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Introduction: In order to evaluate the socioeconomic development, various criteria are used to evaluate the livelihood, welfare, and social changes of human life. The economic progress is one of the important dimensions of development. The social dimension of development, which leads to the creation of justice for different members of a society, is another important aspect of development, and the realization of this goal requires planning. Land planning, which seeks to pay attention to regional potentials and differences, is a step in this direction. Ignoring these capabilities will lead to resources waste, intensifying regional dualities and negative consequences. For this purpose, the aim of the current research is to identify the key sectors of the economy of Yazd province based on the multi-regional input-output table. The innovation of the current research is to investigate all the economic activities of Yazd province and national economy and to identify the key parts of the two regions. Methodology: In the current research, we seek to identify and evaluate the key economic sectors of Yazd province and national economy using traditional methods, elasticity of final demand, data envelopment analysis (DEA) and finally a multi-ranked index using multi regional input-output table. In this article, the Central Bank's 2016 input-output table was used, which was the most up-to-date official statistical data table approved and available at the time of the research. Also, the regional input-output table of 2015 Yazd province and national economy has been extracted from the updated input output table of Central Bank and regional accounts of the same year by using specific Flegg location quotient (SFLQ) method. The input-output table of the Central Bank, according to the production and economic structure of the two regions, and using the ISIC classification method, has been aggregated into 20 sectors. Results and Discussion: The results of the present research show that in the traditional method, in total, the section "Manufacturing metal factory products except machinery and equipment" and three sections "Manufacturing paper and paper products and printing", "Manufacturing products from rubber and plastic" and "Manufacturing metals" "Basic" are respectively known as the key sectors of Yazd province and other national economies. In the final demand elasticity method of Yazd province, the sections "Manufacture of motor vehicles and other transportation equipment", "Manufacture of clothing, processing and dyeing of fur, tanning and polishing of leather and other leather products" and "Manufacture of unclassified machinery and equipment in Other" and for the rest of the national economy, the sectors "Manufacturing textiles", "Manufacturing basic metals" and "Manufacturing non-metallic mineral products" are ranked first to third. In the third method, known as data envelopment analysis method, in Yazd province, the "Manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transportation equipment" sector and in other national economies, the "Manufacturing of paper, paper products and printing" sector are known as key sectors. In a general summary using a Multi Ranking Index (MRI), in Yazd province, "Textile manufacturing", "Clothing manufacturing, fur processing and dyeing, tanning and polishing of leather and other leather products", "Wood manufacturing and wooden products", "Coke manufacturing, Products from the refining of petroleum and nuclear fuels and the manufacture of chemical materials and products", "Manufacture of basic metals", "Manufacture of machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified", "Manufacture of motor vehicles and other transport equipment", "Manufacture of furniture and articles Not Elsewhere Classified", "Water, Electricity and Gas", "Construction", "Transportation" and at the level of other national economy sectors "Clothing manufacturing, processing and dyeing of fur, tanning and polishing of leather and other leather products" , "Making wood and wooden products", "Making paper, paper products and printing", "Making rubber and plastic products", "Making basic metals", "Manufacturing, repairing and installing subsidized, electronic and optical products, manufacturing, repairing and installation of electrical equipment”, “Manufacture of furniture and articles not elsewhere classified” are identified as key sectors. Conclusion: The findings of the present research indicate that the use of different criteria can show a different picture of the economic performance of the sectors. Using traditional methods, key sectors are industry-oriented. In the final demand elasticity method, the priority of the sectors is determined based on the importance of each sector, and in the data envelopment analysis method, the results are estimated based on the efficiency value of each sector. These results show the importance of paying attention to choose the right method in the evaluation of key sectors. Although the key sectors determined using different methods are different, the common point of all three methods is that the key sectors of Yazd province are industry-oriented. Therefore, according to the criteria used in the three methods, it can be seen that the province is well industrialized and the role of industry in the economic structure of the province is dominant.

Iran with arid and semi-arid climate needs to save water and energy resources. In this study, the two regions of Isfahan and Yazd as two critical points in terms of water and energy have been studied. In this research, the two-region Input-Output model is used to measure and analyze the water and energy relations between the economic sectors of Isfahan and Yazd provinces and the link model is used to investigate the hybrid flow of two sources and the extent of link effects in each region in 2016. The results of combined water and energy flow indicate that the two sectors "water, electricity and gas" and "agriculture" are the most consuming sectors or the most effective sectors in terms of consumption in two regions, so that the most important management node in the relationship between water and energy are considered. Also, the calculations made in the total flow section of the two sources of water and energy indicate that the two sectors "water, electricity and gas" and "coke production, products from oil refining and nuclear fuels, and manufacturing of chemical materials and products” account for the highest output (export) and input (import) of water and energy from other sectors, respectively. In addition, "Building" and "water, electricity and gas" are the most important sectors in water and energy imports, respectively. The total flow of water and energy resources between Isfahan and Yazd provinces indicate that each economic sector of Isfahan province is an exporter in the field of water and energy importing from other sectors, and each economic sector of Yazd province is an importer in the field of water and energy.

Underground economy is considered as an important economic component among the world countries, and in particular developing countries. It creates a serious consequence in the economy and could lead to a deviation from the correct diagnosis of economy status and as a result prescription of the mistaken policies. Therefore, identifying the size of underground economy and using corrective measures to reduce and control it is the main concern of policymakers. Financial development is among factors affecting the performance of underground economy. It reduces the cost of credit and decreases the incentives of agents in the underground sector. This study aims to investigate how to financial development affect underground sector. To this end, it uses structural equation modeling and multiple indicators – multiple causes (MIMIC) approach. The results suggest that the average ratio of the underground economy to GDP is equal to 20.68% during 1973-2012. For one unit increase in financial development, on average, the size of the underground economy decreases by 0.05 percent.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of budget designers in forecasting government revenues in the Iranian economy. For this purpose, three methods, including analysis with statistical indicators, equation of error component separation, and macroeconomic regression model have been used in order to analyze the prediction errors in tax, oil and gas revenues, and income from property and sale of public goods and services during 1973-2011. The results show that forecasts of all government revenues by budget designers were optimistic (over-estimated), on average, and the highest forecasting errors belonged to revenues from government ownership. The results of the second method show that the forecasting errors in four kinds of government revenues have been mainly nonsystematic and influenced by exogenous shocks and factors. Furthermore, the results of the third method, in which the factors affecting prediction of government revenue were evaluated using the seemingly unrelated regression equations (SURE), show that the non-oil GDP and the exchange rate had significant effects on the forecast of all government revenues. However, inflation and unemployment rates were effective only in predicting tax revenue and income from the sale of goods and services.

One of the key concepts in risk managing of financial portfolios is the probability based risk measurement method known as value at risk. During recent years, various methods have been introduced by researchers to compute this criterion. Because of their dissimilar assumptions and procedures, making the use of each of which creates different results. Therefore, this paper uses two main methods in order to measure the value at risk of foreign exchange portfolio. They comprise generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model and Monte Carlo Simulation. Using failure rate back testing, the results of these methods are compared. The results of the evaluation demonstrate that the mentioned methods have different performances.

Economic development is one of the major policies of a country which is concerned to industry and technology on one hand and leads to environmental pollution on the other hand. The experiences of developed countries show that economic development with emphasis on the industry sector, without any attention to environment, can create serious problem against sustainable development. Industrialization has caused increasing energy consumption and therefore air pollution. It's so important to consider the relationship between industrial activities and industrial pollution in developing countries, because industry sector has a basic role in development process of these countries. Therefore the aim of this study is examining and qualifying of linkage between industrial activity and air pollution, using an industry-level dataset of IRAN manufacturing industries during the period 1995-2007. The result of study shows that air pollution is a positive function of energy consumption, industrial activity and physical capital intensity and also is a negative function of labor productivity, fuel price and human skill intensity.