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On the basis of an inductive multiple case study of ten social enterprises, this study explores how social enterprises, which incorporate for-profit and not-for-profit logics as a hybrid form, gain legitimacy. The analysis suggests the existence of three types of social entrepreneurs' hybrid identities and shows how these hybrid identities systematically shape legitimation patterns of social enterprises. Furthermore, the findings suggest social enterprises' organizational types as hybrids also determine their legitimation patterns. These findings theoretically contribute to the research on hybrid organizing, legitimation of new ventures, and social entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an explosion of patent litigation by non-practicing entities (NPEs) and the NPEs' lawsuits differ in important ways from other patent lawsuits. This study attempts to analyze the effect of patent disputes with NPEs on the subsequent patenting activities of the firms that are sued. By considering patent disputes with NPEs as facilitators of change in existing patent strategies, this study further reveals the impact of patent disputes on innovation activities at the firm level. After experiencing litigation with NPEs as defendants, we focus on the types of patents the affected firms file, where they are applied, and how they are obtained. According to the results of the study, firms who are experiencing NPEs litigation are more likely to own high-quality patents, broaden their search scope and apply for patents in a wider range of areas, which is achieved through co-patenting and acquisitions from the technology market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an inductive multiple case study of five social enterprises, the authors examine what kinds of paradoxes emerge in social enterprises and how they cope with those paradoxes. The authors assume in this study that, regarding social enterprises' hybridity as a combination of divergent institutional logics, social enterprises experience extensive conflict due to their logic multiplicity, with low compatibility and high centrality. The analysis empirically confirms four types of paradoxes: paradoxes of performing, organizing, belonging, and learning. Further, the authors reveal that social enterprises employ various approaches to address each type of paradox, thereby sustaining their organizational hybridity. These findings theoretically contribute to research on social enterprises as hybrid organizations, logic multiplicity, and paradoxes in organizations. This study also provides social entrepreneurs a guideline to handle the paradoxical tensions that emerge in their organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, with the objective of developing a better understanding of the dynamics behind the penetration of syndication networks by corporate investors, we explore the conditions under which corporate investors form syndications with unfamiliar investors in subsequent rounds (i.e., second or later rounds). The results show that the value creation potential of corporate investors can substitute for their lack of prior syndication ties with other investors. Therefore, corporate investors are more likely to syndicate with unfamiliar investors in a subsequent-round when the resources of the corporate investors are complementary to those of venture firms, and when they have sufficient prior investment experience. Moreover, corporate investors are more likely to be invited to a subsequent-round syndicate when preexisting investors have social power to mitigate the value appropriation concern. Therefore, prominent and interrelated (i.e. densely connected) investors are more likely to syndicate with a less familiar corporate investor. The hypotheses are tested and empirically supported using a dataset constructed from corporate venture capital investment transactions in the U.S. covering 2006 to 2013. This study provides implications for corporate investors in expanding their syndication networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we deal with the research gap regarding the effectiveness of CVC investment in venture firms. CVC investment is a double-edged sword for entrepreneurial ventures. On the one hand, it provides complementary resources needed for the commercialization, yet there is the risk of resource expropriation by corporate investors. Based on the multiple agency perspective, we attempt to embrace the conflicting views on CVC investment and argue that the exit performance of a CVC funded venture firm is contingent on the influential power of corporate investors relative to other syndicate members. The central premise is that CVCs' relative influential power vis-à-vis IVCs in the syndicate negatively affect the exit performance of a CVC funded venture firm. This is because CVCs push venture firms toward innovation activity rather than commercialization. However, this negative effect is further enhanced when CVCs are geographically proximate. On the contrary, it is mitigated when CVCs and IVCs have previously collaborated together. The hypotheses are tested with 1,121 U.S. based venture firms, of which the last round is between 2006 and 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether and how, organizational and professional identification of professional employees induces their creativity. The findings show that organizational identification (professional identification) of professional employees predicts their creativity through the mediating role of organization-based self-esteem (occupational self-efficacy). In addition, the effect of organizational identification (professional identification) on organization- based self-esteem (occupational self-efficacy) are moderated by vertical individualism of professional employees in such a way that the effects are neutralized for professional employees with high level of vertical individualism, but are effective for those with low level of vertical individualism. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars have studied corporate social responsibility (CSR) over the past decades. Corporate managers have used CSR to offset corporate social irresponsibility. However, few studies have investigated whether firms solve their irresponsibility issues directly. Moreover, CSR research has lumped together all kinds of social behaviors under CSR. This paper examines whether firms confront their negative environmental issues and try to solve them through CSR. To this end, we classify the CSR that firms can choose after environmental irresponsibility into three types: (i) direct CSR, which is environment-related CSR; (ii) indirect CSR, which is irrelevant to environmental concerns; and (iii) no CSR. In addition, we investigate whether firms trying to alleviate environmental concerns through environmental CSR enjoy higher long-term profitability. The study results show that the more firms suffered from environmental concerns, the more they preferred environment-related CSR over all other types. This preference became stronger when the degree of related diversification increased and weaker when the degree of unrelated diversification increased. Finally, we find that firms that implement direct CSR or directly address negative environmental concerns through environmental CSR will enjoy higher future profitability than will firms that implement indirect CSR and disregard environmental concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the performance effect of the corporate venture capital investment on startup innovation is enhanced is the important but relatively understudied question in entrepreneurship research. We build on the idea of regarding corporate venture capital investment relationships as learning alliances and introduce two situational factors as boundary conditions on the performance effect of the corporate venture capital investment on startup innovation. Focusing empirically on corporate venture capital investment relationships of biotechnology startups, we find that the performance effect of the corporate venture capital investment on startup innovation improves when the investment relationships is established later, whereas that effect decreases if a startup had no patents before the investment relationship is established. This study contributes to the literature on organizational learning, innovation, and entrepreneurship by examining boundary conditions of the beneficial effect of the corporate venture capital investment on startup innovation. We also empirically contribute to the literature by employing two recently introduced methods, the propensity score matching and the differences-in-differences approach, to handle the endogeneity of corporate venture capital investment relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology licensing has become an important way to adopt external technology in the growing market for technology. This study examines the effect of licensing-in practices on innovative performance and identifies the boundary conditions on this effect being greater in terms of technological regime. To control for the endogeneity issue, we employ the propensity score matching approach and compare the innovative performance between firms engaging in licensing-in and firms not engaging in licensing-in. Based on the empirical results from the Korean Innovation Survey, this study finds an evidence that adopting external technology through licensing-in does not always enhance innovative performance. Additionally, the results show that the effectiveness of licensing-in varies with technological regimes. Adopting licensing-in practices improves innovative performance in industries with relatively (1) high levels of technological opportunities, (2) low levels of cumulativeness, and (3) high levels of appropriability. We also discuss the implications of these findings for open innovation literature and licensing strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External knowledge sourcing is an important determinant for innovation in today's business environment. In this paper, performance feedback model is applied to explain when firms focus on external knowledge from public research including universities and research institutes. Most research on performance feedback has presented that performance below aspirations leads firms to conduct ambiguously problemistic search which contains both local and distant search. Also firms responded identically in search behaviors, making no distinction between historical and social aspirations, albeit in different comparison mechanisms. Therefore, we focused only on firms' distant search such as sourcing knowledge from university or research institutes. Further, we assumed that firms might place more priority on historical aspirations rather than social aspirations and scrutinized the interaction effects of historical and social aspiration level. In order to test hypotheses, this study used U.S. patent data in medical device industry. As a result, there is an inverted U shaped relationship between performance below historical aspirations and probability on distant search. The moderating effects of social aspirations were significant when performance is below social aspirations; however, social aspirations have little influence on the relationship between performance below historical aspirations and search behaviors when two aspirations are inconsistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]