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Objective: Dental anomalies occurring in deciduous teeth can affect the eruption of the permanent dentition and the occlusion stability. The occurrence of dental anomalies such as double teeth during the primary dentition in the daily practice might be frequent. The study aimed to qualitatively summarize the therapeutic management of double teeth in primary incisors.Material and Methods: A systematic review regarding the therapy of primary fused incisors in the mandible was performed and the obtained data were assessed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The following electronic databases were screened from 1st January, 1996 until 30th July, 2019: PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO and the archives of paediatric dental journals. The search terms were grouped in anatomic entity: (tooth OR teeth OR incisor), pathological condition: (fused OR fusion OR geminated OR double), intervention: (treatment OR intervention OR therapy OR prevention OR control OR management OR restoration), observed parameters: (primary dentition OR primary tooth OR primary teeth).Results: Ten articles met all inclusion criteria. The data disclosed the occurrence of double teeth in mandibular incisors. The main management of this clinical condition is either preventive or surgical involving the extraction of fused teeth, based on the deciduous nature of the teeth, the degree of caries and malocclusion development risk.Conclusion: An early diagnosis of dental anomalies is fundamental for the application of proper preventive strategies to avoid a potential malocclusion in permanent dentition and to maintain these teeth sound and caries-free until the eruption of the permanent dentition.

To test the durability of sealants applied for prevention of erosive dentine mineral loss under erosive/abrasive conditions.Forty-eight bovine dentine samples doped with (32)P were randomly allocated to four groups (1-4). All samples performed a de- and remineralizations pre-cycling (6 × 1 min erosion in HCl: pH 3.0, mean time and overnight immersion in artificial saliva) for 1 day. Sealing was done as follows; (1) unsealed, (2) SealProtect, (3) K-0184 (experimental sealer) and (4) OptiBond FL. After sealing, samples were immersed in HCl for 3 h (baseline measurement). Then, the following erosive/abrasive and remineralisations cycling was performed for 8 days: 3 h/day erosion with HCl, 600 brushing strokes/day and storage in artificial saliva for the rest of the day. Sealer permeability was evaluated by assignation of (32)P in the acid used for the erosive attacks.At baseline, the significantly highest dentine loss was observed for the unsealed control group, while the mineral loss was not statistically significantly different between the sealed groups 2 and 3. At all days of the erosive/abrasive and remineralizations cycling and cumulatively the significantly highest mineral loss was observed for group 1, while the significantly lowest mineral loss was observed for the samples sealed with SealProtect (group 2) and K-0184 (group 3). In all groups, no significant increase in the (32)P release was observed.Surface sealants are able to reduce the erosive dentine mineral loss and maintain this erosion-preventing efficacy over the whole duration (simulating 8 month in-vivo) of the erosive/abrasive cycling.

To investigate the abrasive wear of surface sealants (SealProtect and K-0184 (experimental sealant)) and the influence of pre-treatment with mineral deposit forming prophylaxis pastes (NUPRO Sensodyne and NUPRO) on this wear.One hundred and eight bovine dentine samples were randomly allocated to nine groups (1-9). Pre-treatment (10 s): groups 1-3: untreated, groups 4-6: NUPRO, groups 7-9: NUPRO Sensodyne. Sealing: groups 1, 4 and 7: unsealed, groups 2, 5 and 8: SealProtect, groups 3, 6 and 9: K-0184 (experimental sealer). Samples were then brushed with 12 000 brushing strokes (BS) with toothpaste slurry in an automatic brushing machine (120 BS/min; F = 2.5 N). Surface profiles were recorded at baseline, after pre-treatment and sealing and after each 2000 BS.Total profile change (wear or gain due to pre-treatment, treatment and 12 000 BS): groups 1, 4 and 7 (no surface sealant) showed a not significantly different wear of 18.48 ± 2.63 µm, 24.98 ± 3.02 µm and 21.50 ± 5.47 µm, respectively. Remaining groups (sealed) showed a gain in height with no significant difference among each other. Wear in sealed groups (2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9) were not significantly different at all numbers of brushing strokes. Starting with 4000 BS, the wear in unsealed groups (1, 4 and 7) was statistically significantly higher compared to all other groups.Stability and wear resistance of surface sealants are not affected by pre-treatment of dentine with NUPRO Sensodyne. The surface sealants tested provide a stable protective surface layer on dentine, which lasts for at least 12 000 brushing strokes.

Application of SnCl(2)/AmF/NaF containing mouth rinse showed good protection against erosion. The aim of the study was to evaluate if this is due to the amount of KOH-soluble fluoride (KOHsF) formed or its resistance under erosive conditions.One hundred and fifty bovine enamel samples were allocated to five groups (n = 30) and were once eroded in 0.05 mol/l citric acid (5 min). Samples were stored in artificial saliva for 4 days. Samples of two groups (erosive-SnCl(2) + erosive-NaF) were eroded 6 × for 5 min. The remaining samples were stored in aqua dest deionised water. Each day the samples were treated twice for 2 min with 1 ml SnCl(2)/AmF/NaF-solution (erosive-SnCl(2);neutral-SnCl(2)/AmF/NaF) or NaF-solution (erosive-NaF;neutral-NaF). The fifth group remained untreated (control). On day 5, 10 samples of each group were used for determination of KOHsF (series 1). The remaining samples were again eroded (erosive-SnCl(2) + erosive-NaF) or stored in artificial saliva (neutral-SnCl(2) + neutral-NaF). KOHsF of another 10 samples of each group was measured (series 2). The last 10 samples of each group were also treated as described above and the amount of KOHsF was measured (series 3).In each series 1-3 KOHsF in group erosive-SnCl(2)/AmF/NaF were significantly higher. No significant loss of KOHsF between the series 1-3 was observed (except for control).SnCl(2)/AmF/NaF containing mouth rinse revealed a better formation of KOH-soluble fluoride as the NaF-solution, although the applied fluoride compound has no influence on the stability of the KOHsF under erosive conditions, leading to the conclusion that the resistance of KOHsF is not responsible for the difference in the protection against dental erosion.

OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the clearance of PVP-iodine applied as a gel or solution in periodontal pockets. METHODS Teeth of 12 subjects with at least eight periodontal pockets of ≥5 mm probing depth were isolated with a rubber dam to allow contamination-free access to the pockets. In each subject, three pockets were filled with PVP-iodine gel (10%) and three with PVP-iodine solution (10%). One pocket of each subject without iodine application served as a negative control. The treatment allocation was assigned randomly. Any excess material was removed subsequently. After 1, 5 and 15 min, a paper point was used to collect the sulcus liquid and the concentration of PVP-iodine was chemically determined. In addition, PVP-iodine gel was administered into 12 periodontal pockets immediately after sub-gingival ultrasound debridement and the concentration of PVP-iodine was determined after 1 min. RESULTS Descending concentrations of PVP-iodine were determined at 1, 5 and 15 min after the application. No PVP-iodine was found in the pockets serving as negative controls. The mean concentrations of the gel and solution were 6.14 μg/ml and 4.44 μg/ml (1 min; p ≥ 0.028), 3.20 μg/ml and 1.44 μg/ml (5 min; p ≥ 0.126), 0.69 μg/ml and 0.23 μg/ml (15 min; p ≤ 0.019), respectively. In the pockets with previous debridement the mean concentration was 1.68 ± 1.97 μg/ml. CONCLUSION The application of PVP-iodine gel in periodontal pockets allows a prolonged remnant effect as compared to that of the solution formula.

The purpose of the present survey was to evaluate the implementation and experience of a new method for posterior vertical bite reconstruction using direct resin composite restorations by private practitioners who attended a hands-on continuing education course on this technique.In the years 2007 and 2008, 17 1-day continuing education courses on vertical bite reconstruction in the worn dentition by using direct resin composite restorations were attended by 310 participants. A 13-item questionnaire was posted to all course participants in April 2009 seeking information on the acceptance, implementation and experience of the presented technique in the private practice.A total of 97 (31%) questionnaires were returned, whereas 67% of the respondents had used the presented technique. Analysis of the overall experience and satisfaction with the placed resin composite restorations using visual analog scale (VAS) revealed a mean VAS score of 7.2 ± 1.7 (0 = maximal unsatisfied, 10 = maximal satisfied). The direct resin composite restorations were predominantly rated 'good' within the assessed criteria surface texture, anatomical form, marginal integrity, marginal discoloration and color match. Ninety-eight percent of the private practitioners stated that they would continue to carry out vertical bite reconstructions according to this technique. The three most frequently observed clinical problems were related to marginal discolorations, bulk fractures and adhesive failures.The presented restoration method was well accepted by private practitioners who used this treatment approach at least once after course participation, even though some clinical problems were observed.

To investigate the influence of time delay and duration of photo-activation on subsurface microhardness of a dual-cured resin composite.A commercially available dual-cured core build-up resin composite (Rebilda DC) was filled in cavities (diameter: 4.0 mm; height: 6.0 mm) of polystyrene molds and light-cured for 20 or 60 s either immediately after the filling procedure (time delay 0 s) or after a time delay of 30, 90, 180 or 300 s. Non-irradiated self-cured specimens served as a control group (n = 15). Specimens were stored in complete darkness and at 100% relative humidity at 37°C for 2 weeks and cross-sectioned. Knoop Hardness Numbers (KHNs) were measured six times per depth and averaged at distances of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 3.50 and 5.50 mm from the light-exposed surface. Data were statistically analyzed using one- and two-way ANOVA followed by Scheffé's post-hoc test at a level of significance of 0.05.Mean hardness values in all experimental groups ranged between 54.3 ± 2.1 and 58.1 ± 2.3 KHN. Light-curing did not significantly increase composite KHN at any depth measured. Delaying light exposure had no influence on KHN, irrespective of depth. A longer light-exposure time (60 versus 20 s) resulted in significantly higher KHN only at depths of 3.50 and 5.50 mm.Photo-activation of the tested dual-cured resin composite provided no clinically relevant benefit compared to self-curing regarding the degree of hardening.