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Showing total 4 results
Start Over Topic population dynamics Publication Year Range Last 50 years Journal accident analysis & prevention
4 results

1. Inter-group differences in road-traffic crash involvement

Author

Factor, Roni, Mahalel, David, and Yair, Gad

Subjects
*TRAFFIC accidents, *DATABASES, *POPULATION dynamics, *SOCIOECONOMIC factors
Abstract

Abstract: This paper assesses group differences in severe and fatal road-traffic accidents by using a unique database that merges road-traffic records with the Israeli census data. The database traces, over a period of 9 years, a group of drivers that comprises 20% of the Israeli population and explores the probability of their being involved in an accident. This unique database enables the investigation of drivers’ socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, while controlling for a variety of variables, such as estimated daily distance traveled and license type. Testing a previously published theoretical paper on the social bases of accidents, the findings expose significant group differences in estimated probabilities of being involved in severe and fatal accidents. For example, estimated probabilities of accident involvement are higher for males than for females, for non-Jewish drivers than for Jewish, and for drivers whose origins are in Africa and Asia than in America and Europe. Furthermore, the higher one''s education and socioeconomic status, the lower is the probability of accident-involvement. The implications of the findings for developing road-safety programs and suggestions for future research are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2008
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2. A population based estimation of the driver protection provided by passenger cars: France 1996–2005

Author

Martin, Jean-Louis and Lenguerrand, Erik

Subjects
*AUTOMOBILE drivers, *AUTOMOBILE occupants, *AUTOMOBILES, *TRAFFIC engineering, *TRAFFIC accidents, *POISSON distribution, *POPULATION dynamics, *ACCIDENTS
Abstract

Abstract: The technology used in cars to protect occupants is constantly developing. Demonstrating the beneficial effects in the field is complex as the most recent vehicles are generally used by drivers who differ from other drivers and who drive in different traffic conditions. This paper presents an overall estimation of the consequences of changes in the secondary safety of cars, taking account of most of these factors. The data come from information collected about injury road traffic crashes by the police in France between 1996 and 2005. The risk of the driver being killed has been evaluated for the 144,034 drivers involved in two-car crashes and for the 63,621 drivers involved in single-car crashes. The study shows that when a recent car is in collision with an older car the driver of the former is better protected than the driver of the latter. These improvements in secondary safety are not observed in the case of single-car crashes, very probably because of higher impact speeds. Our findings also confirm the need for protection systems to be better adapted to the specific characteristics of users and for an improvement in the crash compatibility of vehicles, in particular to overcome the consequences of differences between the masses of vehicles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2008
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3. Determining quantitative road safety targets by applying statistical prediction techniques and a multi-stage adjustment procedure

Author

N. Sahin, Philipp Wittenberg, Sven Knoth, K. Sever, and J. Bondarenko

Subjects
Engineering, Databases, Factual, Population Dynamics, Population, Poison control, Public Policy, Human Factors and Ergonomics, Occupational safety and health, Transport engineering, Predictive Value of Tests, Germany, Econometrics, Range (statistics), Humans, media_common.cataloged_instance, European Union, European union, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, education, media_common, education.field_of_study, Models, Statistical, business.industry, Model selection, Accidents, Traffic, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Top-down and bottom-up design, Multi stage, Linear Models, Safety, business, Algorithms
Abstract

Due to substantial progress made in road safety in the last ten years, the European Union (EU) renewed the ambitious agreement of halving the number of persons killed on the roads within the next decade. In this paper we develop a method that aims at finding an optimal target for each nation, in terms of being as achievable as possible, and with the cumulative EU target being reached. Targets as an important component in road safety policy are given as reduction rate or as absolute number of road traffic deaths. Determination of these quantitative road safety targets (QRST) is done by a top-down approach, formalized in a multi-stage adjustment procedure. Different QRST are derived under consideration of recent research. The paper presents a method to break the national target further down to regional targets in case of the German Federal States. Generalized linear models are fitted to data in the period 1991–2010. Our model selection procedure chooses various models for the EU and solely log-linear models for the German Federal States. If the proposed targets for the EU Member States are attained, the sum of fatalities should not exceed the total value of 15,465 per year by 2020. Both, the mean level and the range of mortality rates within the EU could be lowered from 28–113 in 2010 to 17–41 per million inhabitants in 2020. This study provides an alternative to the determination of safety targets by political commitments only, taking the history of road fatalities trends and population into consideration.

Published
2013

4. Cognitive impairment and driving safety

Author

Lisa J. Molnar and David W. Eby

Subjects
Automobile Driving, Engineering, Decision Making, Population Dynamics, Applied psychology, Poison control, Human Factors and Ergonomics, Crash, Computer security, computer.software_genre, Suicide prevention, Occupational safety and health, Injury prevention, Humans, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Driving simulator, Human factors and ergonomics, Cognition, Automobile Driver Examination, Safety, Cognition Disorders, business, computer
Abstract

As the populations of many countries continue to age, cognitive impairment will likely become more common. Individuals with cognitive impairment pose special challenges for families, health professionals, driving safety professionals, and the larger community, particularly if these older adults depend on driving as their primary means of community mobility. It is vital that we continue to extend our knowledge about the driving behavior of individuals' with cognitive impairment, as well as try to develop effective means of screening and assessing these individuals for fitness to drive and help facilitate their transition to non-driving when appropriate. This special issue is intended to provide researchers and practitioners an opportunity to present the most recent research findings on driving-related issues among older adults with cognitive impairment. The issue contains 11 original contributions from seven countries. The topics covered by these papers are: crash risks; screening, assessment, and fitness to drive; driving performance using a driving simulator; and driving behaviors and driving-related decisions of people with cognitive impairments.

Published
2012