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Introduction and objectives: Despite of increasing prevalence of Hookah smoking in Iran , there is no precise information about the consumption and consumers. We evaluated characteristics of current hookah users in Iran. Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out through stratified multi-stage cluster sampling in five districts of Tehran and the specifications of Hookah users were studied. Findings: 316 current Hookah smokers were studied. 49.2% of them were in the age group of 25-39 years. 42.7% of women and 25.1% of men had academic education. 68% of them consumed their first Hookah with their friends and the most common place for the first Hookah use was in their parties. 53.3% of them use Hookah in their own homes. 15.4% of women used Hookah in traditional restaurants and 100 men (47.4%) used it in parks and teahouses. A large number of participants consumed flavored tobacco. The mean age of starting Hookah smoking was 21.3±6.4 years. 59.4% of participants have no desire to quit Hookah smoking. 52.6% of participants were also current cigarette smokers. Being a male (OR: 2.24) and Hookah smoking in teahouse (OR: 10.6) or home (OR: 9.6) were positively associated with daily Hookah consumption. Conclusion: It is a report on water-pipe smoker9s characteristics in an Iranian population. According to that, Hookah smokers were mostly young adults and educated. They had mostly tendency to use Hookah at home with friends or in the teahouse. Most of them consumed fruit flavored tobacco and they had no desire to quit Hookah smoking.Further studies in this field are needed and just like anti-smoking activities it is necessary to consider Hookah consumption in tobacco control programs.

Introduction and objectives: Due to the fact that waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing among people around the world, there is no enough information about its consumption. This study is designed to evaluate the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking and its related factors among Iranian adults. Method: This is a cross-sectional study carried out during 2014-2015 in Tehran among 1830 citizens of over fifteen years old. Sampling was through Stratified multistage cluster sampling with proportional allocation within strata.GATS questionnaire for waterpipe consumption was used for data gathering. Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The prevalence of current waterpipe tobacco smoking was 17.6% .Waterpipe use prevalence in men was significantly more than women9s (24.2% vs. 11.3%). Multivariate analysis showed that age,sex,cigarette consumption, waterpipe consumption at home and wrong belief about safety of waterpipe were significantly influenced the current waterpipe consumption. p=0.001 conclusion: The prevalence of current waterpipe use in adults was 17.9%, which is a significant rate. The consumption among the men is two times more than women. After adjusting, the associated factors with current waterpipe smoking included: being male, current cigarette smoking, long life ever cigarette smoking, misperception about it9s safety, and the exposure to waterpipe smoke in the house. It is needed to have special consideration towards waterpipe use in Iran9s tobacco control programs and it is essential to fight against it alongside with the combat against cigarette consumption.

Introduction: Smoking is the most preventable cause of disease and death in the world .increasing taxes on tobacco product is one of the best known methods for reducing smoking in the community. Aim: Evaluation of Iranian general population attitudes towards tobacco taxes and proposed ways for allocating it. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted through face to face interviews of 2855 person, 18 to 75 years old. Case selection was conducted by randomly cluster sampling from Tehran population. Data analysis was performed using SPSS tests, X (2) and logistic regression. Result: In this study, 48.6% of the examined samples were female. The prevalence of smoking in the population studied, obtained 14.5% which3.2% females and 25.2% males were smokers.59.7% of people support the tobacco tax, and nonsmokers had significantly more positive attitude to increase tobacco taxes than smokers (p An acceptable attitude towards tobacco tax was higher in those with higher education and married (P Conclusion: More than half of the populations examined in this study had a favorable attitude toward implementing tobacco tax. Smoking and economic status are important factors in determining the attitudes and responses to the potential impact of the tax on tobacco. The most effective element in community attitude toward tobacco taxes is people smoking status at the time of the study.

Background: Children and adolescent smoking is one of the most important health problems in the world. There is a major concern that child labor may generate a pseudo maturity syndrome, including smoking.The current survey focus on smoking behavior, knowledge and attitude of child labor are working in Tehran.Materials and Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional design, based on a primary pilot descriptive cross sectional study, using GYTS self-administered questionnaire. 816 child labor, which were student of work labor schools or worked as child labor on Tehran parks and crossing roads, were randomly selected using multi stage cluster sampling. DATA analyzed using SPSS v.22 (IBM statistic) software and chi square test to compare the frequency of variables in different groups.Results: 50.6% of our participants were boy and child laboring age varied from 11 to 17 years old. 18.6% of child labor had smoking experience (Confident Interval 95%=17.3-20.1). 9.8% of them were current smoker (CI 95%=8.6-10.9) and 1.2% were current regular smoker (CI 95%=0.9-2.1). Child labor smoking hazard knowledge was evaluated by considering the minimum and maximum score of 10 to 30. Results demonstrated that the mean score of knowledge, attitude and behavior were 17.1±6.2, 36.5±16.1 (range 15-45) and 46.1±3.0 (range 25-75), respectively.Conclusion: Considering to our findings, planning tobacco control program for these specific groups is required, aiming at preventing cigarette smoking by increasing the knowledge and correcting their attitude.

Introduction: Smoking was significantly associated with substance abuse. Youths who smoke are more likely to experience dangerous jobs, so smoker are morelikelyto havesubstance abuse. Because in both cases, the same reasons such reducing stress or opposition to adult authority, may be proposed Aim: evaluating causes of starting smoking and substance abuse and its correlation. Method: In a cross-sectional study 481 cases referred to methadone substance use disorder clinics and drop in centers were studied. Through standard questionnaire, smoking history, nicotine dependency and reasons for starting smoking and substance abuse and its correlation was evaluated. Result: Comparison smoking initiation and substance abuse causes in the cases showed, that the first three causes in both of cases was similar, as smoking initiation causes which the most important cause was respectively :A)peer9s consumption ,36.1%(Confident Interval 95%=35.4-38.5),B)reducing depression and anxiety,17.5%(CI 95%=16.3-19.1) C)relieving pain (16.4%)(CI 95%=15.3-17.6). There was a significant correlation between smoking and substance abuse initiation causes (p Conclusion: Overlapping the most common initiation causes of smoking and substance abuse, increase probability of this theory that smokers and substance abusers have of psycho somatic problems that leads to starting such matters .also it is possible that people who start smoking with such reasons are most susceptible to start drug abuse, too. Therefor in such a situation, preventive programs are necessary.