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“Qingyu 2”Helianthus tuberosusL. was used to study fructan metabolism and the synthesis and degradation enzyme activity in the whole growth period ofHelianthus tuberosus ondry land and irrigated land. The results show that, SST is mainly expressed in the leaves, the main site to synthesis kestose. FFT has high level expression mainly in the tuber expansion stage and then synthesis the DP ≥ 4 fructan. The stem with small fructan biosynthesis and degradation is a temporary fructan storage site. Before and after blossom, FEH activity reaches the peak in leaves and tubers. Fructan synthesizes and accumulates mainly in the rapid growth period and tuber formation stage, and remains stable in blossom stage before transfering rapidly to tubers from leaves and stems inexpansion period. Drought stress on dry land does not affect the fructan metabolism before blossom, but prevents the FEH expression in blossom, which delays fructan transfer to the tubers and FFT expression of tubers.

This paper briefly presents a Parallel Serial Hybrid Electric Vehicle structure combined with NAC institute, constructing a CAN Communication Network of Hybrid Electric Vehicle’s Powertrain and also defining the Communication protocol of the control Network. The Network constructed is tested on bench and prototype vehicle and by using CANstress, CANoe and some other Automotive network development tools, actual test and performance analysis have been conducted. The experiment result illustrates that the control network system arrives a high stable performance and real-time with low bus load and little error frames under high transmission speed and interference environment, and can meet requirement of HEV Powertrain of stability, real-time and accurate control. Besides that, we also constructs a Diagnostic Network, which fulfills the unified diagnostic services (UDS) defined by ISO14229.

With the advent of recycling economy era, the automobile remanufacturing industry has aroused wide concern of the society. This paper first proposes a risk map in automobile remanufacturing, including technology risks, market risks, management risks, cost risks, parts supply risks and life cycle synchronization risks. Then, it designs an assessment indicator system of risks in automobile remanufacturing and uses AHP approach to establish a model to assess risks in automobile remanufacturing. Finally, the paper calculation example and proves its correctness and practicality in the empirical analysis section.

The mixture powder of Cr, Ni, Mo and Cu were deposited evenly on a ductile iron with ferrite matrix and treated by plasma transferred arc (PTA). The microstructure and hardness distribution of the PTA-alloyed layers were investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microhardness tester, respectively. Results show that the cross-section consists of four regions: alloyed zone, melted zone, heat affected zone and unaffected substrate. The maximum microhardness of PTA-alloyed sample is measured to be as high as 1077 HV0.2, which is approximately 4.4 times higher than that of substrate. The improvement is attributed to the formation of mixed hard-phases such as Cr7C3, C23C6, martensite, cementite under nonequilibrium solidification, and the solution strengthening by the alloying elements as well as grain refining via the rapid cooling.

To overcome the shortcomings of precocity and being easily trapped into local optimum of the standard quantum genetic algorithm (QGA) , Information Technology in An Improved Quantum Genetic Algorithm based on dynamic adjustment of the quantum rotation angle of quantum gate (DAAQGA) was proposed. Mutation operation using the quantum not-gate is also introduced to enhance the diversity of population. Chaos search are also introduced into the modified algorithm to improve the search accuracy. Simulation experiments have been carried and the results show that the improved algorithm has excellent performance both in the preventing premature ability and in the search accuracy.

Tyre rolling resistance is very important to energy conservation and vehicle emissions. The main test methods of rolling resistance and their disadvantages are elaborated in this paper. In order to prepare for the (EC) No 1222/2009 and ECE R117, comparative analysis of ECE and GB are taken. It's important for the tyre company inboard export tyre to Europe. The influence of tyre pressure, test speed, load and environment temperature for the rolling resistance are studied, and lay the foundation for accurately measuring rolling resistance.

Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) doped polypanilines (PANIs) were chemically synthesized in different molar ratios of aniline (An) to ammonium persulfate (APS) and An to DBSA. The microstructures of these PANIs were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). UV-Vis spectrometer, semiconductor parameter analyzer, ubbelohde viscometer and electrospinning technique were used to characterize the optical, electrical properties, viscosity and solubility of these PANIs. The results show that the molar rations of An to APS and An to DBSA had strong effect on the microstructure, molecular weight, degree of crystallinity, optical property, solubility and conductivity of obtained DBSA doped PANI. With the increase of the molar ratios of An to APS and An to DBSA, the conductivities and molecular weight of DBSA doped PANIs decreased, while the degree of crystallinity and solubility of DBSA doped PANIs increased. The DBSA doped PANI could dissolve in dichloromethane or HFIP and could be fabricated short fibers by electrospinning. Moreover, the solution of DBSA doped PANIs in concentrated sulphuric acid showed liquid crystal property.

Polymer blends consisting of chloride polyethylene (CPE), and enzymatic hydrolysis lignin(EHL) were prepared by compression molding. The thermal and mechanical properties of EHL-CPE composites were investigated. The results showed that the presence of EHL, which interfered with the intramolecular and intermolecular interactions and Impact strength of CPE were improved. The values of impact strength and thermal stability time rose quickly with ncreasingEHL content from 5 to 20 phr.There was a obvious increase color change time in Congo red dipstick experiment of CPE by adding EHL. The thermal testing results showed that EHL could be a novel additive for increasing thermal stability of CPE.

A numerical model is given to identify equivalent parameters of composite materials, using BP neural network algorithm. Taking Filament-wound composite pressure vessels as the research object, finite element models are first constructed .Getting node displacements as network training samples, the mechanical parameters as output information of network for effective training, the equivalent material parameters can be obtained. The satisfactory numerical validation is given and results show that the proposed method can identify the equivalent modulus and the equivalent Poisson’s ratio of the Filament-wound composite pressure vessels with precision. The computational efficiency is improved with BP neural network.

The SiO2 coated Al thin films deposited on glass substrate for solar front reflectors were designed using Essential Macleod Program (EMP) and successfully fabricated by magnetron sputtering. The obtained thin films showed high reflectivity (up to 89.51%) under the light wavelength ranged from 250 to 2500 nm, which was identical with calculated results. Moreover, the thin films showed high anti-corrosion properties after the harsh abrasion tests. The high performance of the thin films was mainly attributed to the SiO2 layer, which served as a good protection without serious degradation of reflectivity, demonstrating the bright prospects for outdoor solar front reflectors.

This paper has introduced the concept of complex refractive index and studied the effects of material absorption on the total reflection tunneling characteristics of photonic crystals by employing the characteristic matrix method. Through numerical computation, changes of the total reflection tunneling peak of photonic crystals along with the extinction coefficient and periodical optical thickness of the materials have been studied. The peak height of the total reflection tunneling decreases with the increase of the extinction coefficient, while the frequency of the total reflection tunneling peak is free from the extinction coefficient. Moreover, the frequency and bandwidth of the total reflection tunneling decrease with the increase of the periodical optical thickness.

The regenerative combustion technology has been widely used in the recovery of flue gas waste heat, but the denitration is not considered. This article is based on the comprehensive application of the Selective Catalytic Reduction(SCR) technology and the regenerative combustion technology to recycling waste heat and removing NOx from flue gas. In many industrial heating processes, the temperature of flue gas falls from above 1000°C to the ambient temperature (50°C-100°C) along regenerators, while the temperature window of most catalysts ranges from 200°C to 450°C, meanwhile catalysts and regenerative cells are porous mediums, so the regenerative cells that hold a temperature range for catalytic reactions can be replaced by catalysts, and the waste heat of flue gas can be recovered and the nitrogen oxides can be removed simultaneously.

The cemented rockfill is mixed with cement, water and the siltstone rockfill with a certain mixing proportion. To study the strength and stress-strain behavior of the cemented rockfill, two groups of triaxial tests are carried out under the saturated and consolidated-drained conditions. One group specimens don’t include cement while the other group specimens include. The test results show that the cemented rockfill is a kind of elastoplastic material and the structure of the cemented rockfill is forced due to the effect of cementation. Compared with rockfill, the initial tangent elastic modulus, strength and cohesion of the cemented rockfill increase apparently, the residual strength and internal friction angle of the cemented rockfill increase a little, the maximum volume strain of the cemented rockfill decreases apparently.

Adaptive interleaving method implemented by a hybrid system is proposed to deal with burst errors caused by long and deep channel fades in free space optical communications (FSOC) through atmospheric turbulence. Actually, considerable memory can be saved by changing the interleaving depth at transmitter and receiver according to the updated burst information from channel estimator. Combining with error correcting codes, anti-burst performance of the proposed method is evaluated by simulations based on channel state information from laser transmission experiments over an 11.8 km urban link. Simulation results show that 1~2 or even higher orders of magnitude of a memory can be saved when comparing with the maximum memory interleaving. The results have proved that the cost of anti-burst performance can be minimized to 10% or even smaller by the adaptive interleaving method when joint use with error correcting codes.

In this paper, burst errors in uplink communication due to lags of the tracking system control in Satellite to Ground optical link was analyzed in detail. In order to make sure how about these bursts in uplink communication are affected by control frequency can, system model of the satellite terminal was founded, parameters of a satellite in sun synchronous Low Earth Orbit and detectors were set to initialize the simulations. The zenith angle of the link was set in the range of [0°, 70°]. The simulation results showed that the bursts due to lags of the tracking system control were different for communication links, but the bursts can be avoided by raising the control frequency to a certain level if it accessible.

The flow of the hydrogen has played an important role in the heat exchange in the inner bell. In this research, we have studied the volume distribution of the hydrogen in the inner bell through numerical simulation method, and we get the volume distribution law of the hydrogen when we change the axial angle and the tangential angle of the velocity of the hydrogen flowing into the inner bell while we do not change the speed of the hydrogen. This research could provide theory reference for the design and application of the structure of the coil base of the high performance hydrogen bell-type annealers later.

During lignite pyrolysis process, there will produce large amounts of gas which is low calorific value, combustion difficult. This paper creatively put forward a program: high temperature and oxygen-containing flue gas of coal-fired mix combustion with low calorific value gas. Compared to mixing high calorific value fuel, the distinguishing feature of this program is ultra-low cost, and technically feasible. In this scheme, the stability of high-temperature and oxygen-containing flue gas is key technology. Through coal-fired experiments, we obtained generation rule of high-temperature and oxygen-containing flue gas, and summed up a diminishing marginal effect.

The flow in the burner is impacted by many factors, including the big bulk of the modern hot-blast stove, complex pipeline and too many valves. The length-width ratio of internal-combustion hot blast stoves is so high that non-uniform velocity distribution is easily brought forth along its length. Considering a real burner, a 1:5 scale model is established in this paper. The impact of the deflector on the velocity distribution of the nozzle exit is analyzed in the experiment, providing a basis for practical engineering design.

It is necessary to detect the aggregation dynamics and aggregation process of industry cluster for there are still some problems in the development of industrial cluster. The existing theories are less attention to the impacts of the social network of enterprises and their interactions on the industrial aggregation. We proposed a social network interaction model and research on the industrial aggregation process from the aspect of economic sociology. The impacts of signal effect, network effect and crowding effect on the dynamic micro-macro process of industrial aggregation are discussed and two possible phase transition and its causes in industrial aggregation process are explored. The simulation outcomes are good explanations for industrial aggregation process and made some useful implications for policy-making.

The heating bell with burners is an important heating device for the high performance hydrogen bell-type annealers. The arrangement of the burners has an important impact on the heating effect. In this study, we simulated a series of model with different location of burners under the same quantity of burners and the same heating power. The result shows: (1) Under the same quantity of burners and the same heating power, when we increase the number of rows of burners, the maximum temperature inside the furnace could be reduced, and the temperature distribution will become more uniform; (2)When we fixed the number of the row of the burners, if we move the upper burners to higher position to make the arrangement of burners more uniform, the temperature distribution inside the furnace will be more uniform, this will be good for the heat transfer to the higher parts of the annealers, and this will accelerate the heating process, improve the efficiency of annealing, reduce fuel consumption, and extend the life of the inner bell.

China has rich lignite resource, which has high moisture, low calorific value, short ignition period, etc. These characters limit lignite large-scale processing, utilization and transport also become difficult.Therefore, under our country's coal-dominated energy structure, lignite quality improvement technology can enhance the development and application for optimizing the energy structure. This paper will also introduce the development status of lignite quality improvement technology at home and abroad, and then give some insights for the future using of lignite.

Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SSE) plaza, being constructed in Shenzhen of China, is a complex high-rise building with a raised podium above ground level. The podium extends outwards from the tower structure at a maximum cantilever span of 36 meters. The lifted podium is a new concept conceived by architects but a big challenge confronting structural engineers. In this paper, the structural systems, including tower lateral resisting system, podium supporting system, floor system and foundation, are introduced. In order to evaluate the structural performance under the action of three earthquake levels specified by Chinese code, three models using MIDAS, ETABS and ABAQUS have been built; the results from the three software presented. It has been shown that the performance targets of all three design earthquake levels can be attained

In China, there is a vast area of tobacco producing, and the production condition in various regions is different. It is difficult for the traditional bulk tobacco curing barns with air rising to adjust the area with all conditions, and the intrinsic quality of cured tobacco is difficult to guarantee. We study on a new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation, and we analyze its performance through experiments. We tested the change of the temperature field in both the new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation and the traditional tobacco curing barn with air rising, the result shows: (1) Air moves in the new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation from top to bottom, compared with the traditional bulk tobacco curing barn with air rising, the new tobacco curing barn has a smaller amount of airflow, and it also has a small temperature difference on the same horizontal plane and a reasonable temperature difference on vertical direction, this is good for the curing of different maturity tobacco leaves; (2) Fuel of the new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation is one-time added, so the heat supply is stable, and the temperature changes quite gentle, but fuel of the traditional tobacco curing barn with air rising is many-time added, the temperature changes dramatic. (3) The new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation has forced ventilation channel and enhanced moisture channel to strengthen the ability of natural ventilation, so when power outages and other emergency situations happen, there is natural air convection in the tobacco curing barn, but the simple tobacco curing barn with air rising totally could not avoid the harm caused by power outages and other emergency situations. This research could provide reference for the design and application of new curing barn later.

In order to study the particle breakage of granular materials during compression, a series of triaxial compression tests were conducted for gypsum granular materials. Meanwhile, the primary study on evolution laws of particle breakage was carried out. It was found that the deviator stress increases with the increase in confining pressures for gypsum granular materials at the same axial strain. The degree of particle breakage of gypsum granular materials increases with the increase in confining pressures. The relative breakage index can be adopted to denote the particle breakage degree and increases with the increase in confining pressures. When the initial grain size distribution of gypsum granular materials is fractal, the grain size distribution complies with fractal during compression under different confining pressures. The fractal dimension increases with the increase in confining pressures and can be adopted as a parameter for measuring the degree of particle breakage.

An electrical experiment on the full-scale model is conducted. Distribution of temperature stress and strain for the cast-in-site concrete roof slab during typical time of extreme weather in the winter and the summer are obtained. Cracking mechanism of cast-in-situ concrete roof is revealed preliminary. Contrasting of the experimental data between the green roof and bare plate roof plate ,it is expounded that planting roof can reduce temperature difference and average variable temperature for the roof slab significantly.

In order to determine thermal parameters of mass concrete, this paper utilizes homotopy technique to solve an inverse transient heat conduction problem with multi-variables. A finite element model facilitating to sensitivity analysis for non-linear direct and inverse problems is derived, and a precise algorithm of time stepping is used in the transient analysis. Numerical validation has been given with an investigation of effects of noise data and initial guess on the results.

Nickel-base composite coating reinforced by in situ synthesized multiple carbide particles were fabricated on AISI 1045 steel surface by pre-placed laser cladding. Nowadays most researches focus on the wear resistance. This study mainly focuses on the corrosion resistance property. Investigate the effect of different particle distribution on corrosion resistance of the cladding layers by controlling the amount of Zr, Ti and WC. The microstructure and electrochemical property are analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical test equipment. The maximal particle distribution density and particle area ratio appear when Zr:Ti:WC=1:2:2. The polarization curves show that in 0.05mol/L HCl electrolyte the coatings’ corrosion resistance have positive correlation with particles distribution density and particles area ratio, and all the coatings are significantly better than 314L stainless steel in corrosion resistance.

A device used in measuring composite stiffness of armature components (CSAC) is developed according to the proposed definition of CSAC. Couple exerting and measuring mechanism, rotary actuator structure and fixture of armature components are introduced in this paper.

The characteristics of effect are expounded for different structure under the specific load. These internal force and deformation characteristics in conceptual design should be caused take attention seriously. After summing up a lot of engineering structure calculation based on the results of different structure, some typical characteristics of load effect can be reduced , usually these typical effects called conceptual design features. Understanding of these internal force and deformation characteristics of structures is beneficial for deepening professional quality, and improving the professional foundation. Readers with diligence paid to various structure and further study, will be able to cognitively find more conceptual design features, make innovations, and constantly enrich itself the experience of conceptual design.

With the rapid development of the real estate industry of china, the architectural decoration companies have been getting a good chance to prosper and develop. But it also faces to many problems, such as the increasing costs, the decreasing profit rate and so on. This paper presents an issue of using process approach and project lifecycle to manage decoration project, so that the decoration project management validity, constructing quality and construction cost control efficiency could be ensured well.

The effect of different tillage systems on the size distribution of aggregates and organic carbon distribution and storage in different size aggregates in a Hydragric Anthrosol were studied in a long-term experiment in Chongqing, China. The experiment included five tillage treatments, which are conventional tillage with rice only system (DP), conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape system (SH), no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system (LM), no-till and plain culture with rotation of rice and rape system (XM) and tillage and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system (LF), respectively. The results showed that the aggregates 0.25-0.05 mm in diameter accounted for the largest proportion in each soil layer under all treatments. The organic carbon mainly exist in aggregates in the 0.25-2 mm and 0.05-0.25 mm diameter in the plough layer, which mainly exist in the 0.25-2 mm in diameter in the bottom layer. Distribution of organic carbon in aggregates in the 0.05-0.25 mm diameter class was highest, followed by the aggregates in the 0.25-2mm diameter class. The organic carbon in aggregates under different tillage systems was in a decreasing order of LM (21.05 g·kg-1)> DP (14.13 g·kg-1)> XM (13.29 g·kg-1)> LF (12.54 g·kg-1) > SH (11.41 g·kg-1). The total organic carbon content showed a significant correlation with the amount of aggregates with diameter >0.005 mm. The results showed that the accumulation of soil organic carbon was mainly affected by aggregates in the >0.005mm diameter class.

This paper presents a general numerical model to solve non-linear inverse heat conduction problems with multi-variables which include thermal parameters and boundary conditions, and can be identified singly or simultaneously. The direct problems are numerically modeled via FEM, facilitating to sensitivity analysis that is required in solving inverse problems via a least-square based CGM (Conjugate Gradient Method). Inhomogeneous distribution of parameters is considered, and a number of numerical examples are given to illustrate the work proposed.

A low-cost acid leaching process is studied in this paper to prepare solar-grade polysilicon. The effects of process conditions (grain size, acid species and concentration, leaching time and temperature) are discussed. The further optimized conditions by orthogonal experiments are given in this paper. Optimal operating conditions are suggested: 75μm of grain size, 80 min of leaching time, 0.28 mol/l of concentration of HF, 80 C of leaching temperature. The removal efficiency of impurity reaches 98.41%. Analysis by ICP-AES and SEM illustrates acid leaching appears to be a potential primary process for solar-grade Si purification. .

A series of SAPO-34 materials were synthesized hydrothermally in the presence of mixed templating agent (named TEDE) of tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) and diethylamine (DEA). The effects of template amount, SiO2/Al2O3 and P2O5/Al2O3 molar ratios and the crystallization temperature on the structure and acidity were studied by XRD, nitrogen adsorption and NH3-TPD techniques. The results showed that SAPO-34 and SAPO-5 are competing phases at low template concentration. Pure SAPO-34 with high crystallinity and large BET surface area were obtained at a TEDE/Al2O3 ratio of 2.0. Varying the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio at 0.1~1.0 did not change the purity of SAPO-34, but affected its crystallinity and acidity. An optimal synthesis procedure giving a homogeneous SAPO-34 framework with high crystallinity, consists of heating a gel of composition Al2O3:P2O5:0.6SiO2:1.0TEAOH:1.0DEA:53H2O at 100 °C for 24h firstly and 200 °C for 72h later. Such a reproducible procedure gave rise to an acidic catalyst active in the MTO reactions with 100% methanol conversion, 85.2% ethylene and propylene selectivity and a longest lifetime.

Plasma beam is currently advisable and advantageous in surface modification for several reasons; for instants, high energy, portability and low cost. In this study, plasma beam was employed to deposit pre-paste, and also used for surface quenching. The results are shown that a uniformed harden layer free of crack and porosities with a thickness of 1.8-2.2mm can be produced by both two methods. After plasma beam alloying, the overlayer with obvious two interfaces can achieve a maximum hardness of 1100HV0.2. This improvement is the mainly contribution not only by land-like TiC reinforced particles and Fe2.5Ti0.5O4, a product of reaction between the pre-paste and molten matrix, with dispersive distribution at the surface, but also alloying elements enriched at the top of molten pool. The experiment suggested that the hardness of the surface was also highly affected by the parameters of plasma beam process alloying; namely, the higher velocity plasma beam moves and the more TiC particles contained, the higher hardness can be obtained. In contrast with the former process, after plasma surface quenching, the overlayer with one interface has a maximum hardness of 600HV0.2.

Thermo-shock resistance of the thermal protection materials is affected by its heat, mechanical properties, and various environmental factors. Therefore, it is very essential to understand which factors take great roles in affecting thermo-shock resistance and how much they affect, when designing the thermal protection materials. This paper applies the experimental scheme designed by means of orthogonal design and implement numerical experiments with the numerical simulation technology; and analyses the factors which affect the thermo-shock resistance of FGM material, such as choice of ceramic material, specimen thickness, number of layers, and heat flux loading; then identifies the dominating factors controlling the thermal shock resistance of thermal protection materials.

The radome performance is evaluated by means of a computer aided design (CAD) for the wall structure of multilayer ceramic radome in accordance with the microwave propagation theory. The calculation model for the ceramic radome with A-sandwich structure is built. By optimizing the thickness of the whole wall and the thickness and dielectric constant of skins and core layer, the power transmission efficiency at a broadband frequency of A-sandwich structure ceramic radome is calculated especially. The calculation results suggest that when the wall thickness is 6 mm, the thickness ratio of surface layer to core layer is 1:15 and dielectric constant of core layer is less than 2.5, the maximal broadband transmission efficiency is obtained.