘Rizotorfin’, ‘Ekstrasol’, ‘Vigor Forte’, ‘Mival Agro’ and ‘Flavobacterin’. They were twice used in the treatment of seeds before sowing and in the period of plant cultivation during the phase of 3-5 leaves. The trials showed that all studied bio preparations had a positive effect on pea yield increase. In this case, the double application of ‘Mival Agro’ (20 g/t) in the treatment of seeds before sowing and in the period of plant cultivation (20 g/ha) turned to be the most effective. In this case the maximum yield of seeds was 3.47 t/ha, the highest net income was 17908 rubles/ha, the lowest production cost was 4839 rubles/t with the rate of profitability of 107%. In the same version of the experiment, the largest obtained energy income was 40739 MJ/ha and the coefficient of energy efficiency (CEE) was 3.0.

One of the reasons of peas sowings decrease are the shortcomings of its cultivation, especially its wrong harvesting that together with its biologic peculiarities makes its cultivation rather difficult. Wrong technologies of cultivation result in peas fall and its severe lodging that largely reduces its yield and in climatic unfavourable years leads to the loss of it. The varieties of leafless peas which form a hard stand and do not lodge play a significant part in the solution of the problem. The article gives the results of the effect of the elements of structure on productivity of leafless peas. Nine peas lines of the competitive variety testing have been studied. The characteristics according to the main economic-valuable traits, i.e. productivity, a number of beans per plant, a number of seeds per bean, a number of nods and 1000-seed weight, has been given. The line ‘SarmatxAksaysky Usaty10’ with the maximum productivity of 2.3 t/ha is of greatest interest. The line ‘Aksaysky Usaty10xSarmat’ possesses the largest 1000-seed weight (177.4g). The line ‘Aksaysky Usaty7xSarmat’ possesses the largest number of bean per plant (4.1 pieces). The lines ‘Flagman 7xZernogradsky9’, ‘PriazovskyxSarmat’ and ‘SarmatxAksaysky Usaty55’ possess the largest number of seeds per bean (4.5; 4.2; 4.2 pieces respectively).

Nowadays the problem of production of high qualitative and natural plant protein is of great importance. Leguminous plants are one of the main sources of protein, in Russia it is peas. Peas have a great economic value due to its variety of application and its unique biochemical composition. Thus the improvement of its breeding is of great and urgent importance. The Altay Area with its large territory, well defined zoning and changeable climate needs a great range of different, complementary and stress tolerant varieties. FSBSI ‘Altay RIA’ has been conducting a purposeful breeding work with leguminous plants since 1970. During the period the institute developed seven varieties of peas. In 2014 a new leafy variety of peas ‘Altaysky Universalny’ was listed into the State List (Register) of Breeding Achievements, approved for use in the West-Siberian region (24.01.2012. B№174. RU №6453 of 04.05.2012). The variety of peas ‘Altaysky Universalny’ is a middle maturing variety. The resistance to lodging, seed cracking and fall is the same as of the standard variety. The drought tolerance is above average. The resistance to diseases and pests is the same as of the standard variety. The variety combines forage and grain productivity. Grain productivity during the years of Variety Testing (2009-2011) was 1.99 t/ha, that is on 0.25 t/ha more than that of the standard variety. 1000-seed weight is 230 g, that is on 25 g more than that of the standard variety. The content of raw protein in absolutely dry matter is 21.5-23.6%. It’s necessary to note, the new variety of peas ‘Altaysky Universalny’ possesses a number of valuable economic and biological traits and properties, which can be used in the breeding process. Its wide application on the farms of the West-Siberian region will improve food and forage background as well as solve a key problem of biological agriculture.

G.A. Batalova, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, professor, corresponding member of RAS, deputy director on breeding work FSBSI ‘Regional Research Institute of Agriculture of North-East named after N.V. Rudnitsky’ (610007, Kirov, Lenin Str., 166a, tel.: (8332) 35-28-04, email: g.batalova@mail.ru) Grain crop breeding for immunity in the North-East of the European Territory of Russia The Research Institute of Agriculture of the North-East and Falensk SS (the Kirov region) has developed the grain crop varieties, resistant to diseases and pests. The spring soft wheat variety ‘Bazhenka’ is tolerant to loose and kernel smut; the variety ‘Svecha’ is resistant to brown rust, leaf and head blotch; the oats variety ‘Fakir’ is tolerant to crown and cauline rust; the varieties ‘Teremok’ and ‘Faust’ are resistant to crown and cauline rust as well as to loose and kernel smut. The variety ‘Medved’ is tolerant to frit flies (oscinis frit), weakly responsive to loose smut in the laboratory infectious conditions and resistant in natural conditions; the variety has got only 0.8% of damage made by root rot. The barley variety ‘Ekolog’ is resistant to loose and kernel smut, weakly responsive to stripe blotch and tolerant to root rot. The barley variety ‘Rodnik Prekamie’ combines resistance to loose smut with average tolerance to root rots, weak damage by cauline rust and stripe blotch. The variety of spring barley ‘Pamyati Rodinoy’ is characterized with average resistance to barley net blotch. The barley variety ‘Forvard’ is tolerant to loose smut (with 1.0% of damaged plants on the infectious background), to net and dark-brownish blotch of leaves. The new oats variety ‘Satur’ combines productivity with high quality of grain, i.e. 581 g/l of nature weight, 26.6% of husk, 14.44% of raw protein, 2.87% of oil. It’s weakly responsive to loose smut in the laboratory infectious conditions and resistant in natural conditions, rather resistant to crown rust (not more that 5% of plants), tolerant to frit flies (oscinis frit). The winter rye varieties ‘Falenskaya 4’, ‘Rushnik’, ‘Flora’, ‘Grafinya’, ‘Rada’ have been found resistant to snow mold. The varieties ‘Kirovskaya89’ and ‘Snezhana’ are rather resistant to brown rust. The promising rye varieties ‘Sarmat’ and Populyatsiya 41/08’ are characterized with the resistance to black grain (ergot). The peas varieties ‘Albumen’, ‘Luchezarny’, ‘Severyanin’, ‘Ryabchik’ and ‘Vita’ are tolerant to black stem (Ascochyta). The variety ‘Krasivy’ is weakly responsive to black stem, pot spot (rust) and root rots.

The trends to improve representativeness of the assessments in the State Variety testing, productivity, ecological plasticity and homeostatic character of pea varieties The purpose of the study is a comprehensive assessment of pea varieties on yield and adaptability parameters in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Northern Trans-Urals. The object of the study is eight pea varieties of a leafless non-shattering morphotype (af, def), including seven morphotypes approved for use, which were tested in 2014-2016 at three different plots in the Tyumen region, located in the northern forest-steppe region. The variability of productivity and realization of its potential were determined by the technologies of B.A. Dospekhov and E.D. Nettevich, and the indexes of environment and ecological plasticity of the varieties by the methodologies of S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell. Stress resistance of the varieties was assessed by the quotations of A.A. Rossielle, J.Hemblin with A.A. Goncharenko comments, and their homeostatic character by the methodology of V.V. Khangildin. Genotypic effect of the varieties was evaluated by the recommendations on ecological variety testing of grain crops. The variety ‘Yamal’ (2.43 t/ha) showed the largest average productivity in nine different weather conditions (3 yearsX3GSU), the variety ‘Batrak’ (2.15 t/ha) showed the smallest results. The varieties ‘Omsky 9’ (53.9%) and ‘Salamanka’ (51.6%) produced its largest value on average in 2014-2016. The studied varieties were characterized with a significant changeability of productivity and low stress resistance. The varieties ‘Omsky 9’ and ‘Salamanka’ were characterized with the smallest changeability of productivity and the largest stress resistance. The varieties ‘Omsky 9’ (bi = 1,86), ‘Kumir’ (bi = 1,60) and ‘Agrointel’ (bi = 1,14) belong to the intensive varieties with the largest response to weather change. The rest of the varieties are characterized as plastic: their productivity variability correspond to variability of growing conditions. The varieties possess a low homeostatic character. The varieties ‘Omsky 9’ (Hom=2.39) and ‘Salamanka’ (Hom=1.49) possess the best homeostatic character. The varieties ‘Yamal’ ((Ei..=0.09) and ‘Salamanka’ (Ei..=0.08) showed the largest value of genotypic effect. The variety ‘Salamanka’ is considered the best variety for the north forest-steppe part of the Tyumen region due to the complex assessment of productivity and parameters of adaptability.

The study of genetic potential of pea variety samples of various morphotypes in the Rostov region The result of the breeding work largely depends on proper selection of the initial material: the more diverse and richer it is, the faster it is possible to reach the goals. One of the methods to obtain initial material in plant-breeding is hybridization. The selection of the parental forms for hybridization starts with the study of variety samples of various ecological and geographical origins, their genetic potential. The article presents material on the study of 152 collection peas samples of various eco-geographical origins with leafy of mustachioed and leafy morphotypes. The selection samples have been valued on the following traits: duration of vegetation period, the periods “sprouting-flowering” and “flowering-ripening”, plant height, leaf type, number of nodes per plant, number of beans per plant, number of productive beans per plant, number of seeds per bean, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed productivity and protein content in beans. As a result there have been selected 50 variety samples possessing a complex of economic-valuable traits. These variety samples have been suggested for future use in the breeding work as parental forms with positive economic-valuable traits.

The peas (Pisumsativum L.) is one of the most ancient and important plants in the world. It is a main leguminous crop with high content of protein in the Republic of Bashkortostan. It’s of urgent importance to develop new, more tolerant to diseases and pests, highly productive varieties to improve productivity of peas. The article gives the study results of the new highly productive variety of peas ‘Uldash’ and its parental forms (the varieties ‘Usach’ and ‘Kormovoy 5’) conducted in the laboratory for breeding and seed-growing of leguminous crops and in the laboratory for molecular-genetic expertise of the Baskirsky Research Institute of Agriculture. The developed variety ‘Uldash’ is characterized with drought tolerance, early maturity, resistance to lodging and seed fall. The variety was sent to variety testing in 2015. The article presents the estimation of the studied varieties on morpho-biological and economically valuable traits (length of stem, number of beans per plant, number of seeds per bean, 1000-seed weight, seed weight per plant). The molecular-genetic analysis of three microsatellite loci AA255, AA200, AB28 has been conducted. The SSR-markers have been used for estimation of genetic polymorphism of peas and they have shown high efficiency. The uniform distribution along the whole genome, co-dominant inheritance and a high level of polymorphism allow using them as a perfect system for the development of genetic markers. The data, obtained during the study, showed a possibility to apply microsatellite markers for the analysis of hybrid forms and genetic identification of the studied varietal samples.