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Aims: To investigate to what extent the adoption of local smoke-free policies (SFPs) in Indonesia in 2007-13 was associated with changes in adult smoking behaviour., Design: A quasi-experimental study., Setting: Indonesia, 2007 and 2013., Participants: A total of 1 052 611 > 25-year-old adults. Data were derived from the 2007 and 2013 Indonesian national health survey., Measurements: For both years, provincial and district SFPs were identified from government documents in 497 districts in 33 provinces. Multi-level logistic regression analysis assessed the association of adoption of provincial and district SFPs between 2007 and 2013 with smoking continuation (among ever-smokers), current smoking and high smoking intensity (among current smokers). We controlled for survey year, SFP in 2007, socio-demographics and district characteristics., Findings: Provincial SFP exposure was associated with lower odds of smoking continuation [strong SFP versus no SFP: odds ratio (OR) = 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.66-0.76] and smoking intensity (strong SFP: OR= 0.91, 95% CI = 0.86-0.97), but also with higher odds of current smoking (strong SFP versus no SFP: OR = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.04-1.12). District SFP exposure was associated with higher odds of smoking continuation (strong SFP versus no SFP: OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01-1.14) and current smoking (strong SFP versus no SFP: OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.05-1.14), but with lower odds of smoking intensity (moderately strong SFP versus no SFP: OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.91-0.99)., Conclusions: There may be an association between the adoption of local smoke-free policies in Indonesia and decreased adult smoking intensity. However, the evidence is inconsistent, which may reflect problems with policy implementation and enforcement., (© 2020 The Authors. Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.)

Aims: To quantify associations between the success of smoking quit attempts and factors that have varied throughout 2007-2018 at a population level., Design: time series analysis using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogeneous Input (ARIMAX) modelling., Setting and Participants: Data were aggregated from 54 847 past-year smokers taking part in the Smoking Toolkit Study which involves monthly repeated cross-sectional household surveys of individuals aged 16+ in England., Measurements: The input series were: (1) attempts at smoking reduction using (a) e-cigarettes and (b) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT); (2) use during a quit attempt of (a) e-cigarettes, (b) NRT over-the-counter, (c) medication on prescription and (d) face-to-face behavioural support; (3) use of roll-your-own tobacco; (4) prevalence of (a) smoking and (b) non-daily smoking; (5) tobacco control mass media expenditure; (6) expenditure on smoking; (7) smoker characteristics in the form of (a) high motivation to quit, (b) average age, (c) socio-economic status and (d) cigarette consumption; (8) implementation of tobacco control policies; and (9) quit attempt rate., Findings: The licensing of NRT for harm reduction was associated with a 0.641% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.073-1.209, P = 0.027] increase in the mean point prevalence of the success rate of quit attempts. For every 1% increase in the mean point prevalence of e-cigarette use and use of prescription medication during a quit attempt, the mean point prevalence of successful quit attempts increased by 0.106% (95% CI = 0.011-0.201, P = 0.029) and 0.143% (95% CI = 0.009-0.279, P = 0.038), respectively. For every 1% increase in the mean expenditure on tobacco control mass media, the mean point prevalence of successful quit attempts increased by 0.046% (95% CI = 0.001-0.092, P = 0.046). Other associations were not statistically significant., Conclusion: In England between 2007 and 2018, licensing of nicotine replacement therapy for use in harm reduction, greater use of e-cigarettes and prescription medications during a quit attempt and higher expenditure on tobacco control mass media were all associated with higher success rates of quit attempts., (© 2019 The Authors. Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.)

Background and Aim: As smoking initiation generally occurs in adolescence, smoking prevention is targeted primarily at young adolescents (aged below 16 years). We hypothesize that, with the adoption of increasingly stronger youth access laws, a shift in the age of smoking initiation may have occurred., Design: Repeated cross-sectional survey., Setting: The Netherlands., Participants: A total of 13 163 respondents born between 1980 and 1995., Measurements: In the 2010-15 National Health Survey we measured retrospectively self-reported initiation rates per year of age by birth cohort (1980-83, 1984-87, 1988-91, 1992-95). Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess differences between cohorts, per sex and educational level., Findings: Of those who started smoking, 67.2% initiated smoking between 12 and 16 years of age. Contrary to our hypothesis, no shift in initiation towards higher ages was observed. The peak age of initiation was 16 years for all cohorts. Initiation at ages 17-21 was lower in younger birth cohorts than in older birth cohorts [e.g. cohort 1993-95 versus 1980-83: odds ratio (OR) for initiating at 19-21 years = 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.31-0.64]. Trends in age of initiation were similar for males and females. Initiation at ages 15-17 decreased across cohorts for respondents in higher education levels, but not for those in lower education levels., Conclusions: In the Netherlands, the peak age of smoking initiation did not shift throughour subsequent cohorts born between 1980 and 1995, suggesting that young adolescents remain the main target group for smoking initiation prevention policies., (© 2017 Society for the Study of Addiction.)

Aims: This study investigates the link between personal income and smoking among adolescents, and aims to answer the following questions: (i) to what extent is personal income related to smoking, independent of family socio-economic status (SES) and (ii) does the association between personal income and smoking apply to different subpopulations?, Design: Cross-sectional study., Setting: Six cities from European countries (Amersfoort, the Netherlands; Coimbra, Portugal; Hannover, Germany; Latina, Italy; Namur, Belgium; Tampere, Finland) in 2013., Participants: A school-based sample of 10 794 adolescents aged 14-17 years., Measurements: We modelled smoking experimentation, weekly smoking, daily smoking and (among daily smokers) smoking intensity as function of personal income, adjusting for age, sex, family SES, parental smoking and country. We tested interactions between personal income and covariates. Stratification analyses were performed for the variables for which interactions were significant., Findings: Adolescents in the highest income quintile were more likely to be smoking experimenters [odds ratio (OR) = 1.87; P < 0.01], weekly smokers (OR = 3.51; P < 0.01) and daily smokers (OR = 4.55; P < 0.01) than those in the lowest quintile. They also consumed more cigarettes per month (β = 0.79; P < 0.01). Adjusting for family SES did not modify the significance of relationships, and increased the magnitude of the association for daily smoking. None of the interactions between covariates and personal income was significant for smoking measures. For the intensity of smoking, the interaction was significant for SES. The stratified analysis showed a non-significant association between smoking intensity and personal income among the oldest adolescents and those with the lowest SES background, while significant among younger and higher SES backgrounds., Conclusion: In the Netherlands, Portugal, Germany, Italy, Belgium and Finland, adolescents' personal income is related positively to smoking behaviours independent of family socio-economic status (SES). However, among low socio-economic status adolescent daily smokers, the association between the intensity of smoking and personal income is weaker., (© 2017 The Authors. Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.)