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In this work, we demonstrate near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of agarose with a compact laboratory laser-plasma soft X-ray source. The source is based on a double stream gas puff target irradiated by nanosecond laser pulses. The emission spectra of the source and the absorption spectra of the investigated sample were measured simultaneously using a flat-field spectrometer. Soft X-ray emission from a krypton/helium target in the range between 1.5 and 5 nm was applied as the source. The transmission measurements revealed the specific spectral features near the carbon K - α absorption edge corresponding well to the results obtained with synchrotron radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that from the two fundamental thermodynamic parameters pressure p is much more efficient in transformation of the matter state than temperature T. Optical breakdown in a form of microexplosion proved to be a simple, cheap, and efficient source of transient extreme pressure and temperature. Our interest is focused on the breakdown performed with femstosecond laser pulses both on a surface and in the bulk of material. The paper delivers some examples of the transformation effects observed mostly in the transparent dielectrics under irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]