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Background: Nontuberculosis Mycobacterium (NTM) is the most common bacterium transferred to human from cow milk and products. The presence of these bacteria in the cow's milk stands as a public health concern particularly among those individuals consuming raw milk and dairy products. In this study the determination of 16S rRNA gene sequence method was used in order to evaluate the amount of Non tuberculosis Mycobacterium incidence and determine its types in milk samples gathered from Isfahan province. Methods: The cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and phenol chloroform were used for DNA extraction in isolates recognized as Non tuberculosis Mycobacterium, then using designed primers, 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction was done and the types were determined after sequencing. Findings: 9 cultures, out of 119 samples gathered from Isfahan farms, were recognized positive in which 8 samples had M. fortuitum and one of them was M. gordonae. Conclusion: NTM incidence was 8.6% in evaluated milk samples. By using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with 16SrRNA and sequencing, the fortuitum isolate type I incidence was 88.9% and Gordonae type III incidence was 11.1%. PCR method and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene which were used in this study are able to recognize isolates up to 100%.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important human pathogen associated with hospital- and community-acquired diseases, a wide range of infectious disease including minor skin disease to more sever and aggressive infections such as septicemia, pneumonia, endocarditis, and deep skin abscess. S. aureus has a high mortality rate of 35%. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains and implement the necessary treatment in order to control the spread of hospital infections. Methods: A total of 150 S. aureus isolates were collected from samples of patients admitted to Alzahra and Shariati hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mecA gene was performed in all strains. Thereafter, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for oxacillin was carried out using agar dilution method. Then, antibiogram using disk diffusion for cephoxitin was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) regulations on isolates containing mecA gene. The three methods were then compared. Findings: Of the 150 samples, 62 samples (41.33%) were found to carry mecA gene using PCR. However, agar dilution for oxacillin found 56 of 62 samples (90.33%) to harbor mecA gene. Disk diffusion method revealed that 53 of 62 samples (85.48%) contain mecA gene. Conclusion: Agar dilution method was found to have a higher sensitivity in determining antibiotic sensitivity compared to disk diffusion method. However, PCR was identified as the ideal method for detecting MRSA strains; since a number of strains were found to be sensitive to oxacillin in phenotypic test due to lack of mecA expression while still containing the gene.

Background: Pseudomonas aeroginosa (P. aeroginosa) is one of the most important causes of hospital infections, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). Increasing antibiotic-resistance of P. aeroginosa cause a lot of problems for patients and in some cases, lead to septicemia and death. The most important antibiotics used in the treatment of P. aeruginosa infection are ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem and piperacillin mainly used in hospitals. Unsuitable and prolonged use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug (MDR) and pandrug resistant (PDR) strains. In fact, infections with MDR and PDR strains often result in increased cost of treatment, lengthy stay, and overall morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the pattern of drug resistance in P. aeruginosa infection in ICU of Al-Zahra hospital (Isfahan, Iran). Methods: 66 isolates of P. aeruginosa from different clinical specimens from ICU wards of Al-Zahra hospital were isolated. Antibacterial susceptibility test for imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, aztreonam, cefepime, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftazidime was performed using disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method. Findings: Of 66 separated isolates, 51 (77.2%) were of MDR and 33 (50%) were of PDR strain. 75.8% were resistant to ceftazidime and 72.7% to piperacillin. In fact, most of isolates were resistant to both antibiotics. Conclusion: This study shows that overuse and misuse of antibiotics in hospitals has increased drug resistance and creation of the PDR and MDR strains. The results suggest that antibiotic resistance can be determined by choosing the appropriate drug to treat patients.

Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram negative curved bacilli colonized in the human stomach. It causes duodenal ulcer, gastritis and is associated with adenocarinoma. There might be a possible relationship between cagA, vacA and ice a genes and clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify the frequency of vacA genotypes of H. pylori isolated from the upper gastrointestinal. Methods One hundred H. pylori strains were isolated from patients with different gastrointestinal disease who admitted to Isfahan Al-zahra hospital. Vac A alleles were typed using PCR with specific primers. Findings There were four Vac A mosaicsms, including 28 for s1a/m1 (28%), 23 for s1b/m1 (23%), 26 for s1a/m2 (26%) and 23 for s1b/m2 (23%), s2 form was not found. Conclusion The results showed there is no significant relationship between different genotypes of vacA and the related diseases. Key words: Helicobacter pylori, vac A, Adenocarinoma, Duodenal ulcer, Normal /Gastritis, PCR

مقدمه: پژوهش‌های پیشین نشان داده كه آنتی‌بادی‌های ضد استافیلوكوكوس اورئوس كپسول‌دار تایپ 5، موجب افزایش قابل توجهی در ایمنی خرگوش‌ها نشده است؛ یافتن ادجوانتی مناسب برای افزایش چشم‌گیر تیتر آنتی‌بادی برای تهیه‌ی واكسن ضد این باكتری ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. در این مطالعه، اثر ادجوانت هیدروكسید آلومینیوم، فروند و واكسن ثلاث (DTP) در افزایش تیتر آنتی‌بادی علیه این باکتری در خرگوش مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. روش‌ها: 30 راس خرگوش سفید نر بالغ از نژاد نیوزلندی تهیه و به طور تصادفی به6 گروه تقسیم شدند. به گروه‌های مختلف سوسپانسیون کشته شده استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس کپسول دار تیپ 5 بدون ادجوانت، با هیدروکسید آلومینیوم، با ادجوانت فروند (در تزریق اول ادجوانت کامل و در تزریق دوم و سوم ادجوانت ناقص)، واکسن ثلاث، DTP به تنهایی و سرم فیزیولوژی استریل (به عنوان گروه شاهد) در 3 نوبت و به فواصل 21 روز تزریق شد. پیش از هر نوبت تزریق و 21 روز پس از سومین تزریق در همان روز از خرگوش خون‌گیری به عمل آمد و سرم آنها برای اندازه‌‌گیری تیتر آنتی‌بادی در فریزر نگهداری گردید. آزمایش آگلوتیناسون سرم‌ها با سوسپانسیون کشته شده باکتری بررسی شد و نتایج لوله‌های شاهد با بقیه‌ی لوله‌ها مقایسه و عکس رقت‌ها به عنوان تیتر آنتی‌بادی در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: در این پژوهش، ایمونیزاسیون خرگوش‌ها ضد باکتری و همراه با ادجوانت هیدروکسید آلومینیوم، ادجوانت فروند و DTP افزایش تیتر آنتی‌بادی ضد این باكتری مشاهده شد. میانگین تیتر آنتی‌بادی خرگوش‌های ایمونیزه شده با DTP بعد از تزریق نوبت سوم واكسن به طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از خرگوش‌های ایمونیزه شده با ادجوانت هیدروکسید آلومینیوم و فروند بود (049/0 =p ). همچنین میانگین تیتر آنتی‌بادی خرگوش‌های ایمونیزه شده با ادجوانت فروند بیشتر از خرگوش‌های ایمونیزه شده با ادجوانت هیدروکسید آلومینیوم (27/0 =p ) بود ولی این تفاوت معنی‌دار نبود. نتیجه‌گیری: در این بررسی، از بین ادجوانت هیدروکسید آلومینیوم، ادجوانت فروند و واكسن DTP، در خرگوش‌های ایمونیزه شده با DTP افزایش چشم‌گیر تیتر آنتی‌بادی ضد استافیلوكوكوس اورئوس كپسول‌دار تایپ 5 مشاهده شد. بنابراین پیشنهاد می‌شود برای ایجاد پاسخ ایمنی بهتر، از واكسن ثلاث (DTP) به عنوان ادجوانت در تركیب با سوسپانسیون كشته شده علیه این باكتری در انسان استفاده شود. واژگان کلیدی: استافیلوكوك اورئوس كپسول‌دار، ادجوانت، هیدروكسید آلومینیوم، فروند، واكسن ثلاث (DTP)، خرگوش.

Background: Nosocomial infections are one of the most important medical problems in developed and under developing countries which cause the spread of infections diseases in society. Pseudomonas aeroginosa is one of the most important causes of hospital infections, especially in wounds from operated patients. Increase in antibiotic-resistance of pseudomonas aeroginosa cause a lot of problems for patients and in some cases lead to septicemia and death of patients. The aim of this study is to isolate and determine the drug resistance pattern of indigenous pseudomonas leading to cutaneous infections of patients in Alzahra hospital. Methods: In this study 770 samples were obtained from cutaneous wounds of patients hospitalized in Azahra hospital. Biochemical tests were used for identification of Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Antibacterial susceptibility test for antibiotics amikacin, cephtazidin, ciprofloxacin, tasocin, imipinim was performed using disk diffusion (Kirby- Buer) methods. Findings: Among 770 patients, 56 patients (7.3%) showed cutaneous infection caused by pseudomonas aeroginosa. Antibiotic resistance pattern showed that 82. 14% samples were resistant to ceftriaxone and for amikacin 57.14%, ceftazidime 53.57%, ciprofloxacin 42.85%, tazocin 39.28%, imipenem 14.28% respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate the necessity of culturing and antibiogram tests before treatment of bacterial cutaneous infections. Antibiotic resistance- patterns can be very helpful in choosing the appropriate drug. Also in the first phase, it cold be considered for treatment of the disease. Key words: Nosocomial infections, Skin infection, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Drug resistance, Antibiotic.