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The global community, with coordination from the United Nations, is energized to pursue the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a list of 17 important aspirations that summarize the key challenges of our era. The SDGs apply to every nation and represent an international effort to eliminate extreme poverty, ensure access to safe drinking water, strengthen food security, and produce clean and reliable energy, among other pursuits. Space technology is already being used around the world to advance progress toward the SDGs and monitor their related Indicators. This paper explores how six technologies related to space—satellite Earth observation, satellite communication, satellite navigation and positioning, human spaceflight and microgravity research, space technology transfer, and basic scientific research—are being used to realize the vision that the SDGs represent. The paper also discusses the obstacles that limit the application of these technologies for the SDGs and provides an overview of potential paths to overcome these barriers. The paper finally studies the historical and potential roles that four distinct types of entities involved in global sustainable development—governments, non- and inter-governmental organizations, entrepreneurial companies, and universities— have played or may play in the application of space technologies towards the SDGs. • Six space technology areas are shown to support the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals. • Examples of space projects that support the SDGs are found in many sectors. • New designs for technology are needed to improve effectiveness of space applications for the SDGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), officially named as Danuri, is the Republic of Korea's first spacecraft to orbit the Moon. The goal of KPLO is to secure core deep space technology for future space exploration in Korea and contribute to lunar science by gathering data from the lunar orbit for one year. This paper presents the results of KPLO's Lunar Orbit Acquisition (LOA) phase in detail, with a particular focus on the operational results of Flight Dynamics (FD). During the LOA phase, the KPLO FD team experienced many expected and unexpected issues. These issues were mitigated by making real-time updates to the LOA phase Design Reference Mission (DRM). The paper also presents the results of the Orbit Determination (OD) and performance of each Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) maneuver conducted during the actual flight operation. The importance of considering operational constraints when designing the DRM is emphasized by presenting lessons learned based on actual flight experiences. Unlike the original KPLO LOA phase DRM, KPLO successfully achieved the final mission orbit using only three LOI burns, instead of the planned five LOI burns and an Orbit Trim Maneuver (OTM). Despite the extensive revisions made to the DRM, all mission requirements were still fulfilled during the final lunar orbit insertion, taking into account the significant operational constraints. • Real flight operation results of the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter's lunar orbit acquisition phase are presented. • Orbit determination and lunar orbit insertion maneuver performance are analyzed based on actual flight data. • Unexpected issues during the actual flight operation were mitigated through real-time updates on the design reference mission. • Considering real-world operational constraints while designing the design reference mission is very critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to study the development of space-age aesthetics culture and arts in seven decades since 1950s. The first known use of "space-age" was in 1946, and was defined as "of, relating to, or befitting the age of space exploration." A more popular definition for the "space age" is "The space age is the time period in human history related to the space race, space exploration, and space technology. Most people say this started when Sputnik 1 was launched in 1957, and continues to today. This has influenced culture such as in movies, television, music, art, and architecture." Culture, in the anthropology, is the patterns of behaviour and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and share. Culture distinguishes one human group from others. It also distinguishes humans from other animals. A people's culture includes their beliefs, rules of behaviour, language, rituals, art, technology, styles of dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic systems. Therefore, the space-age art is one of the major elements of the space-age culture of human beings. On the other hand, the space exploration has significant inspiration and influence on the aesthetics art. In particular, the following aspects shall be studied in this paper: architecture and exhibition craftworks. • The space-age architecture and exhibition craftworks were investigated. • Five space-age architecture shapes investigated are disc, rocket, tower, spherical and combined. • Three space-age installation craftworks studied are sky waves, embroidery, planet models, etc. • Many space-age architectures are destroyed due to many reasons. • Hopefully the young generations can be inspired to carry forward these precious heritages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky famously stated that while the Earth serves as the birthplace of humanity, it is not a place where mankind can indefinitely remain. Perhaps during that period, the prospect of exploring the mysteries of outer space appeared to be an unattainable aspiration. However, in the present day, there are no longer any limitations, not even the sky, since human ingenuity has facilitated access to outer space for humanity. This access is not just for the purposes of research and exploration but also for economic endeavours. Until now, the commercial utilisation of outer space has advanced at a very sluggish rate. However, firms including SpaceX, Orion Span, Virgin Galactic, and Blue Origin have achieved significant advancements in the growth of the space industry. The revenue generated by various space-related endeavours has experienced a significant 73% increase over the last ten years. The global space economy, estimated to be valued at USD one trillion in the coming years, is primarily driven by commercial activities. This presents a formidable challenge to the existing national and international taxation systems. Similar to the open seas, space is also considered res communis omnium, meaning it belongs to the entire community, and presents comparable taxing challenges with potentially uncertain solutions. The three fundamental elements of every taxation regulation, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention, are the taxpayer's place of residence, the origin of their income, and the methods by which they generate their money. The current tax system does not have the necessary concepts and provisions to adapt to the rapid advancements in commercial space technology. This paper examines the legal issues surrounding commercial activities conducted in space, including the nature and handling of the income generated in various legal systems. It also addresses concerns such as tax avoidance and excessive taxation, emphasising the necessity for a globally coordinated approach to effectively tax commercial activities in space. • Human ingenuity has facilitated access to outer space for humanity, for the purposes of research and exploration and also for economic endeavours. • Space-related endeavours has experienced a significant 73% increase over the last ten years. • Commercial activities conducted in space require concerted action at international level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mars rotorcraft is an aerial exploration platform capable of repeated take-offs and landings to extend the range of rover explorations. NASA's Ingenuity helicopter is a full y functioning coaxial helicopter for technology demonstration. Increasing the rotor diameter or the number of blades can enhance the load capacity of the coaxial helicopter but would make it difficult to be folded. A more suitable configuration for Mars exploration is the multi-rotor aircraft, which has a stronger load capacity with the same rotor diameter. Although the aerodynamic performance and operational capabilities of the Mars multi-rotor aircraft have been partially considered, mechatronic system design and autonomous flight control have not been fully addressed. Harbin Institute of Technology and China Academy of Space Technology jointly proposed a deployable Mars quadcopter for air patrol and sampling with a sample mass of 100 g. This paper presents a concept for a Mars quadcopter and its mission operations, including operational procedures and flight modes, to provide a framework for future Mars flight sampling missions. We describe the structure and avionics architecture of the Mars quadcopter. Then, we present the hardware and software design of the guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) system to illustrate the autonomous flight control method. Finally, we introduce the deployment mechanism of the Mars quadcopter. • A foldable Mars quadcopter improves the efficiency and flexibility of Mars sample return tasks. • Five-module avionics system augments the Mars quadcopter for survival and operation. • A navigation method combining inertial and binocular vision enables autonomous flight on Mars. • The guidance system based on mode commands can independently plan exploration operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep space exploration technology is an important development direction for scientific exploration. The penetrator method has been proposed as an inexpensive method of studying planetary bodies. The basic principle of this method is that the detection equipment carried by the high-speed penetrator hits a planetary body at a high speed and is buried up to several meters below the surface to carry out detection work. During the frictional collision process with the planets crust, the instantaneous acceleration peaks of the scientific payload (electronic instrumentation) are large. Shock protection of these payloads is necessary to improve their survival and mission success. In this paper, with the goal of improving the survival rate of scientific loads inside a penetrator, a penetrator with a multilayer energy-absorbing structure is developed, in which cushioning protection measures, such as an aluminum foam-filled corrugated tube(AFFT) structure, polyurethane rubber, and epoxy resin potting, are applied to the penetrator. Since the analysis of this process is a highly nonlinear problem, a numerical modeling method is the main approach in this paper. The LS-DYNA software platform was used to simulate the penetrators penetration process on a moon soil medium. The results obtained using empirical formulas and theoretical derivations were compared with the results of numerical analysis to ensure the accuracy of the penetration simulation model. The finite element model of the penetrator was then verified and modified by conducting shock response spectral experiments and shock simulations. The results showed that the spacer scheme had a positive effect on the impact isolation and energy absorption. In addition, this scheme provides an important reference for the design of the penetrator prototype to guarantee the success of subsequent ground rocket sled experiments. • The buffering and energy absorption characteristics of the proposed AFFT structure are analyzed applied to the penetrator. • Through numerical simulation of the penetration process, the initial velocity satisfying the penetration depth was obtained. • The impact response spectrum test and simulation analysis of the penetrator prototype have verified the numerical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private commercial space tourism carrying passengers to outer space is no longer a distant or far-fetched fantasy, rather it is at verge of becoming an affordable reality with exponential development in space technology including development of Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV), increasing involvement of private companies like Virgin Galactic, SpaceX, Blue Origin etc. into research and funding of space tourism explorations and applications. It is also receiving huge attention from the public. These developments reflect the infinite possibilities and inevitability of space tourism in near future. However, space tourism may also pose many critical legal issues which must be addressed to ensure the consistent and sustainable development of space tourism, and to secure the rights of all stakeholders involved including operators, passengers, launching State etc. The research paper would highlight the crucial legal issues associated with the space tourism. The paper would critically analyze the efficiency of the present international space treaties in dealing with these issues. At the end, the paper would also attempt to provide few suggestions and solutions to these legal conundrums relating to space tourism. • Commercial space tourism • Legal framework governing space tourism • Sustainable development of outer space • Space tourism and international law [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When we talk about Space, our interlocutors think about planets, stars, asteroids, astronauts and, sometimes satellites. But, only a small percentage is aware of what satellite technology can do and the relevance of satellite applications in our everyday life. From satellite communication, to navigation and to earth imagery, satellites data and technology are contributing in improving our daily life, or businesses or helping the management of our cities. Often, the end users come across an obstacle in communicating their needs to the service providers. On the other side, the service providers themselves are not fully aware how to communicate with the end-users. In some cases, this lack of communication makes difficult to meet the demand of space applications from the user side with the supply from the service providers. Eurisy, an association of space agencies established thirty years ago, works to put the end users at the core of the space value chain. In this last decades, Eurisy has been attentive and responsive to the changes of the space sector trying to picture how end users are becoming familiar with space technology. In particular, how the democratisation of space is turning space, especially satellite technology, into an enabler to guarantee the development of a sustainable living, accessible to everyone. Eurisy recently started a review of the case studies collected over the last ten years thanks to direct testimonials, event and conferences, publications and surveys. The user-centred approach adopted is innovative in the space sector and over the years proved to be effective in connecting users and service providers in different contexts. The paper aims at: 1- Identifying challenges and barriers that characterise the relations between service and/or information providers and end users. 2- Analysing the changes occurred in the relations between end users and service providers from 2007 to date in Europe. 3- Presenting the reasons that motivates the use of satellite data and technologies and which of these is the most used. 4- Presenting Eurisy's approach as an applicable model outside the European borders and the benefits deriving from connecting space and society. Furthermore, the paper will briefly present the ongoing activities as examples of the work put in place by the organisation and how the user-centred approach is applied. • The so-called democratisation of space has consequences on the downstream sector. • End users are mostly local and regional public authorities. • Central Europe seems to be the most fertile area where to find use cases. • The main technology adopted is Satellite Navigation. SatComs are not common. • Eurisy works putting the end-users central in the space value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the crucial method for the results found at Beijing Institute of Technology and China Academy of Space Technology in the 11th Global Trajectory Optimization Competition (GTOC-11). To build 12 solar-power stations placed in the "Dyson Ring" orbit around the Sun, GTOC-11 focuses on the flyby trajectory design, low-thrust trajectory optimization, and target assignment problem. The mission with time and state constraints causes many difficulties in the design and optimization, which is performed in the following four steps. The first step is to design the orbital elements of the "Dyson Ring" by the grid search method. An approximate model is utilized to evaluate the minimum transfer time for each candidate at first, and the accurate solutions are obtained by the indirect method. The second step involves the Mother Ship trajectories design. A large quantity of earth-to-asteroid and asteroid-to-asteroid subsequences are generated by parallel beam search. The complete trajectories of Mother Ship are designed by connecting the subsequences using beam search. The third step involves the station assignment problem, which is required to design the asteroid transfer device activation epoch and the target station assignment. Based on the results above, the last step involves the rendezvous trajectories optimization to obtain the accurate thrust direction profile. Finally, the submitted and post-competition results are reported. • The simplified and accurate model are proposed to obtain the optimal transfer time. • The parallel beam search is developed to reduce the computational burden. • The station assignment problem is solved by coordinate descent method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space can be used as a tool for business decision and policy makers. The maritime sector is rapidly evolving as far as business and industrial activities are concerned. Space can assist in transforming this sector through satellite navigation and positioning, telecommunications and integrated applications as well as earth observation. Additionally, space can be used as a tool in developing, implementing maritime affairs. This paper focuses on the role of space in maritime policy. Space technologies have been serving the maritime community for over fourty years. Satellite technology is becoming increasingly important for a wide range of maritime activities through enhanced navigation accuracy, marine environmental monitoring and maritime surveillance. For this reason, agreements between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), have been signed in 2007 and 2010, strengthening the framework for cooperation between the two agencies for the use of space-based systems in support of maritime activities. The first part of the paper summarizes European maritime related policy areas where space assets can contribute to achieve their objectives. The second part of the paper addresses how ESA's initiatives and programs could contribute and support the maritime sector in Europe. The main purpose of this paper is to come up with conclusions on whether and how the use of space assets, technology and applications, can contribute in achieving the maritime policy objectives for the benefit of Europe. • Holistic assesment of the role of space in maritime sector. • Understanding of European maritime related policy areas where space assets can contribute to achieve their objectives. • Identification of particular uses of space assets, technology and applications contributing to maritime policy. • Identification of ESA's initiatives and programs contributing and supporting the maritime sector. • Assessment of the role of space in achieving the maritime policy objectives for the benefit of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the possibility of improving the technology of diffusion welding, which can be used both for joining dissimilar materials for the manufacture of complex devices in the aerospace industry on the ground, and for repair and design in outer space. A laser treatment by nanosecond laser pulses of the ultraviolet range was carried out for surface modification of industry alloys (CrNi55CuВZn, steel AISI 316, Cu–Cr bronze) used in space technology due to high values of thermal and electrical conductivity. It was shown that the preliminary laser treatment leads to an improvement in the properties of the weld: an increase in tensile strength by more than 10%, and tensile strain by more than 20% for certain joints of materials. Also, laser pre-processing can improve the productivity of the welding process, in particular, reduce the temperature and shorten the welding time. • Preliminary laser treatment of alloy samples for diffusion welding was studied. • A method of direct micro- and nanostructuring was used for surface modification. • Laser treatment improves mechanical properties of welded joints used in space and aviation technologies. • Tensile strength increases by more than 10% for joints with treated samples. • Laser pre-processing can reduce the welding temperature and shorten the welding time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Italy, as well as many other countries, has increasing interest in Commercial Space Transportation and in particular, in suborbital flights. A suborbital space transportation system is an opportunity to involve the Italian industry in the development of new technologies, exploit opportunities of microgravity experimentation and pilots/astronauts training, as well as catalyse the national industry. The central position of Italy in the Mediterranean basin, the generically favourable climate condition, the touristic vocation resulting in hospitality at the highest level, pretty much allow year round suborbital operations and unique customer experience. Consequently, Italy appears to be a suitable location to host a Spaceport, even though the density of population has to be factored in as a key aspect, together with a proper environmental assessment. This paper outlines the current Italian approach that, instead of focusing on the development of new Spaceport from scratch, evaluates the capabilities of existing airports and their possible upgrades to achieve the Spaceport license, when a proper regulatory frame is established. Advances in the technical activities that are being conducted to assess various Italian sites of interest are described, including trade off methodologies and ranking criteria. Different aspects are considered, from the availability of civil and military airports, to the identification of the best location between coastline or inland sites but, first of all, in compliance to the safety requirements. Some specific Spaceport infrastructure and operational aspects are described, along with their integration with the already existing ones. These include hangars, propellant storage facilities, ground support equipment, high and low airspace surrounding the airport area, ascent and descent corridors, as well as tracking telemetry station to support specific mission profiles in integrated fashion with the existing airport infrastructure and air traffic. The paper will also describe the approach to the definition of a harmonized cooperative regulatory framework, according to the Aviation Authority, that represents the basis to assess suborbital operations and allows the relevant missions execution. In this activity, basing upon an established Memorandum of Cooperation between FAA, ENAC and the Italian Space Agency, the existing FAA/AST regulatory work frame is considered as reference benchmark and further tailored to the Italian case. Some considerations will also be developed relevant to initial challenges to be faced, by interested stakeholders, in starting commercial spaceflight initiatives as a new ground and emerging business opportunity. Highlights • Spaceport and Ground Segment assessment for future suborbital transportation system. • Market opportunities and benefits for the Italian economy. • Spaceport requirements identification for the Italian case. • Spaceport operations business strategy considerations for the Italian case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of establishing a South American Space Agency (SASA) is not new. There have been many discussions about this topic for a couple of decades, including an agreement by the Union of South American Nations to create such a space agency. Roughly 10 years ago, Argentina was the first to propose this collaboration with a military orientation. As the ideas progressed, Brazil was proposed to host its headquarters. However, not much support from the South American region has been given, either financially or logistically. To this day, a South American Space Agency or a similar concept has not yet been established in the region. The Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) hosted the first South American Space Generation Workshop in Argentina in 2015, where one of the working groups was tasked to further investigate the feasibility, advantages and challenges of implementing SASA. This paper presents an extension of the main findings from this working group where South American students and young professionals study and present a rationale in favor of SASA, outlining possible solutions and a structure that could be taken into account for its implementation. This paper pays particular attention to the question: Is it possible for countries in South America to establish the kind of cooperation necessary to stimulate the development and application of capabilities in the space sector, which would then enable undertaking missions far beyond the scope of what any single country in South America could do on its own? The existence of SASA would allow access to a common representative agency, which would lower costs, be accessible to all participating countries, and allow engagement with other emerging and established space agencies around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) Symposia on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics have been held annually at the International Astronautical Congresses since 1967. During these past 50 years nearly 800 papers have been presented and subsequently published in the proceedings. With a 20-year rule imposed for historical presentations, the first 10 symposia concentrated on pre-World War II and early 1950s activities. A surprisingly large number of papers on early, less well-known Soviet-Russian contributions to rocketry and astronautics were presented in the first symposia, despite the ongoing Space Race between the U.S and USSR. Another important element in these symposia involved memoir papers offered by pre- and post-war rocket and astronautics pioneers from many countries, and the participation of many of these pioneers in person. In sum, the history of national space and rocket projects from some 40 countries were presented over the years in IAA History Symposia. These 50 symposia have provided a platform for scholars and professional and non-professional historians to meet and discuss the history of rocketry and astronautics, and to personally interview many space pioneers, most of whom today are deceased. Their personal recollections have since been shared with a large audience. Over time, IAA history papers divided into recognizable periods: ancient times through the 19th century, and the 20th and 21st centuries, which separate among actions and events that took place before 1945, in 1945 to 1957, and after 1957 (which marked the beginning of the space age). Proceedings of the IAA History Symposia have been published in English, ultimately in the History Series of the American Astronautical Society (AAS) and its publishing arm, Univelt Inc., under an agreement secured with the IAA. This paper presents an overview of the IAA History Symposia. It examines the early years of the history committee and its first symposium, the evolution of subsequent symposia, and it recognizes those individuals who shaped these symposia and the publication of its proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminology is a key issue for a better understanding among people using various languages. Since 1986, when the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) multilingual terminology database committee on astronautics was formed, the committee and its successor IAA study groups on the IAA multilingual space dictionary have made a continuous effort to construct a multilingual dictionary database on astronautical terms. In 2002, the dictionary was computerized using a database server and some recent internet technologies. The database is accessible from all over the world via the internet. You can search for terms at your home and office using a web browser installed on the computer with an internet connection. Since then, the number of terms and languages included in the database has increased. The current version includes about 3500 terms in 22 languages. The flexibility of the database enables the addition and the revision of new terms without much effort. The computerization has also demonstrated another possibility to utilize the database. When total of four paper books about the multilingual space terminology were published on the 50th anniversary of IAA in 2010, one of the lexicon books was edited by a computer program which accessed to the database. In this paper, the authors present the current status of the IAA multilingual database as well as the future possibilities on the utilization of the database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the rapid developments in space technology, there has been a substantial increase in the demand for large-diameter and low-mass space-borne deployable antennas with high geometric stability. To meet this demand, this paper presents a novel single mobility deployable ring mechanism with a high deploy/fold ratio. This mechanism is suitable for constructing large-scale satellite deployable antennas. First, a basic truss element with a low storage height is proposed, and fundamental parameters of the deployable mechanism are analyzed. Second, a general motion analysis model of the deployment process is established, and the corresponding cable-net structure is designed. Finally, a ground experimental prototype with a diameter of 5.0 m is fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed mechanism. Based on the experimental results, the feasibility and effectiveness of the novel deployable antenna proposed herein are verified. • A novel single mobility deployable ring mechanism with a high deploy/fold ratio is proposed. • The general model for deployment kinematic analysis is established. • The equal-force form-finding method is applied. • The ground experiment prototype verify the feasibility of the ring deployable antenna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, drawn from anthropological research done for a project on Mexican imaginaries of outer space, I consider the role of the AEM, or Mexican Space Agency, in space education and outreach in Mexico, focusing on the ways in which the AEM engages with different sectors and social groups, including elementary age children, college students undertaking STEM careers and artists who use space imagery and technology in their work. The research undertaken for this project consists primarily of formal and informal interviews with key actors engaged with outer space who project space into Mexican futures from different perspectives, from enthusiastic involvement in technological advancement as a means of fomenting social and economic progress, to the artistic uses of space and technology as a means of critically reflecting on earthly issues of human relationality and geopolitical power. In addition to interviews, I draw on information gathered from documents, works of art, online discussion groups and attendance at events sponsored by the Mexican Space Agency. I am particularly interested in exploring the implications of the agency's mission to "promote space culture", as I critically confront anthropological notions of "culture" with the uses of this concept in the public sphere. I am also interested in understanding what is "Mexican" about Mexican space culture, and how national institutions and actors relate to their international counterparts. • Mexico has a nascent space program, but a millennial tradition of stargazing. • The AEM has a strong outreach program, although its public visibility could improve. • Importance of creation of a network of space entrepreneurs, scientists and artists. • Mexicans' outer space imaginaries are diverse, often critical of space exploration. • Anthropology can contribute to the dialogue on the promotion of "space culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic has become an area of particular relevance, where manifold interests meet with particular challenges, such as the harsh environment, a limited infrastructure and a low population density. Since many years, the European Space Agency (ESA) supports its Member States with interests in the Arctic. A variety of ESA programmes are directly or indirectly targeting the Arctic area for scientific purposes, for a better understanding of the Arctic environment or to support other activities in the Arctic region, since many of the specific challenges of the Arctic can be addressed by space technology. Monitoring and assessing the Arctic environment are tasks best met with space systems. Satellite technology facilitates navigation and communication and improves marine safety, and it enables the comprehension of climate change impacts, which are particularly evident and dramatic in the Arctic. While the Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs), which were adopted by UN Member States in 2015, apply globally, the Arctic is especially affected by the changing climate and thus considered to be of great interest to the European and international community. ESA fully supports and works towards attaining the SGDs, and has to this end created a toolbox to target each of the 17 goals. Given the technological capabilities of ESA as well as the Agency's commitment to the SDGs, ESA continues to strengthen its contributions towards a sustainable economic development in the Arctic. After providing a general introduction to the Arctic and its legal status, as well as an overview over different interests in the region, this paper details the numerous ways, in which space activities can contribute to the sustainable development and life in the Arctic. It then turns to retracing the specific steps taken in the European Space Agency, including the work of specific Arctic Task Forces, and gives an outlook on future projects in support of a sustainable Arctic. • The Arctic, heavily affected by climate change, is vital for the global community. • Monitoring and assessing Arctic environment are tasks best met with space systems. • ESA, working on attaining the 17 SGDs, has created a toolbox to target each of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3U CubeSat OrigamiSat-1 has been developed and launched into orbit in January 2019 to demonstrate a "multifunctional" membrane deployable space structure technology in orbit. Thin-film devices attached throughout the membrane will enable innovative space systems, such as ultralightweight array antennas and solar arrays. The CubeSat's main mission consists of (i) multifunctional membrane deployment mission, and (ii) deployable structure experiment platform mission to enable successive on-orbit demonstrations by CubeSats. This paper describes the significance of these technology demonstrations, and the system design achieved through various prototyping and testing. It also describes the development process and on-orbit operation experience, which will be useful information for other nano-satellite projects that aim at demonstrating innovative technologies actually in space. • OrigamiSat-1 is a 3U CubeSat for the demonstration of a membrane space structure. • Membrane deployment is its primary mission. • Deployable structure experiment platform mission is another object of the satellite. • The satellite's design, development process, and operation experience are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the decentralization of European space technology research and development through the joint lenses of policy, systems architecture, and innovation contexts. It uses a detailed longitudinal case history of the development of a novel astrophysics instrument to explore the link between policy-imposed institutional decomposition and the architecture of the technical system. The analysis focuses on five instances of collaborative design decision-making and finds that matching between the technical and institutional architectures is a predictor of project success, consistent with the mirroring hypothesis in extant literature. Examined over time, the instances reveal stability in the loosely coupled nature of institutional arrangements and a trend towards more integral, or tightly coupled, technical systems. The stability of the institutional arrangements is explained as an artifact of the European Hultqvist policy and the trend towards integral technical systems is related to the increasing complexity of modern space systems. If these trends persist, the scale of the mismatch will continue to grow. As a first step towards mitigating this challenge, the paper develops a framework for balancing upfront decomposition and in-process coordination in collaborative development projects. The astrophysics instrument case history is used to illustrate how collaborations should be defined for a given inherent system complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the practice of the artist/researcher Ioannis Michaloudis. It showcases his use of a space technology nanomaterial, silica aerogel, and its potential in the cultural utilization of space. Since 2001, his projects have centered around the esthetic, sculptural and conceptual use of silica aerogel. For Michaloudis, this material is highly allegorical of what he terms ‘our breaking sky’. For the authors, the step towards space is a real ‘bridge moment’, analogous to the evolutionary progression of organisms from water to earth. In this current era of space exploration, it is clear that humans need to develop new organs and survival skills – or, cultivate new skies in response to the breaking of our atmosphere׳s dome. It is also clear that science and art need to collaborate more productively. To this end, it is argued that allegory provides the link between imaginability, experiment and representation in both scientific and artistic practices. Etherospermia (εθεροσπερμία) is an invented word from ether and panspermia . The Etherospermia project pursues, allegorically, the creation of new atmospheres on other planets, in order to draw attention to the degradation and destruction of the earth׳s protective veil. Imagine an astronaut who, during a space walk, scatters fragments of Michaloudis׳ silica aerogel as seed material to alter the atmospheres of other planets, making them habitable. The paper discusses nine artworks as a way of presenting the conceptual core of the etherospermia allegory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long Duration Balloon missions are key platforms for scientific research and space technology development. Thermal analyses of this kind of systems are crucial for the success of the mission. Even though the science is usually performed at float altitude, the ascent phase, usually non-operational, is where the extreme cold conditions occur, due to the convective effects caused by relative wind speed together with the low temperatures found in the tropopause, making this scenario a dimensioning case. In this paper, a thorough study of the thermal environmental conditions during the ascent is carried out, in particular winds, temperature, and radiative thermal loads have been obtained as a function of the altitude. The study is based on real data obtained from different sources, including atmospheric soundings, radar and satellite, and a meticulous statistical treatment. The study is focussed on one of the main stratospheric balloon launch sites in Europe, Esrange (Sweden), a center of the Swedish Space Corporation, and the analyses are performed for the summer period. However, the methodology can be extended to any other location and epoch. As an example, the convective effect of the horizontal winds on a plate has been studied, and the heat transfer during the ascent phase has been quantified. A subcooling of around 7 °C was found in this case, which make worth the dedicated analysis. • Real data-based thermal environment for Long Duration Balloon missions. • Thermal influence of the high winds found in the tropopause. • Radiative thermal environment parametrized as a function of the Solar Zenith Angle. • Results compared with traditional methodologies. • Convective and radiative heat transfer quantification during the ascent phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper analyzes Colombia׳s space policy: its successes, its failures and what it still needs to achieve. The paper examines the interaction among the different players, and how this policy contributes to economic and social development of the country. And postulates that, unless a real national plan of action, with specific milestones and budget as well as a managing agency are developed, this policy may be in danger of disappearing. The Colombian Space Commission (Comisión Colombiana del Espacio, or CCE) was created by Presidential Decree 2442 in 2006. It is a multi-sectorial entity, in charge of coordinating, planning, and leading in the implementation of national policies for the development and application of space technologies. The CCE was also charged with the drafting of plans and programs in this field. The CCE began with only a few members (15) and today is comprised of 47 members: 13 ministries, 4 administrative departments, another 21 governmental entities and 9 universities, the latter acting as consultants. The Vice-President of the Republic is the President of the CCE. These different actors gave great importance to the development of Colombia׳s space sector, and 6 years later, they are continuing support and development the country׳s space policy. This analysis takes into account three aspects: first, achieving the objectives of the CCE: the creation and development of a national space policy for Colombia; secondly, focussing on “target groups” and “end users”; and thirdly, the “outcomes” or achievements to date. Some conclusions are worth highlighting: first, the warm reception and support of the CCE by both the public and private sectors on high levels, but the poor knowledge of the national space policy by the Colombian people and the small and medium companies. Secondly, in the context of public policy [9], the strategic plan called “National Policy in regard to Space Activities”, is caught between two phases: the formulation and decision-making regarding the program, and its implementation. And finally, the members of the CCE do not necessarily act in accordance with a national strategy, but follow their own interests, resulting in undue influence (and perhaps interference) in the development of a coherent national space policy. In brief, the author hopes that this first analysis of Colombia׳s experience with its Space Commission will serve as an example to other developing countries that also are seeking to develop their space sector, and implement a national space policy. Further, the author hopes that this analysis will allow the various politico-administrative actors “policy makers” in Colombia, as well as the general public, to realize that, while much has been accomplished, much still remains to be done. It is essential to keep alive the interest shown in space activities; otherwise, Colombia׳s space policy may become an “endangered species”, in danger of failing and disappearing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract The international Rosetta mission was launched on 2nd March 2004 for a ten year journey to its target destination, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Following the January 2014 exit from a 31 month hibernation period, Rosetta approached and rendezvoused with the comet in August 2014. On 12th November 2014, the Philae lander was deployed from Rosetta onto the comet's surface after which the Orbiter continued its comet escort phase. The Rosetta Science Ground Segment supports the Project Scientist and the Science Working Team, in order to ensure the coordination, development, validation and delivery of the desired science operations plans and their associated operational products throughout the mission, and to ensure the preservation of adequate data to the Planetary Science Archive. Within the Science Ground Segment, the Operations and Planning Group is responsible for the medium, short and very short term cycles, a stepped sequential process that implements the higher level science long term plan into the final science pointing requests and the command sequences to be executed on board the spacecraft. In this paper we will present the Operations and Planning group and its science planning activities, focusing on the evolution of the Science Operations implementation through the Rosetta mission phases. We will describe the day-to-day work needed to achieve science operations around the challenging and previously unknown cometary environment, and the software tools that support the planning process. We will finally outline several conclusions after the experience gained in the ∼2 years of operations at the comet. Highlights • Space science operations discipline combines scientific and engineering knowledge. • Rosetta successfully returned unique science results in its two years at comet 67P. • Rosetta changed from a rigid long-lead concept to a close-to-execution agile planning. • Rosetta integrated new planning rules in the harsh fickle comet environment. • It is remarkable how fast planning was adapted while performing comet observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In traditional form-finding of a deployable mesh reflector (DMR), the nodes of the DMR mesh are placed on the desired working surface and the surface accuracy of the DMR is measured either by the deviation of the nodes from the desired working surface or by the deviation of the mesh from its best-fit surface. Placement of nodes on working surface and inaccurate measures of surface accuracy cause non-negligible surface errors that cannot be further reduced. To deal with these issues and to further improve surface accuracy of DMRs, a new mesh geometry design method, called the Projecting Surface Method (PSM), is presented in this paper. The highlight of the PSM is that it purposely places the nodes of a DMR off its working surface, to achieve higher surface accuracy. To this end, a direct RMS error measuring the deviation of a DMR mesh from its desired working surface is introduced and a projecting surface for hosting the nodes of the DMR mesh is defined. By the direct RMS error and projecting surface, an optimization process produces a mesh geometry with its best-fit surface closest to the desired working surface, leading to significant surface error reduction. As shown in numerical examples of DMRs with 37, 271 and 817 nodes, the PSM can reduce surface errors by 50% or more. The proposed method is usable with existing form-finding methods for further improvement of surface accuracy of DMRs. Highlights • A newly defined RMS error for precise measurement of surface accuracy. • Establishment of a projecting surface for form-finding of mesh reflectors. • Purposely placing mesh nodes off the working surface of a reflector in design. • Significant reduction of surface errors (by 50–97%). • Usable with any existing form-finding method for further surface error reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper I revisit proposed definitions of the boundary between the Earth's atmosphere and outer space, considering orbital and suborbital trajectories used by space vehicles. In particular, I investigate the inner edge of outer space from historical, physical and technological viewpoints and propose 80 km as a more appropriate boundary than the currently popular 100 km Von Kármán line. Highlights • Historically, the lowest satellite orbits have had perigees as low as 80-90 km. • The Karman Line as originally defined lies between 70 and 90 km, not at 100 km. • This result is not sensitive to solar activity or other atmospheric variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-orbit services have been paid more and more attention for its role in spacecraft life-extension, capacity improvement and on-orbit debris removal. As most of on-orbit targets are non-cooperative, relatively accurate pose measurement is very essential for subsequent operations. However, with the rapid development of TriDAR, flash LIDAR and other laser scanning equipment in non-cooperative target measurement, it becomes more imperative to research methods for non-cooperative target pose tracking based on 3D point cloud feature. In this paper, a method for non-cooperative target pose tracking based on point cloud feature is proposed. Firstly, the target is identified using curvature, normal, density and other geometric features of the point cloud. Then the particle filter algorithm is used to recognize the position and orientation of the target being tracked by calculating the similarity of the point cloud features of two adjacent frames. Experimental results showed that the proposed method could effectively identify the features of non-cooperative targets and track their position and attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) has the mandate to assist Member States with building capacity in using space science, technology and their applications in support of sustainable economic, social and environmental development. From 20 to 21 June 2018 the international community will gather in Vienna for UNISPACE + 50, a special segment of the 61st session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first UNISPACE conference and to reach consensus on a global space agenda for the next two decades. “Capacity-building for the twenty-first century” is one of the seven thematic priorities of UNISPACE + 50, identified and agreed upon by COPUOS. The Committee has tasked UNOOSA with undertaking the work under this thematic priority and with reporting regularly to the Committee and its Subcommittees on the progress of its work. It is therefore appropriate, in this context, to take stock of the achievements of the capacity-building activities of the Office, to review the relevant mandates and activities and to consider the necessity to strengthen and better align them with the future needs of the World and in particular with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This paper describes the efforts on-going at UNOOSA, building on its experiences with implementing the United Nations Programme on Space Applications and the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER) and working with Member States and other United Nations entities, to develop a results-based management approach, based on an indicator framework and a database with space solutions, for promoting the use of space-based solutions to help Member States achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and successfully implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint clearance and the uncertainty of geometric and physical parameters significantly influence the kinematic accuracy and dynamic response of space deployable mechanisms. Such mechanisms have been widely employed in astronautic missions to improve the capabilities of launchers. This paper proposes a methodology to investigate the kinematic accuracy and dynamic performance of space deployable mechanism with joint clearance while considering parameter uncertainty. The model of space deployable mechanism with a planar revolute joint is provided. With consideration of several uncertain parameters, the solving procedure of the dynamic equations is presented based on the Monte Carlo method. A case study is conducted to reveal the effect of parameter uncertainty on its kinematic accuracy and dynamic performance. The results indicate that parameter uncertainty should be considered to accurately evaluate the performance of long-term operating space deployable mechanisms, especially for such systems with clearance joints. According to the results, brief suggestions for design and evaluation of the mechanisms are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores space dictionary translation to Kiswahili and its potential to arouse interest for building African space technology capacity. Kiswahili is spoken in 12 countries making 26.8% African population; in addition to being used in over 100 universities in diaspora. The language has indisputable potential of enhancing African space cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades developments in space technology paved the way to more challenging missions like asteroid mining, space tourism and human expansion into the Solar System. These missions result in difficult tasks such as guidance schemes for re-entry, landing on celestial bodies and implementation of large angle maneuvers for spacecraft. There is a need for a safety system to increase the robustness and success of these missions. Reachability analysis meets this requirement by obtaining the set of all achievable states for a dynamical system starting from an initial condition with given admissible control inputs of the system. This paper proposes an algorithm for the approximation of nonconvex reachable sets (RS) by using optimal control. Therefore subset of the state space is discretized by equidistant points and for each grid point a distance function is defined. This distance function acts as an objective function for a related optimal control problem (OCP). Each infinite dimensional OCP is transcribed into a finite dimensional Nonlinear Programming Problem (NLP) by using Pseudospectral Methods (PSM). Finally, the NLPs are solved using available tools resulting in approximated reachable sets with information about the states of the dynamical system at these grid points. The algorithm is applied on a generic Moon landing mission. The proposed method computes approximated reachable sets and the attainable safe landing region with information about propellant consumption and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field of current interest in space technology is the on-orbit operation concept, often requiring that a chaser spacecraft captures a target spacecraft. The physical link connecting the two satellites is usually characterized by a high degree of flexibility, because of the special requirements imposed to the space systems, and specifically the constraints on the mass at launch. The focus of this paper is the study of an attitude control of the paired spacecraft system such that the elastic oscillations do not interfere with the attitude dynamics, and the final configuration is reached without residual vibrations. At the scope, a rest-to-rest techniques, that requires an accurate description of the dynamic model of the paired satellites as a flexible multibody setup, is applied. The results of this control are first tested by means of a numerical tool, simulating nominal and non-nominal scenarios. Then the identified control is proved in an experimental test-bed, consisting of two free-floating platforms connected by means of an elastic joint. The performance of the rest-to-rest technique is compared to other classical control laws aiming to minimally excite the system undesired dynamics, showing a promising superiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological innovation is key to enable future space exploration missions at NASA. Technology development, however, is not only driven by performance and resource considerations, but also by a broad range of directly or loosely interconnected factors. These include, among others, strategy, policy and politics at various levels, tactics and programmatics, interactions between stakeholders, resource requirements, performance goals from component to system level, mission infusion targets, portfolio execution and tracking, and technology push or mission pull. Furthermore, at NASA, these influences occur on varying timescales and at diverse geographic locations. Such a complex and interconnected system could impede space technology innovation in this examined segment of the government environment. Hence, understanding the process through NASA׳s Planning, Programming, Budget and Execution cycle could benefit strategic thinking, planning and execution. Insights could be gained through suitable models, for example assessing the key drivers against the framework of Wicked Problems. This paper discusses NASA specific space technology innovation and innovation barriers in the government environment through the characteristics of Wicked Problems; that is, they do not have right or wrong solutions, only improved outcomes that can be reached through authoritative, competitive, or collaborative means. We will also augment the Wicked Problems model to account for the temporally and spatially coupled, and cyclical nature of this NASA specific case, and propose how appropriate models could improve understanding of the key influencing factors. In turn, such understanding may subsequently lead to reducing innovation barriers, and stimulating technology innovation at NASA. Furthermore, our approach can be adopted for other government-directed environments to gain insights into their structures, hierarchies, operational flow, and interconnections to facilitate circular dialogs towards preferred outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

JAXA has commenced technical research for contributing as a part of international partnership for the space exploration in Lunar vicinity. One of the candidates is the cargo transport mission with the combination of Cryogenic Propulsion Stage(s) (CPS) and a transfer vehicle derived from Japanese un-manned vehicle used for ISS. The CPS needs advanced technologies to keep the propellant for long mission duration and they will be useful in further missions beyond moon. This paper reports the profile of the mission, vehicle configurations, and the transport capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the idea of a large space station in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) was conceived in the 1980s, it was primarily planned as an orbiting laboratory for microgravity research. Some even thought of it as an industrial plant in space. Whereas the latter did not materialize because of various reasons, the former is absolutely true when you talk about the International Space Station (ISS). Since the transition to a six astronaut crew in 2009 and the completion of its assembly in 2011, it has been intensively used as laboratory in a wide field of scientific topics. Experiments conducted on ISS have yielded first class results in biology, physiology, material science, basic physics, and many more. While its role as a laboratory in space is widely recognized, the awareness for its potential for preparing future exploration missions beyond LEO is just increasing. This paper provides information on how the ISS programme contributes to future exploration efforts, both manned and unmanned. It highlights the work that has been done or is currently underway in the fields of technology, operations, and science. Further potentials and future projects for exploration preparation are also shown. A special focus lies on experiments and projects primarily funded by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) or with strong German participation in the science team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In examining alternative space-development models, one observes that Heinlein postulated the first Moon flight as the outcome of the focused action of an individual – building upon an ample commercial aerospace transportation infrastructure. The same technological basis and entrepreneurial drive would then sustain a fast human and economic expansion on three new planets. Instead, historically, humans reached the Moon thanks to a “Faustian bargain” between astronautical developers and governments. This approach brought the early Apollo triumphs, but it also created the presumption of this method as the sole one for enabling space development. Eventually, the application of this paradigm caused the decline of the astronautical endeavor. Thus, just as conventional methods became unable to sustain the astronautical endeavor, space development appeared as vital, e.g., to satisfy the people׳s basic needs (metabolic resources, energy, materials, and space), as shown elsewhere. Such an endeavor must grow from actions generating new wealth through commercial activities to become self-supporting. Acquisition and distribution of multiform space resources call, however, for a sound ethical environment, as predatory governments can easily forfeit those resources. The paper begins the search for means apt to maintain a societal environment suited for this purpose. Among numerous initiatives needed, dissemination of factual information and moral-right education support take a central position: In fact, the vital condition for true Astronautics – a vast increase in actual respect of moral rights – can also become its best consequence, as the prosperity from the space arena empowers the people, making them materially safer and more secure in their fundamental moral rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmic Study Group SG 3.19/1.10 was established in February 2013 under the aegis of the International Academy of Astronautics to consider and compare the dose limits adopted by various space agencies for astronauts in Low Earth Orbit. A preliminary definition of the limits that might later be adopted by crews exploring Beyond Low Earth Orbit was, in addition, to be made. The present paper presents preliminary results of the study reported at a Symposium held in Turin by the Academy in July 2013. First, an account is provided of exposure limits assigned by various partner space agencies to those of their astronauts that work aboard the International Space Station . Then, gaps in the scientific and technical information required to safely implement human missions beyond the shielding provided by the geomagnetic field (to the Moon, Mars and beyond) are identified. Among many recommendations for actions to mitigate the health risks potentially posed to personnel Beyond Low Earth Orbit is the development of a preliminary concept for a Human Space Awareness System to: provide for crewed missions the means of prompt onboard detection of the ambient arrival of hazardous particles; develop a strategy for the implementation of onboard responses to hazardous radiation levels; support modeling/model validation that would enable reliable predictions to be made of the arrival of hazardous radiation at a distant spacecraft; provide for the timely transmission of particle alerts to a distant crewed vehicle at an emergency frequency using suitably located support spacecraft. Implementation of the various recommendations of the study can be realized based on a two pronged strategy whereby Space Agencies/Space Companies/Private Entrepreneurial Organizations etc. address the mastering of required key technologies (e.g. fast transportation; customized spacecraft design) while the International Academy of Astronautics, in a role of handling global international co-operation, organizes complementary studies aimed at harnessing the strengths and facilities of emerging nations in investigating/solving related problems (e.g. advanced space radiation modeling/model validation; predicting the arrivals of Solar Energetic Particles and shocks at a distant spacecraft). Ongoing progress in pursuing these complementary parallel programs could be jointly reviewed bi-annually by the Space Agencies and the International Academy of Astronautics so as to maintain momentum and direction in globally progressing towards feasible human exploration of interplanetary space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the generation, stability, and control of artificial equilibrium points for a solar balloon spacecraft in the α Centauri A and B binary star system. The continuous propulsive acceleration provided by a solar balloon is shown to be able to modify the position of the (classical) Lagrangian equilibrium points of the three-body system on a locus whose geometrical form is known analytically. A linear stability analysis reveals that the new generated equilibrium points are usually unstable, but part of them can be stabilized with a simple feedback control logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]