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Musical expression is a characteristic of humanity on Earth. This paper highlights the historical relationship between music and spaceflight, including its use in the representation of space, and its role in space culture. The paper documents circa 57 musical instruments: from a miniaturized harmonica to a 1.5 m Digeridoo that are known to have been taken into space – usually as part of a crew members personal allowance. Due to mass and volume restrictions numerous classical and ethnographic instruments have been 'spaceflight-adapted', in addition to the use of digital technologies for personal musical pleasure and public relations. Furthermore, it charts how access to personalised music playlists and shared musical experiences have been deemed to be vital by crew, promoting individual wellbeing including a connection to home, to each other and playing a part in the marking of success, and tragedy. The value of music making in space is briefly described leading to the proposition that as humanity ventures with greater regularity to Low Earth Orbit and beyond, consideration of how music can be effectively utilised to support individual and crew wellbeing, whilst contributing to the cannon of human artistic expression is warranted. • Music is a characteristic of humanity and social connection. • Circa 57 musical instruments have been taken into space. • Numerous instruments have been 'spaceflight-adapted'. • Personalised music playlists are deemed critical by crew to link to 'home'. • Music expression warrants consideration for missions beyond Low Earth Orbit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding the role of Space Physical Science and Technology in the modern world comes through the application of digital technologies and supercomputing. The present paper is aimed at getting the readers acquainted with results of resent scientific discussions on the topic having taken place at specialized scientific forums supported by the International Academy of Astronautics. The paper provides a breath coverage of results of main discussions and current trends in developing modern digital approach to solving acute problems of Space Physical Science and Technology. Numerical simulations with massive parallelization have natural limitation of efficiency. The results of recent studies demonstrate that each algorithm has an optimal number of parallel threads providing maximal efficiency. On further increasing the number of parallel processes, one encounters a decrease of efficiency. The universal supercomputers can hardly provide high efficiency in solving multi-scale problems. Creating supercomputers of a specialized architecture focused on a narrow class of multiscale problems will allow for efficient parallel solution of such problems. • Protection of Space structures from space debris collisions and micrometeoroids. • Fire safety of Space vehicles and Propulsion systems. • Supercomputer predictive modeling for ensuring Space program safety. • Each algorithm has an optimal number of parallel threads providing maximal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Earth Space Elevator is an ingenious concept aimed at providing easy access to space, eliminating the need for rockets and potentially reducing drastically the launch costs. Technical advancements that could make the Space Elevator possible, among others, would be the availability of long carbon nanotubes or other super-strong and light material. This paper aims at addressing issues related with the stability of the system when the elevator is partially deployed starting from a nucleus in geostationary orbit (GEO). As noted by various authors, the energy increase needed to keep the orbital centre (where the gravity and centrifugal forces balance out) at GEO altitude during deployment while the tether is lengthened leads to an orbit with a positive orbital energy, i.e., the circular orbit has an energy level pertaining to a hyperbolic orbit. This situation leads to the instability of the unanchored system that would tend to escape from the geostationary orbit. The paper illustrates the change in orbital energy during assembly for a system made of a cylindrical tether and then investigate the stability of the coupled orbital and attitude motion in the orbital plane before anchoring. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the orbital motion instability ensues well before the orbital energy of the unperturbed system becomes positive. • Instability of Space Elevator unanchored to Earth for different tether lengths. • Use of variational equations of orbital and attitude motion perturbed from GEO. • Derivation of eigenvalues of the perturbed, coupled motion of the elevator. • Eigenvalues are related to the positions of centers of mass, gravity, momentum. • Option for passive stabilization of orbit is briefly analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the design and space environments testing of a power generation and commutation array referred to as the L ightweight I ntegrated S olar A rray and An T enna (LISA-T). LISA-T is the first fully thin-film array for small spacecraft. Inherently, small spacecraft are extremely resource limited. Restricted mass, volume, and surface area choke capability. This drives the need to do more from less, especially for power generation and communications. Herein, a solution, LISA-T, is presented. LISA-T is formed by coupling recent advancements in thin-film solar cell and antenna elements with new solar sail propulsion technologies. Cell and antenna elements are directly embedded into a solar sail-based polyimide substrate and coated with a protective thin-film top layer. The elements are electrically interconnected via welded ribbon and backed by a multifunctional structural deployment system. Both power generation and antenna emission have been achieved from this array. Benchtop deployments have also been successfully completed. A comprehensive space environments test campaign, including ascent vent, thermal deployments, thermal cycling, particulate radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and atomic oxygen, has been conducted to characterize and predict the array performance and survivability in space. The array is shown to be currently suitable for space missions with a >300% improvement in power performance metrics compared to state-of-the-art arrays. • A solution for higher power generation in smaller spacecraft is presented. • A fully thin-film approach is used to increase performance by ∼300%. • The array also includes novel communications elements. • The array has survived TRL6 environmental testing and data is presented within. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New space is a misleading expression. Many new trends steer the evolution of space activities. Development of commercial space, with start-ups and space ventures, is one of the most visible trends in space. Stimulated by the first initiatives related to space tourism, access to space and the growing use of small satellites, space activities have attracted new entrepreneurs, both start-ups and big web actors with substantial investment capacity. This revolution started in the Silicon Valley and spread worldwide. Start-ups have attracted around $21.8 billion of investment from 2000 to 2018. It is far below the annual institutional budgets but the pace gained momentum since 2006 and specially 2012. Between teenage crisis and age of reason, New space is now old: the first start-ups shall confirm their promises, while new players pop up and try to find their way. It shakes the legacy players but they demonstrate resilience and adaptation capacity. It is now the right time to take stock of the first lessons learnt. Start-ups disrupt the established industry? Instead of a simplistic shortcut, this paper reports an "organizational ecology" study. With a deliberate industrial viewpoint, its ambition is to help understanding complex evolutions in the space ecosystem. The first part of the paper introduces the current ecosystem, its actors, the key trends and the main types of activities. Through facts and figures on technology, investments and markets, the second part reviews how "new space" trends are preparing the advent of big space. The third part summarises lessons from other industries and typical disruption scenarios that could affect space activities. The drivers of New space are discussed in section four. The last part is a foresight exercise, discussing possible evolutions and impacts, threats and opportunities. The decisive role of institutional actors and the « new space » with more and more space-faring nations is also highlighted. Something big is happening in space. While it is too early to depict the new landscape, this study shows that the future picture will not be black and white but more colourful. The size and the age of the company are less important than agility, mindset, ability to manage risks and to cooperate. A big vision for the future, from entrepreneurs or from nations, is also needed. • This paper reports an "organizational ecology" of the new space ecosystem. • Its ambition is to help understanding complex evolutions in the space sector. • It reviews old and new actors, the main trends and the evolution of activities. • Two sectors (Earth Observation and Telecommunications) are analysed in details. • It discusses possible evolutions and impacts, threats and opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space can be used as a tool for business decision and policy makers. The maritime sector is rapidly evolving as far as business and industrial activities are concerned. Space can assist in transforming this sector through satellite navigation and positioning, telecommunications and integrated applications as well as earth observation. Additionally, space can be used as a tool in developing, implementing maritime affairs. This paper focuses on the role of space in maritime policy. Space technologies have been serving the maritime community for over fourty years. Satellite technology is becoming increasingly important for a wide range of maritime activities through enhanced navigation accuracy, marine environmental monitoring and maritime surveillance. For this reason, agreements between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), have been signed in 2007 and 2010, strengthening the framework for cooperation between the two agencies for the use of space-based systems in support of maritime activities. The first part of the paper summarizes European maritime related policy areas where space assets can contribute to achieve their objectives. The second part of the paper addresses how ESA's initiatives and programs could contribute and support the maritime sector in Europe. The main purpose of this paper is to come up with conclusions on whether and how the use of space assets, technology and applications, can contribute in achieving the maritime policy objectives for the benefit of Europe. • Holistic assesment of the role of space in maritime sector. • Understanding of European maritime related policy areas where space assets can contribute to achieve their objectives. • Identification of particular uses of space assets, technology and applications contributing to maritime policy. • Identification of ESA's initiatives and programs contributing and supporting the maritime sector. • Assessment of the role of space in achieving the maritime policy objectives for the benefit of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comparison of models for international cooperation by space states. By analysing the successes and failures of these models, recommendations about international cooperation have been presented for the benefit of emerging space agencies, for example, the Australian Space Agency. As international cooperation in space is very wide-ranging in nature, this paper also researches and analyses a number of specific topics intended to provide valuable insights for emerging space agencies. The paper draws upon the learnings of emerging space nations and established space actors. Reasons for international cooperation are examined, along with the legal frameworks used to support it. Examples of international cooperation in space projects are reviewed along with international committees promoting cooperation. The use of international cooperation in helping solve a major 'space challenge' facing the world is examined and a framework for evaluating potential cooperative initiatives is proposed. This report emerged from the research conducted in Space Ready: The Launchpad For Emerging Agencies which provided policy recommendations for new space states from a comparative analysis of the aims, structure, funding, and activities over 14 different space agencies. The report was written during the 2018 International Space University's Southern Hemisphere Space Studies Program, in which students from 15 countries with diverse academic backgrounds were able to provide insider perspectives on the space agency of their countries. • A comparison of models for international cooperation by space states is provided. • Understand the goals and/or mechanisms of international cooperation for the agency. • Incorporate international cooperation in legislation, policy, strategy & reporting. • Access new scientific ventures only possible through cooperative space projects. • Use the proposed framework to evaluate international cooperative activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to examine and provide a holistic assessment of the "Space and Security" Policy in Europe, taking into consideration the European and national Space Strategies, Programmes and Governance. The importance of security in European Union (EU) activities is increasing after a decade of unprecedented crises and challenges of multidimensional nature. Space, as an enabling tool in support of multiple policy areas, can contribute to national and supranational security objectives. Space can contribute to and ultimately reinforce the European integration process. The first part of this paper focuses on the description of the security aspects of the space activities in Europe. The analysis includes the two main extents of space security – security from space and security in space. The second part focuses on the security aspects of the European Union (EU), European Space Agency (ESA) and National Space strategies, policies and programmes. The importance of coordination and cooperation between the stakeholders is emphasised. The final part considers how the European "Space and Security" strategies and policies contribute to European Space Integration. • Overview of Space and Security in Europe. • Understanding of the Space Strategies, Programmes and Governance of ESA, EU and selected Member States. • Identification of security dimension of space activities from a space policy perspective. • Analysis of Space and Security Policy in the Frame of European Space Integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STEM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. This paper discusses the importance of delivering STEM education as an integrated applied interdisciplinary approach to learning. Such a holistic interactive experience can inspire the younger generation to get interested in STEM. This learning approach can be greatly enhanced through being exposed to real life experiences, projects and activities, where STEM plays a pivotal role. Many astronauts, scientists, and engineers working in aerospace and the space industry were inspired to follow such careers because at some early stage of their lives they witnessed a pivotal life changing event which could have only been possible to comprehend or realise through the integrated utilization of STEM. This may have been a natural phenomenon, such as witnessing a solar eclipse or a meteor shower, while some are man-made, such as the first man in space orbiting the Earth or the first humans to land on the Moon. All of these experiences would have had a powerful effect in igniting the imagination of a young child or student. For example, Neil Alden Armstrong at the age of six took his first airplane ride. He was so intrigued by this experience on this marvel of an invention that it made him determined to become a pilot. In an indirect way it drove him to want to learn STEM, which are essential if you want to become a proficient aviator. Of course we all know now that if it wasn't for that inspiration, Armstrong may have never set his foot on the Moon to become the first human to do so. The United Arab Emirates Space Agency (UAE SA) endeavours to play a big part in building a bright and exciting future for the UAE nation. This it has already started to do by focusing on the UAE younger generation which it considers as the most valuable resources. The aim is to set the sound foundation for a knowledge and technology based society. The approach is to set up a variety of Space related programs that inspire the students from an early age and motivate them to study STEM. Most importantly these programs are designed to empower them with knowledge, teaching them creative and innovative ways of thinking. These its space exploration and space based experimentation programs as platform in which students can get involved through holistic interactive hands on experiences covering all the fields of STEM. It is a well-known fact that involving all your senses in an activity enhances your experience and knowledge. In this way knowledge is retained, providing an extended background to solving problems and the insight towards future discoveries and developments. Examples of the UAE Space Agency Space related activities designed to encourage the engagement of student in STEM are: This paper will explain the objectives, phases, and the outcomes of running these types of activities and how they inspire the younger generation through exposure to these real life examples where STEM plays an essential role. • Promoting the integrated STEM education approach within UAE schools. • Training and equipping teachers to deliver integrated STEM education. • Ensuring access to practical learning experiences to students from an early age. • Engaging students in collaborative research and development activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The base pose of a free-floating space robot can be disturbed by the motion of its manipulators. When a multi-arm space robot captures a space target, a closed-loop system will be formed, and the dynamic coupling between the base and manipulators or the target are more complex. This paper analyzes the dynamic coupling effect of the open-loop multi-arm space robot and the closed-loop system. According to the momentum conservation equation, the velocity correlation matrices between the base and the joints or end-effectors in the open-loop free-floating space robot, and those between the base and the joints or target in the closed-loop system are derived. On this basis, the dynamic coupling factors and coupling ellipsoids are proposed as two tools to measure the coupling degree. The coupling factors proposed in this paper are based on the singular values of the correlation matrices to expand the scope of application. The two tools are applied to analyze the coupling of a dual-arm space robot and its composite body with the captured target, where the influences of dynamic parameters, link lengths and joint variables are mainly studied. • Dynamic coupling analysis of the open-loop multi-arm space robot and the closed-loop system. • Kinematic modeling based on the spatial vector theory and the graph theory. • Dynamic coupling factors and dynamic coupling matrices are proposed as two indicators. • The effects of dynamic parameters, link lengths and joint variables are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Large space membranes have been widely used in many space projects to develop extremely large and lightweight SAR antennas, solar arrays and solar sails, and the nonlinear structural vibrations induced by on-orbit disturbances should be suppressed to satisfy the mission requirements. In this paper, the nonlinear dynamic behaviors of a typical large space membrane, which can not be accurately described by natural frequencies and mode shapes, are investigated by the trustworthy iterative membrane property modeling approach. Based on the discussions of the controller design challenges from such nonlinearity, this paper proposes a distributed control strategy to actively suppress the nonlinear membrane vibration, and comparatively evaluates three different actuating and sensing placements to obtain superior vibration suppression performance. Very promising results numerically demonstrate that the proposed control strategy is theoretically feasible and has great potential to be used in the design of active vibration suppression systems for large space membrane applications. Highlights • Nonlinear vibration behaviors are investigated on a typical large space membrane. • A distributed control strategy is proposed to suppress nonlinear membrane vibrations. • Superior performance is obtained by examining actuating/sensing placement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive in-situ resource utilisation (ISRU) will be essential to enable long-duration stays on Luna and Mars and reduce reliance on resupply from Earth. Early development of ISRU technologies has focused on standalone capabilities for specific targets related to life support and ascent propellant. An unexplored opportunity remains for greatly expanding the scope of materials that can be supplied by ISRU, and for integrating various technology platforms into a larger system. Recent advances in power-to-X technology aimed at decarbonising the global economy have made it possible to drive key chemical processes using electricity with small-scale, modular reactors. This paper proposes a vision for an integrated system of ISRU processes based on power-to-X technology to produce oxygen, hydrogen, water, methane, polymers, metal alloys, and synthetic fertilisers, using Martian regolith, atmosphere, and ice. A 'building block' strategy is adopted to convert raw materials into versatile intermediaries, which can then be combined to form essential products. A wider range of raw materials are available on Mars compared to Luna, suggesting greater opportunity for ISRU deployment to compensate for the greater time and cost requirements for a Mars resupply mission. • Power-to-X (P2X) technology can be used to improve the feasibility of long-duration missions to Luna and Mars. • The modular, small-scale, and versatile nature of P2X reactors make them ideal for space applications. • An integrated ISRU system is proposed that can produce oxygen, hydrogen, water, methane, polymers, metal alloys, and synthetic fertilisers on Mars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-finger caging offers an adaptive and robust object grasping approach, but caging objects in the space is complicated and difficult due to the complex relative motion between the object and the multi-fingered mechanism, and the high degrees of freedom of fingers. In this paper, an integrative three-dimensional multi-finger caging algorithm for tumbling targets in the space is presented. The main core of the proposed algorithm is the "leader-follower" mode: (1) in order to realize the synchronous motion of the tumbling target, the leading finger of the multi-fingered mechanism is selected and its base joint is controlled to track the caging point of the target using the model predictive control strategy; (2) to simplify the degrees of freedom, the leading finger adjusts its joint angles to resemble its shape as closely as possible with the caging edge based on One Way Distance, then possible configurations of other following fingers are determined according to structural constraints of the multi-fingered mechanism; and (3) the effective caging configuration is determined according to the derived multi-finger caging conditions. The main advantages of this work are (1) the simple task mode – "leader-follower" mode can significantly simplify the calculation burden of caging configuration design; (2) the adaptivity and robustness for tumbling targets with different shapes benefited from the flexibility of the caging configuration. The proposed algorithm is applied in the capture of a dysfunctional satellite with solar panels and a discarded upper stage rocket, respectively. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can find the effective caging configuration efficiently. • Multi-finger caging is adaptive and robust for tumbling targets in the space with different shapes. • A novel multi-finger caging algorithm with "Leader-Follower" mode for dynamic objects. • The calculation burden of caging configuration design is lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before an active debris removal process is carried out, the attitude stabilization of the debris needs to be executed to ensure security. Fortunately, for the tethered system, a full despun is not always necessary; a stabilization of the motion of the tether attachment point is usually sufficient. This paper discusses the way to stabilize the motion of the tether attachment point of a captured noncooperative space debris without any auxiliary mechanisms. The debris possesses unknown inertia information and states after capture, while the tether tension is the only input to manipulate its attitude. The direction and value of the tension is regulated based on the continuous dissipation of the rotational energy of the debris. Moreover, the range of the tether direction is restricted to a small conical region, in order to reduce the tether libration motion and the orbit maneuver of the main satellite. The motion of the tether attachment point is desired to be observed instead of measuring the attitude motion of the debris in the feedback loop, which might be easier to attain in practical applications. Numerical simulations are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the control method and to check the performance of the controller with different parameters.] • The motion of the tether attachment point is stabilized by the tether tension. • No inertia information concerning the debris or the measure of its attitude motion is needed. • The range of the tension direction and convergence rate can be adjusted by choosing proper control parameters. • Different equilibrium states are discussed by theoretical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Target capture is a fundamental and essential task of space robots for on-orbit servicing in the future. Accordingly, it is important to study the method for space robot stabilization after impact during target capture. In this paper, the stabilization control problem of a combined spacecraft after multiple impacts during target capture is studied. A dual-integral sliding mode (DISM) control method based on the reconfiguration of the reaction wheels is proposed. The stability control of the combined spacecraft is achieved by controlling the reaction wheels of the space robot to absorb the angular momentum arising from the impact. First, given the structure of the gripper, the contact detection algorithm and contact dynamics model are established, and then multiple impacts are simulated during the target capturing operation. Second, an improved sliding mode control method is proposed to overcome the influence of multiple impacts, and the stability of the controller is confirmed by the Lyapunov method. Third, through an optimization method, the configuration of the reaction wheels of the space robot is reconstructed to avoid control torque saturation. The validity and availability are eventually verified by simulations and experiments. The results show that the proposed method can achieve the stability of the combined spacecraft after the target capture, and the algorithm is robust and has engineering applicability. • The contact detection algorithm and contact dynamics model are established. • A dual-integral sliding mode control method is proposed to overcome the influence of multiple impacts. • The configuration of the reaction wheels of the space robot is reconstructed to avoid control torque saturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it is said about the danger of orbital debris for space activities and the ecology of the Earth, it most often means large orbital debris. In contrast to large orbital debris, the influence of small ones to space activities and ecology of the Earth and near-Earth space is often underestimated. As will be shown in this paper, it is unfair. New data on the dynamics of contamination of near-Earth space with small debris in low Earth orbit were obtained. The number, mass, and dynamics of the small orbital debris population in low Earth orbit are estimated as well as the consequences of the deployment of multi-satellite communication satellite systems are estimated. It makes the study of this area particularly relevant. The various aspects of the consequences of technogenic contamination of near-Earth space are considered. The comparison of the danger of small orbital particles and large satellite fragments for space activity and the ecology of the Earth and near-Earth space is also provided. А significant lack of reliable information on small space debris is proved to be one of the main limiting factors for our knowledge about the population of space debris in low Earth orbits. • The consequences of technogenic contamination of near-Earth space are considered. • The danger of small orbital particles and large satellite fragments is investigated. • А significant lack of reliable information on small space debris is important problem. • The growth of technogenic contamination is the onset of Kessler's cascade syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space Manipulator Systems (SMSs) are complex systems made of a platform equipped with one or more deployable robotic arms and they will be playing a major role in future autonomous on-orbit missions. The latter may as well involve manipulation operations of the target object which needs to be moved from an initial configuration to a final one suitable for the specific task under consideration. In the present study, the mission being analyzed concerns the manipulation of a passive body by means of a flexible SMS after grasping operations have been performed. The dynamics model is derived in a three-dimensional context (non-linear formulation for the rigid-body motions and linear for the elastic dynamics). The SMS involved in the investigation has two actuated seven-degree of freedom arms. Furthermore, the modeling of the grasp constraint existing between the SMS end-effectors and the target object is a critical issue which is addressed in the present paper. A combination of Jacobian Transpose and Proportional-Derivative Control is synthesized to accomplish the desired mission goals. Numerical results proving the effectiveness of the proposed strategy are presented and discussed. • Debris removal is a serious problem that must be faced in near future. • Robotic arms are one of the most promising options for orbital servicing. • A closed-loop multibody system dynamics model is developed. • A docking maneuver of a non-cooperative target is designed. • A combination of Jacobian Transpose and Proportional-Derivative Control is synthesized to accomplish the mission goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep space is the new frontier for human exploration, with Moon and Mars identified as fundamental targets. Improving in-space transportation capabilities has been recognized as one of the critical enabler for sustainable and affordable space programs in Earth proximity and beyond. Envisioning the presence of future deep space infrastructures, cargo transferring becomes a major issue that can benefit from improvements in in-space propulsion technology. Electric propulsion could represent the turning point, thanks to the combination of new system architectures and technology advancements, e.g. cluster architecture and magnetic shielding, and improved capability of on-board power generation. High-power Hall Thrusters are considered the most promising solution for future space exploration, thanks to a favourable thrust to power ratio, higher than Gridded Ion Engines. Reusable platforms, based on Hall Thrusters, could represent a valid alternative to chemical-propelled spacecraft. These systems could be exploited to support human presence in deep space, delivering life support items and providing on-orbit servicing capabilities. In this paper, the typical mission analysis tools have been exploited to analyse the selected scenarios. The analysis highlights possible advantages achievable adopting high-power Hall Thrusters on board reusable platforms. Since the design of these spacecraft envisions the adoption of a 20 kW-class Hall Thruster string, the mass and power budgets are obtained for those subsystems that are most affected by this critical technology. Then, the feasibility of each scenario is assessed considering the needs defined not only by the traffic plan, in terms of loading/unloading cargo and transfer duration, but also by the peculiar mission and physical constraints. Last, the different platform design solutions are compared with respect to their electric propulsion configurations, in order to identify the possible commonalities in terms of architecture and technology, in line with the current trend of modularity and affordability. • Electric Space Tug for unmanned transfer in Earth, Moon and Mars environment. • High power electric propulsion enabling new mission scenario. • Different platform design solutions compared wrt to electric propulsion configuration. • High power hall thruster considered the most promising solution for future space exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, satellite on-board data handling bandwidth requirements grew significantly, as well as production volume of these systems. A series of different protocols currently try to answer this need. In particular, the European Space Agency developed an open protocol solution: SpaceFibre. The SpaceFibre protocol can sustain a line rate of 6.25 Gb/s per lane (up to 16 lanes). It offers advanced and flexible Quality-of-Service features, as well as Fault Detection Isolation and Recovery services. The protocol structure has been developed so that full hardware implementation of its core layers is straightforward, granting high performances at low price in terms of complexity and power consumption, one of the most stringent requirements in space applications. In this paper, a FPGA implementation on both rad-hardened (RTAX2000, RTG4, Virtex-5) and commercial (ZYNQ 7000) devices of the SpaceFibre CODEC is presented together with its verification environment and a hardware validation set-up. Particular attention is given to the trade-off between resources utilisation, power consumption and CODEC configurations, in order to enable future system adopters to efficiently explore the design space. • Satellite on-board data-handling bandwidth is increasing up to tens of Gbps. • SpaceFibre is the upcoming protocol promoted by ESA to handle such requirement. • SpaceFibre can sustain 6.25gbps per lane (up to 16 lanes in parallel). • It offers advanced quality of service, fault detection isolation and recovery. • SpaceFibre codec development with performance analysis is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a composite weighted average consensus filtering (CWACF) algorithm is proposed for space object tracking by combining two distributed heterogeneous nonlinear filters. In light of the sensors' different sensing accuracy and computational capability, extended Kalman filter (EKF) and sparse-grid quadrature filter (SGQF) are compositely adopted on different sensors as local filters. Then, estimates from neighbours are fused based on the weighted average consensus framework to attain better estimation performance. Moreover, it is proved that the estimation error is exponentially bounded in mean square. The performances of the proposed algorithm, the distributed extended Kalman filtering (DEKF) and the distributed sparse-grid quadrature filter (DSGQF) are compared in a space object tracking problem. • A composite weighted average consensus filtering (CWACF) algorithm is designed. • CWACF can provide precise estimation for space target tracking. • The estimation error of CWACF is proved to be exponentially bounded in mean square. • CWACF can achieve the balance between estimation accuracy and computational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space net capture is an innovative concept for active debris removal that provides a prospective method for the removal of large, non-cooperative space targets. The design of a space net capture system must meet two basic requirements: maximizing the capture ability and minimizing the system cost. This paper presents an inexpensive multi-objective optimization framework to solve this design problem. In this framework, a design optimization approach using a lumped parameter modelling method as well as an improved inexpensive multi-objective optimization algorithm is proposed. The system mass and effective distance are chosen as objectives of this optimization problem. The simulation results reveal that the multi-objective optimization framework is feasible and effective for the design of a space net capture system, and the designer preferred solutions that enhance system design are reliably identified. • A multi-objective optimal design framework for space net system is proposed. • A lumped parameter model is studied and verified with ground test. • System mass and effective working distance are chosen as optimization targets. • MOEA/D EGO optimization algorithm is improved and used to solve this time expensive optimization problem. • A new evaluation index, effective working distance, is proposed based on the target coverage ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-arm space robot is a promising autonomous system to remove the increasing space debris actively. Due to its limited on-orbit energy, dual-arm space robot should approach and capture the target with minimum time and base disturbance. In this paper, the multi-objective configuration optimization is proposed for maximizing manipulability and minimizing base disturbance of dual-arm space robot during the pre-contact phase. Based on virtual base modelling and coordinated planning, the free-floating dual-arm space robots can be controlled to track and approach the target satellite. In addition, in the null-space of tracking motion, the configuration optimization of dual-arm space robot can be realized by arm-angle adjustment of 7 DOF redundant manipulator. Therefore, the expressions of arm angle and arm-angle Jacobian are first derived. Then the arm-angle trajectory is parameterized by adopting 5th order polynomial interpolation. The optimal arm-angle trajectory can be obtained by Multiple Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO), in which the objective function of configuration optimization is set to the vector consisted of base disturbance and manipulability. Therefore, in the null space of dual-arm space robot approaching the tumbling target satellite, the configuration optimization is realized through following the optimal arm-angle trajectory. Finally, several single-objective and multi-objective optimization simulations are carried out to verify the proposed method. • Multi-objective configuration optimization is proposed for dual-arm space robot. • Coordinated control based on virtual-base modelling and null-space projection is adopted. • Arm angle and arm-angle Jacobian are used to represent and control the configuration. • Optimal arm-angle trajectory is obtained from MOPSO to achieve multiple objectives. • Several single and multiple objective optimization simulations verify the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with general telerobot system, space telerobot system (STS) faces with more serious and complex time delay. In time delay prediction, the traditional sparse multivariate linear regressive (SMLR), auto regressive (AR), neural network (NN) and cubic polynomial model based (CBMB) approaches share lower efficiency or precision, when time delay is serious and complex. To solve this problem, time delay prediction for STS is discussed in this paper. Through analysis, time delay in STS can be divided to three parts: a) communication time delay; b) transmission time delay; c) processing time delay. Then, detailed varying rule and accurate statistics analysis are given for each parts of time delay. Based on the previous work, a modified SMLR is proposed and realizes the prediction of time delay. Compared with previous SMLR, AR, NN and CBMB approaches, the modified SMLR method shares more higher prediction efficiency or precision. Finally, a simulation example is given and the simulation results show the superiorities. • Details analysis about the varying rules and statistical characteristics of time delay in STS are given. • Time delay prediction problem for STS is studied。. • A modified sparse multivariate linear regressive (SMLR) model method is proposed. • The modified SMLR shares high prediction efficiency and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the motion state of space non-cooperative targets is in the fields of space on-orbit services and debris removal. This paper proposes a method for the measurements of the spin rate of fast-swirl non-cooperative targets through a monocular camera, for image features that have been degraded at a medium and long distance. First, the coordinate system between the tracking satellite and the target is established, and the relationship between the target spin period and its image projection angle is deduced. An image processing method which can extract the projection angle of the target image stably under complex illumination conditions is then proposed. Next, considering the characteristics of the sequence projection angle of the fast-spinning target at a long distance, the spin rate of the target is calculated using a sinusoidal polynomial fitting method. The proposed method is validated by simulated and on-orbit data. Experiment results show that the method has strong adaptability, measurement reliability and practical engineering application prospects. • Measuring the spin rate of non-cooperative targets through monocular camera images. • Proving the mathematical principle of the spin rate measurement. • Applied to long-distance, image feature degradation and fast spin small targets. • Fora 60°/s fast-spinning target, the measuring standard deviation is 0.05°/s. • Giving ground simulation and space images data verification test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Korea has a short history in space development compared to neighboring countries like Japan, China, India and Russia. During the past 20 years, Korea has focused on developing satellite and rocket space technology under the national space development plan. KOMPSAT-1 and 2, and KSLV-1 are the results of the selection and concentration policy of the Korean government. Due to the arduous mission of developing hardware oriented space technology, the topic of space education and outreach for the general public has not received much in the national space program. But recently, the Korean government has begun planning a space science outreach program in the detailed action plan of the mid-long term national space development plan. This paper introduces and analyzes the organizations performing space education and outreach programs for primary and secondary schools in the Republic of Korea. “Young Astronaut Korea (YAK)” is one such program. This is a non-profit organization established to provide space education for students in 1989 when Korea just started its space development program. “YAK” is a unique group in Korea for space education and outreach activities because it is organized by branches at each school in the nation and it is much like the Boy Scout and Girl Scout programs. Space Science Museum and National Youth Space Center (NYSC), which are located near NARO space center in the southernmost part of the Korean peninsula are other examples of space education and outreach programs. NARO space center, which is the only launch site in Korea became the center of public interest by showing the KSLV-1 launch in 2009 and will be expected to play a key role for the space education of students in the Republic of Korea. The NYSC will perform many mission oriented space education programs for students as Space Camp in the USA does. This paper introduces the status of the space education and outreach programs of each organization and presents the future direction of space education and outreach for the Korean public and students. If these three organizations cooperate with each other and develop systematic programs of space education and outreach for the people, they will prepare a base for growth and progress in future space science and technology in Korea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper presents an overview of the scientific space experiments in the Korean Astronaut Program (KAP) that were conducted on the International Space Station (ISS), beginning with launch of the Soyuz TMA-12 spacecraft with the first Korean astronaut and two Russian astronauts on April 8, 2008 and returning to Earth on April 19, 2008. During the 10 days aboard the ISS, the Korean astronaut successfully completed thirteen scientific experiments in biology, life science, material science, earth science, and system engineering, five educational space experiments, and three kinds of international collaboration experiments. These experiments were the first Korean manned space experiments and these missions were the first steps toward the manned space exploration by Korea. In this paper, we briefly discuss the descriptions, conduct, and results of the space experiments and discuss future plans. In addition, the lessons learned with respect to the performing of these manned space experiments on the ISS are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Canada''s space program began in 1958 with the work that led to the launch of Canada''s first satellite, Alouette 1, in 1962. In 1967, two major reports on Canadian space research efforts called for a Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The Canadian government declined to set up an agency but chose instead in 1969 to establish an interdepartmental committee to coordinate Canada''s space efforts. The CSA finally began operations on March 1, 1989. This paper will look at government documents, reports and statements about Canadian space efforts during this time to trace the efforts to establish a CSA. This paper will also examine the creation of the Interdepartmental Committee on Space in 1969. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Canadian government focused on satellites as a communications tool and as a means of encouraging high technology industry in Canada. After joining the US space shuttle program in the 1970s, Canada was invited in the 1980s to send astronauts into space and take part in the US space station program. Although the committee structure was awkward and inconvenient, Canada''s space efforts during that time saw a high degree of political and economic success. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Space exploration is arguably the greatest voyage of discovery ever undertaken and just as artists have traditionally accompanied the great ocean and land voyages of the past, so artists have been and are at the forefront of space voyages of the future. Increasingly, the European Space Agency (ESA) is being asked to support or participate in artistic and cultural events, largely as a result of its study into science fiction literature and artwork. The paper first gives an overview of the relationship between space and art by discussing art that has been sent into space, orbital sculptures, art on Earth seen from space, and performance art and dance in zero gravity. The paper then provides an update on ESA''s involvement in some activities in this domain including the organization of science fiction and space art exhibitions, workshops and competitions, and a recently launched study into how ESA might use the European components of the International Space Station for artistic and cultural events to enable the public to better share the human experience of space missions and interact with the sights and sounds of space. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract The present paper develops model for evaluating the results of high energy micro-particle space debris irradiation of space structures. The closed form solution formulas for determining temperature fields, thermomechanical failure are presented. Fracture of brittle materials under local heat exposure is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs the institutional logics perspective to understand how space policies and regulations influences entrepreneurship and innovation. We conducted interviews with entrepreneurs, ESA policy makers and governmental representatives in Austria and identified six prevailing institutional practices: geographical return, the SME-initiatives, the national support pattern, the size pattern, the consortium pattern and the experience pattern. Together, these patterns make up the semi-governmental logic of the space sector. We find that space actors adhere to these patterns to earn legitimacy, which is a condition for support and access to resources. This study adds to our understanding in the consequences of policies and contributes to the design of new space policies and programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical model of innovation behind closed doors is slowly but surely being challenged by the Open Innovation model that is reshaping the way organizations bring new products and services into the market. This paper reports on the results of an International Space University (ISU) Team Project (TP) focused on the potential, limitations and conditions of success of Open Innovation in the space sector using ISU׳s international, interdisciplinary, intercultural (3Is) approach. Open Innovation can be defined as “the process of strategically managing the sharing of ideas and resources among entities to co-create value”. Conventional approaches to technology development for space, such as spin-offs or spin-ins, are no longer sufficient to fully describe the interactions between organizations in today׳s Research and Development (R&D) landscape. Traditionally, conducting space technology development and launching space missions required massive infrastructure investments, long lead times and large teams of experts. However, internal R&D, dedicated marketing departments and closely guarded intellectual property are no longer the only way to achieve success. Smaller, nimbler teams, significant use of crowdfunding, a more aggressive approach to managing risk and a great motivation to leverage intellectual property are just some of their defining characteristics. By using a case study methodology focused on asteroid mining supported by a critical literature review, the project team highlighted the potential of Open Innovation in space by identifying its most promising applications as well as its limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As higher strength to density ratio materials become available, the construction of a space elevator on Earth becomes more plausible. Though many fundamental aspects of the mechanical behaviour of a space elevator have been previously analysed, several details have not been rigorously explored. This paper examines the deformation of the tether from its nominal state when it is loaded with a climber at any altitude. Using an assumed modes numerical approach, the equilibrium conditions governing the static deformation of the elevator tether are derived, taking into account the presence of a climber. These discretised equations are solved numerically to determine the static deformation of the tether. A spectrum of statically deformed tether profiles is presented. Strain, stress and tension profiles are also computed and discussed. In general, when a climber is present below GEO, the extension (and stress) of the portion of tether below it is reduced and that above it is largely unaffected. When a climber is present above GEO, the extension (and stress) of the portion of tether below it is increased (that above it remains largely unaffected). Finally, the absolute displacement of the apex anchor (counterweight) is plotted against climber locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Faculty of Engineering at The University of Nottingham, UK, has developed interdisciplinary, hands-on workshops for primary schools that introduce space technology, its relevance to everyday life and the importance of science, technology, engineering and maths. The workshop activities for 7–11 year olds highlight the roles that space and satellite technology play in observing and monitoring the Earth's biosphere as well as being vital to communications in the modern digital world. The programme also provides links to ‘how science works’, the environment and citizenship and uses pixel art through the medium of digital photography to demonstrate the importance of maths in a novel and unconventional manner. The interactive programme of activities provides learners with an opportunity to meet ‘real’ scientists and engineers, with one of the key messages from the day being that anyone can become involved in science and engineering whatever their ability or subject of interest. The methodology introduces the role of scientists and engineers using space technology themes, but it could easily be adapted for use with any inspirational topic. Analysis of learners’ perceptions of science, technology, engineering and maths before and after participating in ENGage showed very positive and significant changes in their attitudes to these subjects and an increase in the number of children thinking they would be interested and capable in pursuing a career in science and engineering. This paper provides an overview of the activities, the methodology, the evaluation process and results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper sets space tourism in its historic setting, while looking ahead to where it may lead, and it underlines the significance of the new space tourism services to the overall future of the utilization of space, whether for commercial or governmental purposes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Many governmental space activities need to be planned with a time horizon that extends beyond the comfort zone of reliable technology development assessments and predictions. In an environment of accelerating technological change, a methodological approach to addressing non-core technology trends and potentially disruptive, game-changing developments not yet linked to the space sector is increasingly important to complement efforts in core technology R&D planning. Various models and organisational setups aimed at fulfilling this purpose are in existence. These include, with varying levels of relevance to space, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC, operational form 1998 to 2007 and recently re-established), the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defence, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Medialab, the early versions of Starlab, the Lockheed Skunk Works and the European Space Agency''s Advanced Concepts Team. Some of these organisations have been reviewed and assessed individually, though systematic comparison of their methods, approaches and results have not been published. This may be due in part to the relatively sparse scientific literature on organisational parameters for enabling disruptive innovation as well as to the lack of commonly agreed indicators for the evaluation of their performance. Furthermore, innovation support systems in the space sector are organised differently than in traditional, open competitive markets, which serve as the basis for most scholarly literature on the organisation of innovation. The present paper is intended to advance and stimulate discussion on the organisation of disruptive innovation mechanisms specifically for the space sector. It uses the examples of the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts and the ESA Advanced Concepts Team, analyses their respective approaches and compares their results, leading to the proposal of measures for the analysis and eventual evaluation of research for disruptive innovation in the space sector. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Globalization is creating an interdependent space-faring world and new opportunities for international partnerships that strengthen space knowledge development and transfer. These opportunities have been codified in the Global Exploration Strategy, which endorses the “inspirational and educational value of space exploration” . Also, during the 2010 Heads of Space Agencies Summit celebrating the International Academy of Astronautics’ (IAA) 50th Anniversary, space-faring nations from across the globe issued a collective call in support of robust international partnerships to expand the frontiers of space exploration and generate knowledge for improving life on Earth . Educators play a unique role in this mission, developing strategic partnerships and sharing best educational practices to (1) further global understanding of the benefits of space exploration for life on Earth and (2) prepare the next generation of scientists required for the 21st Century space workforce. Educational Outreach (EO) programs use evidence-based, measurable outcomes strategies and cutting edge information technologies to transfer space-based science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) knowledge to new audiences; create indigenous materials with cultural resonance for emerging space societies; support teacher professional development; and contribute to workforce development initiatives that inspire and prepare new cohorts of students for space exploration careers. The National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM) have sustained a 13-year space science education partnership dedicated to these objectives. This paper briefly describes the design and achievements of NSBRI''s educational programs, with special emphasis on those initiatives'' involvement with IAA and the International Astronautical Congress (IAC). The IAA Commission 2 Draft Report, Space for Africa, is discussed as a model for developing sustainable partnerships and indigenous programs that support Africa''s steady emergence as a global space-faring force. The IAC will provide timely: 2011 South Africa will provide timely feedback to refine that report''s strategies for space life sciences education and public engagement in Africa and around the globe. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Space technology and resources are used around the world to address societal challenges. Space provides valuable satellite services, unique scientific discoveries, surprising technology applications and new economic opportunities. Many developing countries formally recognize the advantages of space resources and pursue national level activity to harness them. There is limited data or documentation on the space activities of developing countries. Meanwhile, traditional approaches to summarize national space activity do not necessarily capture the types of activity that developing countries pursue in space. This is especially true if they do not have a formal national space program or office. Developing countries pursue national space activity through activities of many types—from national satellite programs to commercial use of satellite services to involvement with international space institutions. This research aims to understand and analyze these trends. This paper introduces two analytical frameworks for evaluating space activity at the national level. The frameworks are specifically designed to capture the activity of countries that have traditionally been less involved in space. They take a broad view of space related activity across multiple societal sectors and disciplines. The discussion explains the approach for using the frameworks as well as illustrative examples of how they can be applied as part of a research process. The first framework is called the Mission and Management Ladders. This framework considers specific space projects within countries and ranks them on “Ladders” that measure technical challenge and managerial autonomy. This first method is at a micro level of analysis. The second framework is called the Space Participation Metric (SPM). The SPM can be used to assign a Space Participation score to countries based on their involvement in various space related activities. This second method uses a macro level of analysis. The authors developed both frameworks as part of a long term research program about the space activities of developing countries. This aspect of the research focuses on harnessing multiple techniques to summarize complex, multi-disciplinary information about global space activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The European Space Agency''s Mars Express mission was launched in 2003 and was Europe''s first mission to Mars. On-board was a small camera designed to provide ‘visual telemetry’ of the separation of the Beagle-2 lander. After achieving its goal it was shut down while the primary science mission of Mars Express got underway. In 2007 this camera was reactivated by the flight control team of Mars Express for the purpose of providing public education and outreach—turning it into the ‘Mars Webcam’. The camera is a small, 640×480 pixel colour CMOS camera with a wide-angle 30°×40° field of view. This makes it very similar in almost every way to the average home PC webcam. The major difference is that this webcam is not in an average location but is instead in orbit around Mars. On a strict basis of non-interference with the primary science activities, the camera is turned on to provide unique wide-angle views of the planet below. A highly automated process ensures that the observations are scheduled on the spacecraft and then uploaded to the internet as rapidly as possible. There is no intermediate stage, so that visitors to the Mars Webcam blog serve as ‘citizen scientists’. Full raw datasets and processing instructions are provided along with a mechanism to allow visitors to comment on the blog. Members of the public are encouraged to use this in either a personal or an educational context and work with the images. We then take their excellent work and showcase it back on the blog. We even apply techniques developed by them to improve the data and webcam experience for others. The accessibility and simplicity of the images also makes the data ideal for educational use, especially as educational projects can then be showcased on the site as inspiration for others. The oft-neglected target audience of space enthusiasts is also important as this allows them to participate as part of an interplanetary instrument team. This paper will cover the history of the project and the technical background behind using the camera and linking the results to an accessible blog format. It will also cover the outreach successes of the project, some of the contributions from the Mars Webcam community, opportunities to use and work with the Mars Webcam and plans for future uses of the camera. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents experimental studies on active flatness control of a membrane structure using genetic algorithm (GA). Different from the previous algorithms with a single objective function, a genetic algorithm with online objective reweighting capability is proposed here. This genetic algorithm implements an objective function that re-weights its objective online and the objective function is the flatness plus tension. The goal of the reweighting genetic algorithm is to allow for a computationally efficient method by which membrane wrinkling can be reduced, while maintaining a consideration for control authority. Experiments are conducted on our membrane test facility with two implementations: a static mutation rate and an adaptive mutation rate. The experimental results show that the proposed genetic algorithm is able to converge on flatness while reducing the total amount of tension required. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In over 50 years the United Kingdom has designed, built, launched, operated or otherwise contributed to hundreds of spacecraft and space missions. Its scientists, engineers and officials have carved centres of astronautical excellence around the country, participated in a great number of international space programmes and missions and played a leading role in the establishment of the world''s main pan-national space agency (ESA) and its two precursors, the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) and the European Space Research Organization (ESRO). With its Skylark sounding rocket launch of November 1957 the UK was one of the first nations to gather new scientific data as part of the International Geophysical Year. Fifty years on, the UK is an enthusiastic supporter of the Global Exploration Strategy with major commitments to future missions to the moon and to the Mars that exploit the nation''s expertise in small satellite and planetary robot technology. And while such mission involvement takes UK space technologies out into the solar system as never before the nation continues to excel in Earth orbit with its development and manufacture of large, increasingly powerful telecommunications satellites. The UK''s space heritage and its ongoing and directed activities are rich and productive. And yet—the representation of UK space endeavour is all too often skewed—misleading and unduly pejorative: ‘…British space…more romance than reality.’ 1 [1] In Praise of…the British Space Programme, The Guardian Newspaper, March 4th, 2008. Why does such partisan commentary occur and why has such an attitude prevailed for so long? This paper seeks some answers by reviewing UK space activity and its historiography in the wider and global context of astronautics between 1957 and 2007. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In all developed countries, once it emerged from the amateur era, Space (and especially rocketry) moved on the public agenda because of its potential significance for both the civil and military policies of governments (coupled with its appetite for new money). In the UK the policy treatment of Space broadly paralleled that in other countries until the post-Empire trauma, the burn-out of the White-Hot Technological revolution of Harold Wilson, and the financial crises of the 1970s exhausted the public appetite for large scale publicly funded projects in high technology. The culmination for Space of these pressures came in 1986–1987 when the UK rejected the emerging international consensus and, almost alone, stayed outside the manned space commitments which developed into the International Space Station. In this paper, Colin Hicks will review the UK political developments which led up to the 1986–1987 decision and how the politics and organisation of UK space activity have developed since then to the point where in 2008 a major government review of the UK involvement in manned space was commissioned. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper describes the main issues for the design of an appropriately planned habitat for tourists in space. Due study and analysis of the environment of space stations (ISS, MIR, Skylab) delineate positive and negative aspects of architectonical design. Analysis of the features of architectonical design for touristic needs and verification of suitability with design for space habitat. Space tourism environment must offer a high degree of comfort and suggest correct behavior of the tourists. This is intended for the single person as well as for the group. Two main aspects of architectural planning will be needed: the design of the private sphere and the design of the public sphere. To define the appearance of environment there should be paid attention to some main elements like the materiality of surfaces used; the main shapes of areas and the degree of flexibility and adaptability of the environment to specific needs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Achieving the United States’ Vision for future Space Exploration will necessitate far greater collaboration between humans and automated technology than previous space initiatives. However, the development of methodologies to optimize this collaboration currently lags behind development of the technologies themselves, thus potentially decreasing mission safety, efficiency and probability of success. This paper discusses the human supervisory control (HSC) implications for use in space, and outlines several areas of current automated space technology in which the function allocation between humans and machines/automation is sub-optimal or under dispute, including automated spacecraft landings, Mission Control, and wearable extra-vehicular activity computers. Based on these case studies, we show that a more robust HSC research program will be crucial to achieving the Vision for Space Exploration, especially given the limited resources under which it must be accomplished. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper discusses a conceptual design of a new countermeasure device named Virtual Gravity Artificial Reality (ViGAR). The device was part of a complete concept called The Human Spaceflight Training Recommendations Against Weightlessness Project (H-STRAW Project). The H-STRAW Project was a submission in the Human Missions Category for the European Space Agency''s 1st Aurora Student Design Contest. ViGAR is a combined countermeasure concept design for a space station, which includes artificial gravity, exercise and virtual reality. The subsystems of ViGAR are outlined in this report and the potential difficulties are identified. ViGAR is a complete system that could potentially be a key design guide for future space missions beyond low Earth orbit and on to Mars. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]