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In post-conflict South Sudan, as in many other places, climate variability extreme events are already undermining communities' livelihoods by causing adverse socioeconomic and environmental impacts. However, few studies have paid little attention to the extent to which climatic shocks have disturbed the community's livelihood and resilience strategies built by communities. Quantitative methodological review using a systematic protocol to select scientific literature was employed. A total of twenty-five articles were extracted and analyzed. The findings indicated that climatic shocks such as flood, drought, have resulted in disruptive changes in cropping pattern, reduction in the crop production, erosion of social assets, exacerbate resource-based conflicts, resulting in large losses of livestock and disturbed the physical topography of the area leading to extinction of flora and fauna that constituted the livelihoods of the communities. Results also showed that: (1) crop farming and livestock rearing, (2) diversification of livelihood assets and, (3) switching to alternative offfarm businesses are pursued by households. This review paper recommends that policymakers should focus on building livelihood assets and investing in and outside the agriculture sector in order to promote sustainable livelihoods development and income diversification while providing pathways for communities to recover and adapt to climate variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is reported sporadically in different countries of the world including India that climate change has adverse effect on livestock productivity, particularly on milk production and growth which is reflected in meat production indirectly. Climate Change poses formidable challenge to the development of livestock sector in India. The rise in temperature between 2 to 3 °C over the entire country together with increased humidity resulting from climate change is likely to aggravate the heat stress in dairy animals resulting in reduced growth and milk production. Quantification of these potential impacts of climate on livestock production allows producers to gain a better understanding of the magnitude of the changes in production levels and potential indicators of livestock response, on which managemental actions depend. Economic losses resulting from temperature-induced reductions in production may justify adaptation and mitigation of adverse impact of climate change on animal. So in this paper impact of climate change on feed intake, production, reproduction, physiology, disease occurrence in livestock, poultry etc were discussed. Moreover different adaptive and mitigation measures were discussed to reduce adverse negative effect of climate change for sustainable livestock production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anticipated climate change will adversely affect the productivity of livestock directly due to increased heat stress, indirectly it will affect the livestock by causing feed and fodder shortages, reducing biodiversity, water availability and increasing the incidences of vector-borne livestock diseases. On the other hand, the livestock keeping farm households mainly small farm households will be affected directly as they rear livestock for their livelihood. Interestingly, over the years, the livestock keeping households have increased at a tremendous rate for the small and marginal, medium and semi-medium farm household categories as they reduce the risk arising from extreme climate conditions. So, it becomes imperative to adopt adaptation and mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of climate change on livestock given their importance in smallholder farmers' livelihood in India. Some of researchers in past have recommended certain adaptation and mitigation strategies for reducing the climate change impact on livestock. But, are these adaptation and mitigation strategies applicable or viable in the context of smallholder farmers in India? This remains an unsolved puzzle. This paper tries to demystify certain myths associated with these strategies as well as explore the ground realities. The present policy of indiscriminate crossbreeding of local cattle with exotic cattle should be reviewed and reoriented for smallholder dairy farmer especially, in dry and rainfed regions where there is scarcity of fodder and water which are required heavily by crossbred cattle. The study clearly reflects that the adaptation research should be country specific as the strategies suitable for one country may not be viable for the others as there is considerable difference in local conditions of different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]