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Struck axle is a critical component of truck that bears the auto-body weight and load weight. Fatigue life safety is the primary consideration in the design process of axle. With the development of environmental protection concept of energy saving and emission reduction, lightweight design of vehicles becomes more and more urgent. It has been becoming a mainstream trend for design to ensure both safety and significantly reduce the weight of axle. Based on the basic truck axle structure design, revised designs with thickness-reduced were proposed to reduce the weight of truck axle .Both basic and modified design were modeled using Abaqus 3D software to calculate the stress and strain contours in the case of vertical load and axial torque, then fatigue life contours of models for each load case were calculated with the help of Brown-Miner biaxial fatigue theory. It was shown by the research that topology-optimization of truck axle, under a premise of qualified fatigue life and stiffness required by customers, can reduce the weight of two kinds of truck axles by 15.3% and 18.1% respectively.

To improve the oxidation resistance and insulation of tungsten electronic device at high temperature, an AlPO4/Al2O3 composite coating was synthesized on the tungsten substrate by sol-gel method. The morphology of coating was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compared to the blank specimens, the coated ones exhibit excellent oxidation resistance and insulation at about 1100, which can be attributed to the compact coating without porosity and crack. Up to 1200, the effects of coating became dramatically poor. The electron conductivity mechanism was discussed.

In this work, the effects of substitution of Nd by Gd on the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets were investigated. The results demonstrate that the size of grain decreases with the addition of Gd element. The Curie temperatures (Tc) are found to improve with the increase in Gd content, which means that the thermal stability of the magnets is enhanced. The coercivity and saturation magnetization decrease with the increase in Gd content due to the low magnetocrystalline anisotropy and saturation magnetization of Gd2Fe14B.

Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by modified Hummer’s method, and reduced by solvothermal method using ethanol as the solvent and modified diethylene triamine (amine curing agent 593) as reducing agent and modifier. The effect of reduction time and temperature on the structure and conductive property of reduced graphene oxide (593-rGO) was investigated by SEM, FT-IR and XRD. The results show that the graphene modified by 593 is obviously improved in dispersibility and sedimentation stability in dichloromethane, as well as in conductivity. The optimal reduction processing is that the mass ratio of GO to 593 is 2:1, the reduction time and temperature is 6 h and 160°C, respectively.

The imbalance in cold and heat load in large public buildings located in a cooling-dominated areas is apparent. To explore the effect of a cumulative cold and heat load ratio (CCHLR) on the performance parameters of the hybrid ground-source heat pump system (HGSHPS) of large public buildings, this study selects a Wuhan office building as the simulation object. When this model is considered as the prototype, five other building models whose CCHLR interval is relatively uniform can be developed. The full-year dynamic loads of the six models were calculated with Designer’s Simulation Toolkits. The 20-year simulation of the six HGSHPS models was conducted with TRNSYS. Then, the performance parameters of the HGSHPS model under different CCHLR values were studied and compared. These parameters included the average soil temperature, exiting fluid temperature (ExFT) of the ground heat exchanger (GHE), average energy efficiency ratio, and specific energy consumption (the electrical energy required to obtain per kilowatt cooling or heating capacity) of the heat pump system. Simulation results indicated that with the increase in CCHLR, the average soil temperature rapidly increases, the ExFT of the GHE increases to a value that is considerably higher than the suggested standard, and the specific energy consumption of the system increases.

MWCNTs were dispersed in acetone solution of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN). Four factors which had effect on the average particle size, including the ratio of MWCNTs to SAN, the mass percent of MWCNTs, the ultrasonic power and the ultrasonic time, were studied. The optimal dispersion conditions of MWCNTs in acetone solution of SAN were the ratio of MWCNTs to SAN 1:3, the mass percent of MWCNTs 0.25%, the ultrasonic power 100%, and the ultrasonic time 30 min.

In order to study the influence of muscle structural changes on the special brittleness mechanism of crisp grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus C.et V, CGC) during different crisping process of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus, GC), samples were periodically acquired and then prepared for light and transmission electron microscopy during the whole process. For GC and CGC, all muscle tissues had typical features, whereas there were much more interstitial tissues and narrower intermyofibrillar spaces in CGC than those in GC. Meanwhile, the muscle fibers diameter, intermyofibrillar space and myofibrils to endomysium detachment lengths of GC were significantly decreased with increasing duration of crisping time. While the muscle fibers density and sarcomere lengths were significantly greater in CGC than in GC. In view of the structural and ultra-structural differences in these samples, it was conceivable to suggest that short muscle fiber diameter, high fiber density, narrow intermyofibrillar spaces and wide lengths of sarcomere were the main causes of increased muscle brittleness.

Four activated carbons (ACs) with different properties were heat-treated at 600 °Cfor 3 h and the ACs before and after the treatment were characterized by nitrogen adsorption and XPS. The relationship between pore texture, surface chemistry and dibenzothiophene adsorption capacity was investigated. It is found that pore volume for the pore below 1nm and between 1.1-1.6 nm decreases and increases respectively, and mesopore volume increases after the heat treatment. The Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas of the four samples remain almost the same after the treatment. The surface oxygen content decreases after the treatment. The adsorption isotherms can be better fitted by Freundlich equation than Langmuir equation, indicating that the adsorption sites on surface of the ACs is inhomogeneous. The dibenzothiophene adsorption capacity has a linear relationship with the pore volume of the pores in the range of 0.536-1.179 nm, indicating that micropore filling of dibenzothiophene is the dominant mechanism for dibenzothiophene adsorption. The adsorption capacity of dibenzothiophene for the pristine ACs is larger than that of the heat-treated ACs under the same pore volume for the pores in the range of 0.536-1.179 nm, indicating that surface oxygen functional groups favors the adsorption for dibenzothiophene.

Two kinds of β-glucan were extracted from barley flour and bran, with the purity of 75.3% and 76.2% respectively. Molecular size characterization was caarried out with high performance size exclusion chromatograhy combined with a multi-angle laser light scattering and a refractive index detector (HPSEC-MALL) , the molecular weight (Mw) of β-glucan from barley flour and bran was 2.262×104,7.128×104. X-ray diffraction and thermodynamics tests indicated that all β-glucans were noncrystalline but thermostable polymers. Differential scanning of calorimetry (DSC) showed the presence of peak related with water loss, confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the β-glucan from barley bran had higher onset temperature (T0=49.89°C) and peak temperature (TP=197°C). In scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, the β-glucan from barley bran showed more tight surface,which could be caused by higher molecular weight.

The flesh firmness of AC andrinmutant tomato fruits picked freshly were the largest. Respiration rate and ethylene production were very low at this time. With ethylene production increase, fruit firmness began to decline. 100μL/L ethephon significantly increased AC tomato fruit ethylene release, respiration rate, ACS activity and ACO activity, and decreased flesh firmness. However, there were no significant differences inrinmutant between control and ethephon treatment. It was shown RIN transcription factor regulated ethylene biosynthesis by ACC synthase and ACC oxidase.

The influences of 1-MCP on AC tomato fruit softening were investigated. Ethylene production, flesh firmness, protopectin content, soluble pectin content and polygalacturonase (PG) activity were used to evaluate the quality of tomato fruit. It was shown that 1.0 and 1.5 μL/L 1-MCP treatment significantly decreased the levels of ethylene production, and inhibited flesh firmness and protopectin content decline and polygalacturonase activity increase. At last, it was concluded 1.0 μL/L 1-MCP treatment on AC tomato fruit was the best determining economy.

The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of Fructuskochiae ethanol extract against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and its impact on the rheological properties of shampoo when it was added into the shampoo. The results showed that different concentrations of Fructuskochiae ethanol extract were demonstrated a certain inhibitory effect, with the increasing of the concentration, the antibacterial activity was also on the rise. When the ethanol extract was added into shampoo, the rheological properties of the system changed significantly.

In this paper, θ-EFG(theθfamily of methods –Element Free Galerkin) method is developed and adopted for the simulation of chloride diffusion in concrete. Diffusion of chloride ions is generally assumed to follow the Fick’s second law and its solving process usually adopts finite element and finite difference method. θ-EFG is a meshless method which uses a moving least square approximation in space domain, then uses the θ family of methods in time domain. Some discussions and One dimensional examples are carried out. The computational results compared with the analytical solution are shown that the relative error norm that time=20years, chloride content of different depth and depth =45 mm, chloride content are about 0.5% and 1% respectively.

This paper describes a method of how to test a building’s thermal defect automatically and completely. Though this method is not perfect in all parts, it does provide a innovative solution for the problem of building detection.

The oxidation resistance of SiAlONs is one important property. In our work we present a test method to characterize its anti-oxidation property with the non-isothermal oxidation process using Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA). The oxidation starting temperature (Ts), maximum oxidation rate temperature (Tm) and the value of the oxidation weight gain per unit area (Ga) are three key parameters to describe the antioxidant properties of the material. Experimental results prove this test method is easy and reasonable and it will be developed as the national standard of China.

Nano-sized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spines is prepared by a sol-gel reaction at 800 °C in air. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image indicates that LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 has cubic spinel structure with small and homogeneous particles (about 300 nm). Electrochemical test shows that the prepared LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 delivers up to 125 mAh g− 1at 0.2 C, and the capacity retains 110 mAh g− 1 at 0.5 C after 50 cycles.

Micro-grid, which coordinates distributed energy resources in a decentralized way, is a promising approach to allow distributed energy resources to provide full benefits while reducing the control burden on the grid. By exploiting the concept of cyber-physical system (CPS), prediction can be easily incorporated into micro-grid, which helps the micro-grid work more effectively and safely. In such a case, in this paper, based on CPS, we propose a novel micro-grid model, within the framework of which, a more explicit wind-solar complementary power system is presented. Moreover, we show how the closed-loop control is implemented in the proposed model which is of benefit to the design of micro-grid.

In order to gain the biogas production potential from pericarp of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) fruits, the anaerobic batch fermentation which were divided into the control group (120mL inoculum), the experimental group (120mL inoculum and 15g Dimocarpus longan pericarp) were performed at 30°C.The results indicated that the net biogas production of the experimental group during total fermentation time of 45d was 2455mL. Further, it was calculated that the biogas yield of Dimocarpus longan pericarp was 269mL/g TS or 294mL/g VS.

In order to study the effect of food-microorganism (F/M) ratio on gas properties in batch biogas fermentation experiments with walnut peel, by batch fermentation under the condition of 30°C, with walnut peel as fermentation raw materials, and respectively choose F/M(vs/vs)=0.20, 0.15, the effect of food-microorganism (F/M) ratio on the gas properties was studied in biogas fermentation with walnut peel. The experimental results showed that in the fermentation with walnut peel as raw materials, the potential of TS and VS, the total volume and the time reaching to 80% gas production volume of the time of experimental group F/M(vs/vs)=0.20 were respectively 202ml/gTS, 226ml/gVS, 2840ml, 19d. However, the values of experimental group F/M(vs/vs)=0.15 were respectively 152ml/gTS, 170ml/gVS, 2140ml, 24d. Therefore, food-microorganism (F/M) ratio has a great influence on batch biogas fermentation with walnut peel as the fermentation raw material.

In the process of anaerobic digestion for methane production, one-third of which is from hydrogen, another two-thirds from acetic acid. From the point of material and energy recovery, the energy conversion efficiency of alone hydrogen or methane production is less than co-generation of hydrogen and methane production. Because hydrogen production is also accompanied by acidification and syntrophic acetogenic fermentation process, it is technically feasible for alone hydrogen or methane production. As the two-phase anaerobic digestion separate the acidifying bacteria and methanogens in different reactors, blocking the synergy of the two different microbial community, we should provide scientific and technological support for two-phase anaerobic application.

In this paper, the W-Al2O3 solar energy selective absorbing coating was prepared by magnetron sputtering. The selective absorption coating layers were obtained by setting different tungsten target sputtering power and sputtering time. The process parameters of magnetron sputtering were presented by comparing the selective absorption coating layers absorptivity and reflectivity.

The virtual instrument is the computer-based instrument. The close integration between computer and instrument is one important instrument development direction. The virtual digital storage oscilloscope introduced in the paper has some additional functions except the common oscilloscope functions, its additional functions are spectral analysis, parameter automatic measurement, complex conditions trigger and data storage. The virtual digital storage oscilloscope communicates with the PC software through USB port. The paper discusses the overall design ideas of virtual digital storage oscilloscope, and the composition and functions of the circuits.

The solar selective absorbing coating is the key component of solar energy collector which determines the heat conversion efficiency. The coating materials mentioned in this paper were prepared by Al as substrate, Al2O3-Pt as absorbing layer and metal Ag as infrared reflector. We got three kinds of coatings by adjusting the magnetron sputtering process. Respectively testing and analyzing the performance and microstructure showed that element content of Al, N, O in the coating are of important influence on its performance, meanwhile, the better the crystallization of coatings surface, the more helpful to improve the performance of its corrosion resistance and its moisture and heat resistance.

Tensile properties and morphological studies of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/kenaf (KNF) composites were investigated. The composites with different KNF loading (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 phr) were prepared using a Thermo Haake Polydrive internal mixer at 150°C and 50 rpm for 10 min. The results indicated that tensile strength and elongation at break were decreased with increasing KNF loading, whereas tensile modulus showed the opposite trend. Tensile fractured surfaces observed by scanning electron microscopy showed better interfacial adhesion between LLDPE/PVA and KNF at 10 phr KNF loading.

A diamond tip with included angle of 90° and fillet radius of 45 nm is developed combining precision grinding and focused ion beam. Relatively high speed scratching at 8.4 m/s induced by the developed diamond tip is conducted on silicon (Si) (111) plane using an ultraprecision grinder. Width at the onset of chip formation on a Si wafer is 193 nm. Width and depth at the onset of crack formation are 1125 and 94 nm, respectively. Calculated normal forces at the onset of chip and crack formations are 424 μN and 14 mN, respectively, corresponding to the depth of cut is 44 and 466 nm.

We have investigated the suitability of 8% mole of tailor-made germanium (Ge)- doped silica (Si02) cylindrical fibers to use as the detector, to map dose that received by the patient during the treatment especially for X-ray radiation. The diameters of these cylindrical optical fibers are; 362μm, 483μm and 604μm with different in masses and have been supplied by Telekom Malaysia (TM) group. To study the thermoluminescence reponse of these fibers, X-ray source with 60 kVp, 80 kVp and 100 kVp were used to irradiate the samples. The dosage of X-ray source was measured by the calibrated ionization chamber. The potential of these (Ge) - doped silica (Si02) cylindrical fibers as an efficient thermoluminescence (TL) material was investigated comparing the thermoluminescence response of the fibers with standard TLD 100. In confronting the variation of the dopant concentration (Germanium) along the core of the optical fibers, the individual calibrations so called as Elemental Correction Coefficient (ECC) were carried out. The results showed that, the best annealing temperature and time (to erase the previous signal) for the samples are 400 °C for one hour. The TL Yield (measured in counts per second per unit mass of fiber) increases as the dose of X-ray beams increases from 0.08 Gy up until 2.8 Gy. The results were clearly indicated that the TL response of SiO2 fibers were energy dependent. It can be concluded that, Ge-doped optical Silica (SiO2) optical fibers is very suitable to use as TLD to measure dose in medical applications.

The impact of surface plasma modification on PVDF-TrFE film with different exposure time was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The main emphasis of this study was to optimize the exposure time of argon plasma on the surface of PVDF-TrFE films The surface of spin coated PVDF-TrFE film was modified with argon plasma at exposure time of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 min/s. Prior to modification, only small amount of atomic percent (1.92 %) of O1s peak was observed at 540.8 eV, but upon modification, the atomic percent for O1s peak was found to increase to 8.8 %. Meanwhile, the atomic percent for F1s peak observed at 695.3 eV was found to decrease from 70.6 % to 61.2 %. This phenomenon is an indication that plasma modified PVDF-TrFE films were readily oxidized. Importantly, most of the fluorine elements were removed from the modified PVDF-TrFE film surface, which rendered the film favourable for adhesion with other material for coating aplications.

Extraction of zinc from sphalerite using bio-hydrometallurgical technologies has become more and more popular. This study used an artificial microbial community with five known microorganisms to examine the relationship among microbial diversity, composition, and function (e.g., zinc extraction rates) in sphalerite bioleaching systems with additional pyrite (SP), chalcopyrite (SC), or both (SPC). Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that additional pyrite or chalcopyrite changed the microbial community composition dramatically during the sphalerite bioleaching process. Shannon diversity index, compared with Sphalerite (0.109), showed an increase in SP (0.508), SC (0.536) and SPC (0.289) on day 30, and zinc extraction rates were enhanced by about 12.1%, 4.3% and 9.47%, respectively. Also, additional pyrite or chalcopyrite made ORP and the concentrations of Fe3+, Zn2+ and H+ increased, which were the main factors on shaping the microbial community composition by Mantel test analysis. We developed a unitary model, showing that additional pyrite or chalcopyrite increased the microbial community diversity.

Iron oxidized acidophlies are important in uranium extraction for it mainly depends on the indirect mechanism of bioleaching. Taking indirect field In-Situ bioleaching experiment in a uranium deposit as an example, several strains of acidophiles were isolated from the acid leachate. Bacteria compositions of the samples taken different stages were analyzed by 16SrDNA PCR-RFLP method. Results showed that the dominant bacteria in the leachate wereAcidithiobacillus.ferrivorans,At.ferrooxidansandLeptospirrilum. ferrooxidansfrom the beginning to the middle stage of bioleaching process. With the process carried on, ferric ion concentration increased in the oxidation tanks,L. ferrooxidansbecame predominant bacteria. Again confirmed that in this in-situ bioleaching site, iron oxidized bacteria were in dominant.

The adsorption of bacteria onto minerals is the premise for bioleaching and plays an important role in minerals oxidation. Understanding of the adsorption kinetics onto the surface will give information on the effectiveness of bioleaching. Three kinds of mixed bacteria (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, Sulfobacillus) were cultured in different substrates - copper concentrate, elemental sulfur and ferrous iron and adsorbed onto different solid surface of elemental sulfur, silica and copper concentrate. Adsorption kinetics was examined and surface properties were investigated by Zeta-potential and FT-IR spectroscopy. Bacterial adsorption equilibrium data for bacteria grown on three different substrates were well fitted to Freundlich isotherms, indicating inhomogeneous and selective adsorption. Microorganisms grown on copper concentrate and S0 showed similar adsorption kinetics whereby cell adsorptions proceeded rapidly and reached equilibrium within 30 mins of interaction. With the average KF value of 46.2, most copper concentrate-grown cells were strongly adsorbed to three solid surfaces. Microorganisms grown on copper concentrate and S0 also showed higher hydrophobicity and higher isoelectric point (IEP) (pH 3.4-3.8) as compared to the soluble Fe2+-grown cells (pH 2.1), indicating higher amount of EPS and proteins on the surfaces. The FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of COOH, NH2, OH and PO4 groups on all cell surfaces. However, more proteinaceous compounds were found on cells grown on copper concentrate and S0 substrates.

t is of great importance to find ways to lubricate ZrO2ceramic. In this paper, a kind of ZrO2 matrix high temperature self-lubricating compositewith addition of CaF2 and graphite as lubricants was prepared by hot-pressing. It was found that the tribological properties of ZrO2(Y2O3)-CaF2-graphiteshow a good tribological behavior both at low temperature and high temperatures. The low friction coefficients of ZrO2 (Y2O3)-Mo-CaF2-graphite at high temperatures were due to the perfect lubricity of CaMoO4 which was formed on the worn surface at high temperatures.

Known from the gas dynamic model of cold spraying, the properties of process gas including gas temperature, gas pressure and gas source have great influence on the critical velocity of powder. The influences of the three kinds of gas properties on the quality of the NiCoCrAlY coating on the magnesium substrate by the experiments of the cold gas dynamic spraying were discussed in this study. The results of the experiments show that, when the pressure value of process gas is 3.5MPa, the density of the coating is perfect, and there are obvious layered structures. The porosity is only 0.45%. The influence of gas temperature on the coating quality is the influence of that on the oxygen content. When the temperature of the process gas is confined to 600°C~700°C, the oxygen content is low and the coating comprehensive quality is best. On the premise that other parameters are kept constant, when nitrogen and helium gas are used together, the coating quality is better.

Biogas fermentation with walunt peel was studied at 30°C by batch fermentation in this experiment. The experimental results show that walnut peel is a good raw material of biogas fermentation, and its potential is 195 ml/g TS or 217ml/g VS.

In order to obtain the biogas fermentation potential of rabbit dung, the anaerobic batch fermentation experiments were performed at 30°C, the feed concentration of 6.09% and an initial pH of 7.0. The experiment was design of the control group (120mL seeding materials) and the experimental group (120mL inoculum+21.51g rabbit dung) to explore the potential of the anaerobic digestion of rabbit dung. The results show that biogas production of rabbit dung during total fermentation period of 36 days is 3084mL, TS biogas yield is 432mL/g, and gas yield is 508mL/g. The results indicated that rabbit dung can be used for biogas fermentation and the fermentation was good.

The catalytic deoxygenation experiments of stearic acid and hydrogen were performed for 6 hours in the presence of a solvent, dodecane, in a temperature range of 295-305°C and the rotational speed of 100rpm, under a certain hydrogen partial pressure (in argon), using palladium supported on active and mesoporous carbon as a catalyst. The results showed, the main liquid-phase product was n-heptadecane, while the main gaseous products were CO2and CO. When the partial pressure of hydrogen is 3.0MPa, the acid value of primary product is the lowest and the reaction tends to be gentle, conversion rate of stearic acid and selectivity to n-heptadecane is the highest.

This article focused on the study of frozen storage temperatures effect on protein of crisp grass carp, and then induced changes of texture of crisp grass carp muscle. During frozen storage, lower temperature, better texture of crisp grass carp muscle. The little changes of texture characteristics of crisp grass carp were related to lower changes of drip loss, cooking loss, protein solubility and thermal stability. The results indicated that lower temperature of frozen storage was beneficial to maintain the mastication of crisp grass carp.

In order to study in the field of fermentation to produce biogas withConyza canadensis, the anaerobic batch fermentation experiments were performed at 30°C. The results indicated that the net biogas production of the experimental group during total fermentation time of 36d was 3280ml. Further, it was calculated that the biogas production potential ofConyza canadensiswas 354ml·g-1TS or 413ml·g-1VS.

Based on studying Digital Urban Planning spatial database, this subject uses spatial data engine ArcSDE as interface between GIS application server and database server, and takes the ArcSDE as the core to realize spatial query and spatial analysis of digital urban planning spatial information, and then unified managed the spatial data and attribute data of digital urban planning, finally to support efficient, the huge amount of data extraction.

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful tool for the study of gene function and down regulate specific gene expression in plant. The RIN transcription factor is an important developmental regulator in tomato fruit ripening. In this work, the TRV-LeRIN infiltrated fruit significantly developed green color phenotypes, whereas the control fruit would turn red normally. Dissection of silenced areas for analysis identified whether the LeRIN gene is silenced or not. Taken together, we successfully applied syringe infiltration method of VIGS to silence the LeRIN gene in tomato fruit. These results are critical for understanding the mechanism of tomato fruit ripening.

The chemical compositions of cottonseed oil biodiesel (CSME) are analyzed by using the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The cold flow properties of CSME is studied by cold filer plugging point (CFPP) tester and crystallization mechanism of biodiesel, three approaches for enhancing cold flow properties of CSME are put forward: crystallization fractionation; blending with winter petrodiesel; and treating with cold flow improver (CFI) additives. A significant correlation model is proposed for predicting CFPP by CSME blending ratio. The study shows that the CSME is mainly composed of saturated fatty acid methyl esters (SFSMEs): C14:0~C24:0 and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (UFAMEs): C16:1~C22:1, C18:2 and C18:3. The mass fraction of SFAME and UFAME is 32.12 and 66.19%, respectively. The CFPP of CSME is 6 °C. Crystallization fractionation and blending with-10PD decrease the CFPP of CSME to-1 °C and-12 °C, respectively. Adding Flow Fit, Flow Fit K and T818 additives 1.5 v% decreases the CFPP of CME and CME/-10PD to 0 and-26 °C, respectively. This study has effectively enhanced cold flow properties of CSME and provides technical support for using CSME.

This paper studied the photocatalytic reduction kinetics of bromate in aqueous dispersion of TiO2 and investigated the effects of experimental parameters, including initial concentration of BrO3-, pH, TiO2 dosage, anion and cation. The results indicate that the process of photocatalytic reduction of bromate follows a zero-order kinetics. In all the investigated experimental parameters, the initial bromate concentration, pH and anion have great effect on the photocatalytic reduction kinetics. The processes of photocatalytic reduction of bromate show the pseudo first-order kinetics at initial bromate concentration of 0.39 μmolL-1, pH=5.0, or in presence of HCO3-/CO32-, NO3-, SO42-, respectively.

It’s a great challenge in identifying gas bearing formation from conventional logs in tight gas sandstones due to the low resistivity contrast caused by high irreducible water saturation. Based on the difference of the principles of three kinds of porosity logs (density, neutron and acoustic logs), three porosities difference method, three porosities ratio method, correlation of neutron and density logs and the overlap method of water-filled porosity and total porosity are introduced to identify tight gas bearing reservoirs. In gas bearing formations, the difference of three porosities is higher than 0.0, the ratio of three porosities is higher than 1.0, the correlation between density and neutron logs is negative, and the water filled porosities are lower than total porosities. On the contrary, in water saturated formations, the difference of three porosities is lower than 0.0, the ratio of three porosities is lower than 1.0, the correlation between density and neutron logs is positive, and the water filled porosities are overlapped with total porosities. Considering the complexity of in-suit formation, when the proposed identification criterion are mainly meet, the pore fluid should be determined, field examples show that the proposed techniques are applicable in tight gas formation identification.