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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multivariate and diversified disease and affects the most sensitive areas of the brain, the cerebral cortex, and the hippocampus. AD is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease most often associated with memory deficits and cognition that get more worsen over time. The central theory on the pathophysiological hallmark features of AD is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, also associated with tau proteins (τ) dysfunctioning which leads to distorted microtubular structure, affects the cholinergic system, and mitochondrial biogenesis. This review emphasizes how simple it is to find novel treatments for AD and focuses on several recently developed medications through repurposing that can speed up traditional drug development. • Alzheimer's Disease is a multivariate and diversified disease • The cerebral cortex and hippocampus are frequently affected regions in AD. • The pathology of Alzheimer's Disease is characterized by the accumulation of β amyloid peptides and the dysfunctioning of tau proteins. • Recently developed medications through repurposing can speed up traditional drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a heterogeneous group of aging-associated ailments characterized by interrupting cellular proteostasic machinery and the misfolding of distinct proteins to form toxic aggregates in neurons. Neurodegenerative diseases, which include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and others, are becoming an increasing threat to human health worldwide. The degeneration and death of certain specific groups of neurons are the hallmarks of these diseases. Over the past decades, Caenorhabditis elegans has beenwidely used as a transgenic model to investigate biological processes related to health and disease. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has developed as a powerful tool for studying disease mechanisms due to its ease of genetic handling and instant cultivation while providing a whole-animal system amendable to several molecular and biochemical techniques. In this review, we elucidate the potential of C. elegans as a versatile platform for systematic dissection of the molecular basis of human disease, focusing on neurodegenerative disorders, and may help better our understanding of the disease mechanisms and search for new therapeutics for these devastating diseases. • The interruption of cellular proteostasic machinery characterizes neurodegenerative diseases. • The degeneration and death of certain specific groups of neurons are the hallmarks of these diseases. • C. elegans has developed as a powerful tool for studying neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. • C. elegans provides a whole-animal system amendable to several molecular and biochemical techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an adverse cellular environment and pathological alterations in distinct brain regions. The development is triggered or facilitated by a condition such as hypoxia or ischemia, or inflammation and is associated with disruptions of fundamental cellular functions, including metabolic and ion homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that hypoxia may affect many pathological aspects of AD, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, amyloidogenic processing of APP, and Aβ accumulation, which may collectively result in neurodegeneration. Further investigation into the relationship between hypoxia and AD may provide an avenue for the effective preservation and pharmacological treatment of this neurodegenerative disease. This review summarizes the effects of normoxia and hypoxia on AD pathogenesis and discusses the underlying mechanisms. Regulation of HIF-1α and the role of its key players, including P53, VEGF, and GLUT1, are also discussed. • Hypoxia is one detrimental aspect of ischemia and stroke and also leads to AD development. • Hypoxia leads to Mitophagy and ER stress, which ultimately increase the chances of AD. • HIF-1 is known to maintained oxygen homeostasis, cellular energy metabolism, and tumor expression. • HIF-1α has been elucidated the representative transcription factor of hypoxic condition. • Signalling pathways plays a vital role in the induction of endogenous anti-oxidant enzymes against oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]