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With the deepening of medical system reform, there are unprecedented challenges for China’s medical industry. In order to promote hospital core competitiveness, medical enterprises urgently need to be based on industry demand. The establishment of a unified data platform is an important aspect of this process, however the hospital’s data inherent characteristics, makes the effective management a difficult task. This difficulty creates a hurdle for the implementation of an integrated information technology. Considering these obstacles, opting an effective method of data collection, data analysis and data management has become a concern for hospital staff. The hospital data analysis and decision support system make full use of the massive data deposited in the existing digital information system of the hospital. This cannot only facilitate the manager to monitor the operation and management of the hospital, but also predict its future development direction based on the historical data. This article mainly focuses on the characteristics of hospital data analysis and decision support, and application. We studied the hospital’s data analysis and decision support system for advanced technology as our guide.

During the 1970s and 1980s, American and European investigators discovered evidence of such African scientific achievements as the following: (1) the domestication of assorted plants in The Egyptian Nile Valley ca. 18000 BP; and domesticated cattle in the Kenyan Highlands, ca, 15000 BP. These were achieved thousands of years before plant and animal domestication in South west Asia, the hitherto presumed place where domestication first occurred; and (2) the making of Carbon steel in Tanzania, in the 1st c. BC, using techniques the discoverers called “semi-conductor technology – the growing of crystals”. These and other records of advanced scientific achievements, and at such dates, should prompt a profound revision of our understanding of the scientific knowledge developed by pre-20th century Africans before Europeans conquered and colonized and shattered African societies. They should also prompt a revision of the history of science in the world. In this article I shall present 13 exhibits drawing from the history of spectacular African achievements in science and technology. They range in time from ca. 43200 BC to 1952 AD. And they cover, geographically, Lesotho in Southern Africa; to Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania in East Africa; to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa; to Egypt in North Africa; and to Liberia and Nigeria in West Africa.

This article examines the reality or illusion of the perceived ‘paradises’ of ‘female power’, the purported façade of patriarchy and the claimed pervasiveness of matriarchy in Chinweizu’s Anatomy of Female Power. By deconstructing the extreme essentialist perspectives of AFP, and in line with womanism, the article interrogates the perceived covert matriarchal power sites of the masculinist creation and argues that they essentialize woman’s place in fixed biologically defined gender spaces, hence negating the concept of societal power as exercised rather than possessed. These placements, while trivializing woman’s role in the public sphere, obviously obfuscate the acknowledged dual-sex political system in some African and Nigerian settings. Responding from the generally African and specifically Igbo experience, the work offers an alternative womanist conceptualization, beyond matriarchy-patriarchy and other gender stereotypic binaries; a humanistic form of gender fluidity where the synergy of the two genders will engender complementarity, collaboration, compromise and cooperation.

At the 2018 Outstanding African Thinkers Conference on Nna Chinweizu, attendees – the first author included – took a pledge that “In all branches of our lives, we must be capable of criticizing and of accepting criticism. But criticism, proof of the willingness of others to help us or of our willingness to help others, must be complemented by self-criticism – proof of our own willingness to help ourselves to improve our thoughts and our actions. This is a sacred principle and it is my sacred duty to apply and defend it at all costs” (Chinweizu 2018). In response to that call to action, this article represents an effort to restore MꜢꜤt ‘Maat.’ Ataa Ayi Kwei Armah’s Wat Nt Shemsw: The Way of Companions epitomizes undeclared fiction masquerading as an accurate reflection of the mythology of classical Kmt ‘Land of Black People.’ By cross-checking Ataa Armah’s undeclared fiction with actual historical, iconographical, and archaeological data, we are able to debunk his numerous misrepresentations. We find that the best way to approach Kmt ‘Land of Black People’ is through direct engagement with actual evidence rather than through the distortions of fiction writers turned Egyptologists. Further, we will address the personality cult, or what we term “Ataa Armah’s Manor Shemsw model,” which embodies the rhetorical ethic whereby all egalitarians are equal, but some egalitarians are more equal than others (Orwell, Baker, and Woodhouse 1996).

In this article, I explore the forms of knowledge available among contemporary African intellectuals to identify their possible outcomes. I examine Chinweizu’s concerted effort in Ubuntology: Groundwork for the Intellectual Autonomy of the Black Race (2004). Through a critical review of this monograph, I suggest other ways to address the challenge of knowledge creation and consumption in Africa. I examine the work through the notion of epistemicide. First, I discuss epistemicide – a major claim that the knowledge design in Africa presently is against the intellectual well-being of the African people. I provide justifications of the claim to epistemicide. Thereafter, I provide a critical intervention to the challenge of epistemicide Chinweizu discussed in Ubuntology: Groundwork for the Intellectual Autonomy of the Black Race (2004). Subsequently, I argue for the need to go beyond epistemicide, and to pursue a system of knowledge creation (or knowledge acquisition, or knowledge application) that will liberate Africa.

Culturally speaking, the African woman is saddled with onerous responsibilities that perpetually put her at a disadvantage over her male counterpart. Ranging from the kitchen to child bearing, care giving and child rearing to the farm and market and many more, the African woman spends her life playing the motherly role with its numerous sacrifices attached. Meanwhile, she is acquired by her man through the customary “bride price” to become a wife, and more so, she is disregarded by society if she does not have children. When she is not educated, or she gets impregnated and drops out of school, she assumes the status of a house wife and child-breeder, while her male counterpart continues his education. Most women depend on their husbands for financial support and also some go the extra mile to assume the responsibility of breadwinning when their husbands are faced with financial challenges. Nevertheless, a woman’s educational training is a potent weapon for her liberation. Against this background, this study critically assesses Chinweizu’s assumptions of female power in Anatomy of Female Power in the context of prevalent cultural practices to ascertain the true position of today’s African woman viś-a-viś existing patriarchal hegemony in the Nigerian society. To this end, Feminist Theory serves as the theoretical framework for this discourse. This article examines the kinds or nature of female power that exists through Chinweizu’s evaluation of women’s role in their marital home which could transcend into political and cultural powers when harnessed. This study concludes by stating that women’s perceived powers are natural roles due to their biology which may not indeed be considered as powers however, if given favourable conditions, they can become a potent force in exercising female leadership in society.

Chinweizu’s wide-ranging and copious intellectual output persistently brings into sharp focus penetrating analysis of Asia’s contemporary rise (read in Chinweizuan terms as autonomous modernization and industrialization) in juxtaposition to Africa’s de-industrialization and with it her firm rootedness at the periphery of global power. “Africa’s Staticity-Asia’s Rise” is a binary that bothers Chinweizu to no end. In two key works presented in Accra and Abuja respectively (Chinweizu, 2010a; 2010b) he tries to find answers. The two papers throw up in my view, a few strategic questions : i. how should Africa relate to a rising Asia in contemporary times? ii. What will it take in real terms for Chinweizu’s Black Superpower to emerge if the Asian example is a compelling one? iii. Is industrialization an existential necessity for Africa? iv. What kind of political, economic and social structures are required for a Black Superpower to emerge to command the respect of the world like Japan, Korea or China? This article will critically engage with these two works in order to attempt to respond to these strategic questions in the hope that it will aid in sharpening the theoretical underpinnings and practical processes for building the Chinweizuan Black Superpower.

As the representative of postwar Japanese female writers, Yamazaki Toyoko expressed the theme from her unique perspective, sharp language and realistic techniques, revealing the contradictions and conflicts in Japanese society. Yamazaki constructs the conceptual metaphor of “the system is the white tower” running through the novel, so that readers could gradually change their cognition and realize an unknown confrontation and competition between good and evil in the hospital. The Great White Tower revolves around the medical insider and the dispute between doctors and patients. The characters in the novel are real and full, which well shows the struggle for professional titles, the erosion of human nature. Based on this, from the perspective of cognitive poetics, this paper mainly uses conceptual metaphor, archetypal category theory and event framework theory to interpret the novel and analyzes the characters of novels, explores the themes of novels and reveals the explanatory power of cognitive poetics to literary novels. Through the dynamic construction of the character image and conflict escalation, it is obvious that money-power politics caused by rapid development of capitalist economy, authority worship and excessive power caused by the deep-rooted hierarchical culture also further triggered the pursuit of professors’ authority and the struggle between different interest groups.

Public health equalization has a significant impact on residents’ health and economic growth. Recently, studies suggested the persistence of series of public health unequal issues in China, such as imbalanced government financial investment, unreasonable configuration of public health resources, etc. The healthcare system in Jiangsu province is a microcosm of the pattern of healthcare delivery in China. Identifying developmental differences in Jiangsu and consequential effect on healthcare output can serve as a good reference for comparing performance of healthcare facilities within China in general. Based on the Model of Health the Healthy Production from Grossman and Lucas’ New Endogenous Economic Growth Model, we selected data from China Statistical Yearbooks and Jiangsu Statistical Yearbooks. 13 cities in Jiangsu province were divided into three groups, categorized as economically developed areas, relatively economically developed areas and less-economically developed areas. The panel cointegration model and e PVECM PVECM error correction model based on E-G two-step method are utilized for empirical research. During the period of 2006–2015, there were differences between the short term effect and long term effect on regional development resulted by the public health equalization level of Jiangsu Province. In the short term, the healthcare investment equalization level has been improved, to a certain extent, which executes a certain promoting effect on the people’s health development and regional economic growth in the long term, which restraint the improvement and development of long term public health equalization level and stimulating on the residents’ health and economic growth. The government of China in general and Jiangsu province in particular could ensure the efficiency of public health human resources, reform the public hospital internal system and establish an effective competition system, aiming to improve the public health equalization and promote balanced development of residents’ health and economic growth.

The gravity model is applied to construct a collaborative innovation network between cities in the Yangtze River Delta, analyzes its structural characteristics and evolution from a network perspective, and proposes development strategies. This will help optimize the network structure of collaborative innovation among cities in the Yangtze River Delta, improve the efficiency of collaborative innovation, and promote their innovation level together. Based on the data of urban innovation indexes in 2006, 2011 and 2016, this paper reveals the structural characteristics and evolution of the collaborative innovation network between cities in the Yangtze River Delta, and puts forward corresponding development strategies. The findings are as follows: (1) The overall innovation capability of cities in the Yangtze River Delta has been continuously improved, and the strength of collaborative innovation links between cities has slowly increased. (2) The innovation development of cities in the Yangtze River Delta is unbalanced and asymmetrical. The network presents a significant “core-periphery” spatial structure and a “multi-center, multi-level” pattern, and central cities drive the development of surrounding cities. (3) A reasonable regional innovation community should be constructed from the perspectives of spatial coordination, innovation industry chain integration and resource sharing, and the collaborative innovation network should be optimized.

In this paper, the Probit model was established based on the survey data of 105 loan officers in China’s Western Region, and the factors influencing the willingness of mortgage loan supply of farmland management rights under the government-led model were investigated from the perspective of financial supply. The research shows that farmers’ income, farmers’ policy awareness, farmland scale, loan experience, risk compensation system, legal perfection and policy stability have a positive impact on the willingness of loan officers to issue mortgage loans for farmland management rights. Factors such as farmers’ age and education level have a negative impact on the willingness to supply. In addition, by comparing the stability of the regression model before and after the addition of risk compensation system, legal perfection degree and policy stability degree, it is concluded that the policy variables have a great influence on the decision-making of financial institutions.

In this paper, relevant literatures on precision medicine and primary health care under big data from 2005 to 2020 were selected on CNKI, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, PUBMED and so on. A total of 98 literatures were included to summarize the development, difficulties and suggestions on precision medicine in China. This paper analyzes the application of precision medicine in China’s primary health care and the technical and social problems that precision medicine faces in the era of big data, and puts forward the next research direction of community precision medicine prevention and treatment. Conclusion,: the application of precision medicine in primary health care is still in its infancy. Genomic data, sample management, data quality control standards and data management platform construction are the foundation of community precision medicine. “Intelligent precision medicine” will be the future development direction.

Using a combination of literature analysis and historical literature comparison methods, the study analyzes the international and domestic social background of Glasnost and journalism reform, reviews and studies Gorbachev’s objectives, measures and development process of carrying out journalism reform. Journalism reform is a part of Glasnost and also a method demand of other reforms within socialism. The implementation of the reform of the journalism has taken a variety of measures, and has gone through three historical stages: impediment stage, expansion stage and development of liberalization stage. The results show that the failure of journalism reform and the disintegration of the state are caused by the political and economic situation in the Soviet Union and the historical legacy problems. However, a series of improper measures carried out by the journalism reform undoubtedly accelerated the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

Herders-farmers violent conflicts and flare-ups have spread throughout central and southern communities in Nigeria, but exclude the urban areas. I examine ‘herders – urban residents’ conflicts. Herders roam their cattle from outskirts to city roads, disrupting traffic and leaving behind trails of excrement and offensive smells causing dangerous nuisance. I argue that the new practice of cattle herders’ encroachments on city roads poses some socio-economic risks such as environmental decay, air pollution, displacement of urban livelihoods, road accidents and non-violent conflicts. Primary data was elicited from herders and residents in four major cities in Nigeria such as Aba, Awka, Nsukka and Owerri. I conclude by reflecting on the consequences of these socio-economic and environment-related risk factors which combine to undermine the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG s), and proffer solutions to address them. I make forecast in the form of early warning system that; cattle herders – urban residents cantankerous and confrontational interrelationships (though ‘non-violent conflicts’) could escalate and implode into dangerous ‘violent conflict’ scenarios if neglected.

This study investigates demand for real money balances in Africa using panel time-series data from Nigeria and Ghana between 1970 and 2014. The study employs Levin, Lin, Chu common unit root process and Pedroni Residual Cointegration Test which the results reveal that all the variables in the model are stationary and cointegrated respectively. Data sourced from the World Development Indicators (WDI) were analyzed using Panel Two-Stage Estimated Generalized Least Squares (cross-section Seemingly Unrelated Regression model (SURE)) with Instrumental Variables (IV). The results conform to the liquidity preference theory, with all the variables – inflation, real interest rates, and official exchange rates are statistically significant except real income. It is recommended that the monetary authorities in Africa especially the economies of Nigeria and Ghana should adopt appropriate monetary policies by placing interest rates, inflation and official exchange rates at acceptable levels to boost income through private sector investments.

During times when terrorism is eroding almost all industries of victim economies, tourism industry is thought to be much prone to it. This paper investigates the long run relationship between terrorism and tourism for South Asian and African countries separately, allowing us to compare the results of the two regions. Long run relationship is analyzed via dynamic panel techniques (PMG, MG and DFE) on data for 22 African and 6 South Asian countries from 1991 to 2013. These panel cointegration techniques quantify the long-run relationship between terrorism and tourism. Terrorism has been found detrimental for tourism industry both in Africa and South Asia. Empirical findings affirm that terrorism has a long-run negative impact on tourism in both regions. Recommendations, on the basis of findings are proposed at the end.

Body size is a profound ground of inequality in modern global society. Moreover, constructions of body size are racially polarized, with blacks being reputed for venerating large body. Proceeding with a triangulation of qualitative methods, this phenomenological study featured forty-two in-depth interviews, eight focus group discussions and eighteen key informant interviews among men and women of varying body sizes in two of the six states of southwestern Nigeria. Findings reflect dominantly neutral meaning of body size among the Yorùbá. This neutrality is dominantly reflected in the literal questioning of meaning that Yorùbá attach to body size, and who becomes a king in Yorùbá land but partially neutral in acceptability of prospective son or daughter in-law. Divinity, orí (fate), ìwà (good behavior) and ọmọlúàbí (good person) are among phenomena that counts in discerning people’s worth. Meaning attached to body size is opposed to common-place attitude to body size, making this attitude to be profane while meaning is solemn. This meaning is tremendously in favour of optimum health, and attenuating inequality, for which even black societies are perpetrating in the globalized world. Traditional Yorùbá value of human person is irrespective of body size.

Venture capital (VC) can promote the innovation of invested enterprises through financial support, social networking, and intellectual capital. Based on data of Chinese listed companies from 2003 to 2016, this study, firstly, compares the impact of government and private VC on enterprise innovation using Possion regression, and applies the ITCV method and Negative Binomial Regression for Robustness Examination, then, explores the relationship between their shareholding percentage and enterprise innovation with threshold test. The results show that: the performance of private VC is significantly positive and in line. With the increasing shareholding percentage of private VC, the innovation of invested enterprises increases. The overall performance of government VC, however, is not significant, and the shareholding percentage of government VC also has no significant impact on the innovation of invested companies. Additional testing revealed that a “threshold effect” however exists in the impact of the shareholding percentage of government VC on innovation: within a certain range, the higher the shareholding percentage, the more significant the impact on innovations becomes, but beyond that range, the percentage is inversely related to innovation.

Some studies have shown that financial subsidy can promote the technology or product innovation of enterprises, and then improve the product quality. However, in the market competition of subsidized and non-subsidized agricultural machinery products, it is of great practical significance to study whether the enterprises subsidized by the government will improve the product quality. Considering that government provides subsidies for agricultural machinery products, a decision- making model for quality of agricultural machinery manufacturers is established. The relationship between government subsidy and quality of agricultural machinery products is analysed by numerical examples. Results show that the product quality and expected cost of agricultural machinery manufacturers are affected by the government’s financial support, but the relationship between financial subsidy and quality of agricultural machinery products is not monotonic. The increase of government subsidy standard has a negative effect on manufacturers improving the quality of agricultural machinery products in the diffusion region of subsidized agricultural machinery products, but the profits of manufacturers will continue to increase with the increase of subsidies. Government subsidies can promote agricultural machinery manufacturers to improve product quality in the non-subsidized agricultural machinery products diffusion region.

Migration has been common throughout human history and has been part of Armenian history for many centuries in varying degrees. However, at the end of the 19th century and in the early years of the 20th century, Armenians experienced an unprecedented rate of migration. The large outflow caused complications that affected many aspects of the social life of Armenians. They had lived in peace throughout the Anatolian territory without any geographical limitations until the last period of the Ottoman Empire when they began to be radicalized by some countries that wished to make Christian Armenians and Muslims enemies. Consequently, Armenians started to migrate abroad from Anatolia. This article examines the reasons for the migration of the Ottoman Armenians before World War I by reference to Ottoman archival documents.

The paper underscores the place of theories in organizing social science data and experience. It holds that theories are indispensable to social research (The North-South divide notwithstanding), in view of the fact that the framework of knowledge and experience within which theories are established make a meaningful explanation of the world phenomenon reasonably possible. It delineates political philosophy and history of ideas from theory and thus, takes care of common mistake social scientists make differentiating between them. Furthermore, the paper on one hand, takes on the scientific requisites of theory such as assumption, concepts (and their functions), hypothesis (and its characteristics typology), law, models, paradigm and provides lucid conceptual analysis of each with a view to showing their relatedness to theory but not as synonyms to it. On the other hand, we singled out dependency theory in its emanation from knowledge and experience of underdevelopment of Third World countries, as the first and perhaps most relevant theoretic explanation of Africa’s underdevelopment. The paper posits that a good theory that will serve as a rudder for formulation of research questions, problem statement, as well as sustain the data analysis, and findings must parade some, if not all of the following qualities: precision and testability, empirical validity, parsimony, stimulation, and practicability.

Between the respective anti-colonial movements in mainland China and Tanzania and the independence that followed, the political, economic and scientific development that ensued required systematic planning and implementation. The relationship that developed between Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) of Tanzania and the Communist Party of China (CPC) lay the foundation for what many regard as the proto-typical character and example of Chinese diplomacy and its influence in Africa, as well as how states and political parties interact with each other given certain global, geo-political challenges. This paper briefly outlines the main motivations, ideas, plans and implementation of the various exchanges and activities shared between the two political parties. It argues that the idea of party-to-party relations between China and Tanzania required a practical edge that prepared them for the global challenges they faced, and more importantly, prescribed the developmental nature of their relationship.

This paper traces how Maneki-Neko becomes appropriated by a specific demographic of people (mostly business owners) in China as Zhaocaimao since the 1980s, and travels with the recent Chinese migrants to South Africa after Apartheid. It aims to demonstrate how the flows of people and cultural symbols were mutually constructed through the ongoing, intersected process of adaptation and appropriation in new territories. A multimodal discourse analysis was performed on texts and images collected from interviews with ten people in Johannesburg’s Chinatowns. The paper arises from the conceptual backdrop of Sanders’s (2015) theory on adaptation and appropriation and Appadurai’s (1990) work on disjunctures in the politics of global culture. It argues that the process of sustained engagement between Maneki-Neko and the Chinese people who have appropriated it is mutually constructed and undergoes constant geopolitically embedded transformations of sinification as Maneki-Neko travels to new circumstances and contexts. Notably, the transnational appropriation and adaption of cultural symbols from folk traditions in a diasporic context create a sense of empowerment and ownership. Zhaocaimao in South Africa has become a symbol of a micro-identity against the backdrop of the disjunctive global economy and culture of today which turns the locality into a discursive field of Chinese identity/Chineseness and a site of ritual economy.

The article explores how the politics of South-South cooperation, namely between Africa and China, play out at the level of cultural subjectivity, implicating modes of affect and identities that are not captured by the more commonly employed binary framework of “friend” or “enemy.” It asks whether it is possible for the Africans and Chinese to imagine each other without the West as its geocultural dominance diminishes; and if so, how is this being made possible? As modes of transmitting and learning, cultural initiatives under the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation and “Belt and Road Initiative” provide a window into both people’s understandings of one another. While necessary for building people-to-people relations, the article, relying on an analysis of data collected from Chinese websites, argues that the state-sponsored cultural exchanges largely reify existing racialized ideas of “the African” and Orientalist views of “the Chinese.” However, building on Simbao’s (2019) point about artists’ works that “push back” against dominant discourse, the article further argues and demonstrates through the journey and works of three artists (Chinese, Kenyan, and Ghanaian) that radical imaginaries reflecting the inner states of acting subjects of China-Africa engagements are available in local cultural productions, uncompromising in communicating shared beliefs and posing challenges to power relations on multiple scales.

The paper offers insights from ethnographic research that reach beyond general assumptions of the working of globalization, especially in the Global South. It examines the ways in which the arrival of products made in China, namely green tea, has influenced the everyday of people in Mali, modifying consumption practices and the business landscape. Chinese green tea, which is known in the Sahel countries of West Africa since the 19th century, has gradually found more and more consumers in Mali, so that from the 2000s onwards tons of green tea arrive every month in the country. Most Malians, the paper shows, consume green tea several times a day and identify with the beverage to such an extent that it has even become their national drink. The paper further shows how, in spite of concerns of product durability and health standard, other industrially manufactured Chinese commodities, too, have replaced locally-made products but, at the same time, enabled people to connect to a global lifestyle. In essence, the insights the paper provides from ethnographic research on the circulation of green tea deepen understanding of how Chinese commodities become culturally appropriated or integrated with local everyday practices.

In received convention, “China” and “global south” are either a priori established as discrete categories or a posteriori prognosticated as linked units. As a consequence of the unambiguous antithesis between the two premises, “China” and “global South” are a fortiori synthesized by a formal tenet fabricated through inductive reasoning and supplanting substantive relations and dynamics. In contrast, this paper attempts to uncover the relational processes articulating “the rise of China” and “the rejuvenation of the global south,” previously the Third World. To that end, it makes use of the framework of world-system analysis in order to gain access to a cogent angle of vision that captures the historical context that actualizes and is actualized by China/global South relations and processes. This paper concludes that the capitalist system’s terminal crisis of accumulation, which has ramifications that are global in scope and cultural in scale, engenders the relational ground that transpires in the rise of China and the rejuvenation of the global south.

My article contributes to the current debates on travel, with special emphasis on Africans’ travels to China. I theorize travel writing from a South-South perspective, thereby bypassing the European colonial era, which is usually considered the watershed of travel writing. Besides, I interrogate the uncritical praise of China by the Ugandan traveller, Taddeo Bwambale Nyondo, as well as the absence of criticism of the country even when there are moments when this criticism could have come in handy. I argue that Nyondo is a subaltern writer, who visits a highly-industrialized country from which he hopes his country can learn key lessons on development, which makes him similar to Ham Mukasa and Sir Apolo Kagwa who visited England in 1902 and recorded their impressions of the country in Uganda’s first written travelogue, Uganda’s Katikiro in England (1904). By juxtaposing the contemporary writer’s views of China with the earlier travellers’ view of England, I hope to create a dialogic relationship with this earlier travelogue tradition, thereby giving readers the opportunity to see the connections and disjuncture between these two periods (i.e., 1900s and 2000s).

The article aims to give local texture to people’s, specifically Chinese, mobilities in a South African context. Through a retelling of a grandmother’s stories to her granddaughter, we argue that they offer a vision of the world that Black and Chinese South Africans inhabited during apartheid – they disrupted the world built by the all-white government. During the apartheid period, people were forced to see the world in black and white terms, not to mention powerful and powerless. It is this reality of the past that an ancestor’s oral accounts about how her people met and interacted with people from other shores, who had different stories than hers, are important. In this article, one of the authors recalls and further reimagines these stories about people who came from afar to make their own living in South Africa, cross paths with the locals, and leave their own marks. The article also highlights the significance of “Mo-China,” the Chinese fafi gambling game in supplementing Black and Chinese South African urban livelihoods during apartheid. The article concludes by pointing out that these stories, crossing and informing worlds, are prohibited knowledge that requires new attention which debates on the Chinese presence in African contexts have neglected thus far.

Over a considerable period of time, China has formulated a series of press freedom principles and guidelines for practice. These have their own distinctive features. China has also established its own legal system to regulate press freedom. By using the methods of literature analysis, text analysis, historical analysis and induction methods, this paper studies the origin, spiritual essence and core content of China’s press freedom. In addition, the current general framework and functions of China’s press laws, as well as the significance of press legislation, are discussed. The study finds that although China has established a relatively complete legal framework to govern the press, but with the rapid development of China’s social economy, the problems facing news dissemination will be more and more, the promulgation of specialized laws remains necessary and inevitable in the realization of the supervision of the press control. China needs to establish a perfect news law as soon as possible.