1. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and breast milk. The Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children
- Author
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M. de Martino, P. A. Tovo, L. Galli, C. Gabiano, G. Caramia, D. De Mattia, U. De Santis, M. Ruggeri, MG Zaniboni, M. Masi, G. Dell'Erba, P. Dallacasa, F. Baldi, M. Eisenstecken, A. Soresina, E. Bresciani, G. Quarta, C. Dessi, A. Corrias, F. Chiappe, P. Ibba, F. Di Gregorio, A. Sciotto, L. Tarallo, F. Lauria, M. Sticca, R. Berrino, P. Lusardi, P. Cocchi, A. Vierucci, D. Basetti, E. Boeri, S. Risso, GL Forni, U. Tondo, E. Micheletti, G. Gambaretto, A. Meo, M. Clerici Schoeller, LA Magni, P. Marchisio, GV Zuccotti, L. Simoni, A. Giovanniello, G. Ferraris, R. Altobelli, PL Mazzoni, M. Cellini, F. Ciccimarra, L. Esposito, G. Bona, S. Giordano, C. Giaquinto, V. Portelli, G. Benaglia, Di Caselli, G. Busti, R. Consolini, MT D. Fiore, C. Magnani, MT Cecchi, P. Falconieri, A. Martino, M. Stegagno, S. Livadiotti, C. Timpano, S. Bionda, S. Tulisso, A. Mazza, A. De Manzini, A. Pellegatta, GUARINO, ALFREDO, M., de Martino, P. A., Tovo, L., Galli, C., Gabiano, G., Caramia, D., De Mattia, U., De Santi, M., Ruggeri, Mg, Zaniboni, M., Masi, G., Dell'Erba, P., Dallacasa, F., Baldi, M., Eisenstecken, A., Soresina, E., Bresciani, G., Quarta, C., Dessi, A., Corria, F., Chiappe, P., Ibba, F., Di Gregorio, A., Sciotto, L., Tarallo, F., Lauria, M., Sticca, R., Berrino, P., Lusardi, P., Cocchi, A., Vierucci, D., Basetti, E., Boeri, S., Risso, Gl, Forni, U., Tondo, E., Micheletti, G., Gambaretto, A., Meo, M., Clerici Schoeller, La, Magni, P., Marchisio, Gv, Zuccotti, L., Simoni, A., Giovanniello, G., Ferrari, R., Altobelli, Pl, Mazzoni, M., Cellini, F., Ciccimarra, L., Esposito, Guarino, Alfredo, G., Bona, S., Giordano, C., Giaquinto, V., Portelli, G., Benaglia, Di, Caselli, G., Busti, R., Consolini, MT D., Fiore, C., Magnani, Mt, Cecchi, P., Falconieri, A., Martino, M., Stegagno, S., Livadiotti, C., Timpano, S., Bionda, S., Tulisso, A., Mazza, A., De Manzini, and A., Pellegatta
- Subjects
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Milk, Human ,Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic ,Infant, Newborn ,Mothers ,Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ,Breast Feeding ,Italy ,Risk Factors ,Confidence Intervals ,HIV-1 ,Odds Ratio ,Humans ,Female ,Infant Food ,Prospective Studies ,Registries ,Immunity, Maternally-Acquired ,Algorithms - Abstract
Major questions are whether mothers infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmit the virus through breast milk and the magnitude of the additional transmission risk. The demonstration of a dose-response effect is an epidemiological method to demonstrate causality. Thus, a study was carried out by the Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children on 961 children of known infection status. Duration of breast-feeding was considered as the level of exposure in 168 ever breast-fed children. Results showed that duration of practice significantly increased the risk of transmission. The adjusted infection odds ratio for one day of breast- versus exclusive formula-feeding was 1.19 with narrow confidence limits (1.10-1.28). In a second study by the Register on 556 children of known infection status and derived prospectively, an infection odds ratio of 2.55 (confidence interval: 1.03-6.37) was calculated in breast- versus exclusively formula-fed children. Several lines of evidence, including the above-mentioned data from the Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children, showed a contribution of breast-feeding to mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. Thus, this practice is now discouraged in HIV-1 infected mothers living in industrialized societies where formula feeding is practical and attainable. Mode of feeding was known in 2183 children enrolled in the Register and born to HIV-1 infected mothers since 1981. It could be observed that feeding habits of at-risk infants changed in Italy in the middle 1980s, when a large majority of subjects was identified at birth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- Published
- 1994