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With the development of science and technology, the emergence of two-photon microscope has brought a lot of convenience to the research of biotechnology. Dendritic branches, extension length and the number of dendritic spines can expand the surface area of nerve cells to receive stimulation, and play a vital role in the process of neuron information transmission, processing and integration. Some studies have shown that sprinting can reduce the oxygen content of the brain, thereby changing the dendritic spines in the representative region of the sensory cortex. This article uses two-photon microscopy to study the changes in the dendritic spines in the representative region of the sensory cortex after sprint training. This article uses the method of controlled experiment to study. In this paper, two groups of mice with no statistical significance were selected as the research object, which were set as the control group and the exercise group, and the exercise group was trained for sprinting. During the experiment, the weight changes of the mice were recorded. After the experiment, the changes of the brain's oxygen content and dendritic spines were studied and analyzed. The research in this paper shows that the average brain oxygen content of the control group after the experiment is 4.025µmol / L, and the brain oxygen content of the exercise group after the experiment is 3.363µmol / L. It can be seen that sprint training will make the brain oxygen content of mice Decreased, and as the oxygen content of the brain decreases, so does the density and number of dendritic spines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]