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The most important hunting game species found in majority of established hunting grounds in the Republic of Serbia are roe deer, wild boar and hare. The objective of this paper is to determine abundance, shooting rate and income generated by managing mentioned game populations in Serbia. On the basis of data of the Republican Bureau of Statistics of Serbia the records on abundance and shooting rate in game species in the 2011-2021 period were collected. The value of shot animals has been determined both on the basis of market pricelist of the Hunting Association of Serbia for the 2021/22 hunting year and according to the structure of animals shot per certain game categories obtained in previous research. Shooting rate realized in relation to overall roe deer abundance in 2021 was 7.90% with the shooting value reaching 1,106,724 euros. Wild boar abundance index recorded population growth of even 33.53% in 2021 and percentage of population utilization accounted for 63.83% while value of shooting reached 834,509 euros being three times higher than the income of shooting established in 2011. Hare population abundance has recorded a drastic fall and this decreasing trend has been reflected also in a reduced shooting rate thus in 2021 the value of shooting rate of hare was 676,625 euros. The results of the analysis of abundance, shooting rate and trends regarding their values make a basis for indicating a direction of improvement and the measures to enhance the management of these game species populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a result of many years of field and laboratory research of the soils in Pčinja river basin, North Macedonia, spread out on 237.640,71 ha ranging from 191 to 1664 m above the sea level in order to gain a better understanding of the productive capacities of the soils and measures for their improvement. The catchment area of Pčinja River is a spatial area that extends in two states in the of the Republic of North Macedonia and the part of the Republic of Serbia, whose boundaries are naturally clearly defined. Soil samples were taken by spade and one composite sample was prepared for each sampling site, each containing about 3 kg of soil. Before sieving the samples were air dried. In laboratory, the following analyses have been carried out on the soil samples: hygroscopic moisture, mechanical composition, pH of the soil solution, humus content and total nitrogen, content of carbonates. The mechanical composition and chemical properties of the soils have been determined by standard methods. This area is very heterogeneous, with numerous relief forms, with different expositions and inclinations, and with great differences of altitude. Additionally, there are several geological formations of a very heterogeneous petrographic-mineralogical composition and climate-vegetation zones. Long-term effects of human involvement should also be noted. The vast diversity of the factors required for soil formation in this area is the reason for the formation of many different soil types as well as the lower taxonomic units. These types of soils are characterized by different properties (chemical, physical, and physical-mechanical, productive). Therefore, they have varied effects on agricultural production. There are 9 different soil types and 18 complexes of more than two land types distributed in the Pčinja River basin together with a considerable amount of subtypes, varieties and forms. The most represented with the largest area are: Vertisol, Fluvisol, Fluvisol (Colluvial Soils) and Cambisol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of research on competitive relations between sessile oak seedlings and the most important competing species of woody vegetation, as well as ground flora that grows under a shelterwood, after the preparatory - seed cut of the shelterwood cutting. The research was conducted in sessile oak (Quecus petraea/Matt./Liebl.) stand in the area of northeastern Serbia. The studied stand is located at 320 to 350 m above sea level, with a slope up to 25° and western exposure. In terms of phytosociology, the stand is defined as an association of sessile oak with hairy sedge (Carici pilosae - Quercetum petraeae B. Jov. 1989). After the preparatory-seed cut, 124 trees per ha remained in the stand, with a basal area of 11.9 m2/ha and a volume of 129.1 m3/ha. The obtained results in the paper indicate the competitive relations between sessile oak and the most important competing woody species, as well as the species of ground vegetation. The most common competing woody species are silver linden (Tilia tomentosa Moench.) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), while other species (Fraxinus excelsior L., Fraxinus ornus L., Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Acer campestre L., Cornus mas L.) are represented individually. In addition to a significant presence, competing species of woody vegetation are characterized by very intensive development, which significantly reflects on the presence and development of sessile oak seedlings. In contrast, eight-year-old sessile oak seedlings have outgrown blackberries in the studied stand, which no longer competes with them. The obtained results indicate that during the regeneration of sessile oak forests, special attention must be focused on the presence and dynamics of the development of competing vegetation, as well as that the success of the regeneration largely depends on controlling this factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of research on the influence of climatic factors on the occurrence of defoliation and decline of forests as a final outcome. The research was conducted in a mixed beech and fir forest, in the period from 2004 to 2019 at sample plot 415 - Maljen, as a representative example of forest decline, which is part of regular monitoring conducted on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Due to the fact that defoliation may be due to the influence of various factors, research, analysis and results are focused on long-term trends. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the degree of influence of climatic parameters on the occurrence of defoliation. Data on temperatures and precipitation in the period 2004-2019 were processed and analyzed on a monthly and annual basis, as well as in the vegetation period, for the main meteorological station Valjevo, which is closest to sample plot 415. Also, drought assessment was performed during this research period based on Lang's rain factor, de Martonne aridity index and climate diagram by Walter. In order to confirm these methods, the Standardized Precipitation Index was calculated as one of the method that has been mostly used in drought identification lately. It was stated that the defoliation of trees was initiated by extreme climatic events during three consecutive drought years (2011-2013), after which there was the largest decline of forests in the researched area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increasing environmental problems, environmental management is becoming a challenge and a necessity in the modern world today. Negative consequences of human behavior are increasingly being observed. These reasons have led to environmental changes and consumer awareness of the impact they may have on environmental conservation. Green marketing has raised consumer awareness of how their behavior can have a positive impact on the environment. Various environmental changes affect consumer behavior, so it is imperative that all factors be monitored continuously to meet consumer demands. The main aim of the paper is to research the attitudes and opinions of the respondents on the importance of green food, how green marketing affects the sustainability and use of green food products. The survey was completed in 2019 on a sample of 100 respondents exclusively on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Research results generally show that consumers are not sufficiently familiar with the term green marketing. The analysis shows that they know what a green product is, but that they cannot easily recognize it in the market, and that they do not buy it sufficiently to preserve the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Council of the European Union and the European Parliament announced the objectives of the "sustainable policy in the water area" in 1996. Following those objectives and recommendations, control of surface water quality from the aspect of sustainable development of the region has been actively executed in Serbia. Water quality monitoring is primarily applied on large water basins, with a focus on small ones as well, especially due to the fact that small basins have a significant role in environmental protection and water supply. This paper presents the significance of regular water control of the River Ralja in Central Serbia. Monitoring was executed in different seasons, and this paper presents results for the period 2011-2012. The aim of this paper is to present the situation of the water basin and point to the significance of surface courses for water supply of the population. Another objective is to point to issues emerging in the phase of using and disposing of used waters, as well as the option of using the River Ralja water for irrigating arable land, in the aim of obtaining healthy and high-quality agricultural produce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During last decade of 20th century, and after 2000, there have been significant changes in the management of protected areas (PAs) in Serbia. Prior to that time, most of PAs, were managed by public sector, but changes on international and national level, caused involvement of other actors. In the system of management of PAs, beside private sector, from 1994, is present private sector. The problem of determining types of managers of PAs in Serbia and their systematization is important for understanding changes in the existing system of PA and, so far, has not been sufficiently treated. For these reasons, the aim of this paper is to determine types and structure (categories and subcategories) of PAs managers in Serbia. Types of managers are defined in relation to public and private character of the initial capital. Management categories are established in relation to the ways of organization and legal form, while subcategories represent managers which are defined on the basis of available secondary data. In paper are applied quantitative methods of content analysis and specialization (classification) as well as comparative and statistical method. The results indicate the existence of two main types of PAs managers in Serbia from public and private sector. Within the public sector, two categories are distinguished: „enterprises” and „institutions”, and within private sector, also two categories, „companies” and „other organizations and individuals”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allothrombium clavatum Saboori, Pešić & Hakimitabar, 2010 was described from Montenegro, based on two damaged specimens. This species was reported for the first time from Serbia on aphid Aphis craccivora. In this paper, new host and metric data are given. Further, on 7 localities, in different parts of Serbia, larvae of three trombidiid mite species on A. craccivora have been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model of dynamic programming in addressing specific challenges encountered in management planning of clonal poplar plantations. The planning challenge is posed by the need to make a decision that will result in maximum revenue, a possibility to select different rotations, plant spacing and the frequency of thinning during the rotations. The aim of this research was to analyze only options that are realistically possible, since the number of possible combinations is extremely high. The dynamic programming model is tested in the Republic of Serbia (Province of Vojvodina) on clonal poplar plantations in the forests managed by the Public Enterprise "Vojvodinašume". The analysis included possible thinning in the 10th or the 20th year (or both) and three possible rotations (20, 25 and 30 years), taking into account three types of plant spacing that are most commonly used in planting in alluvial region of Vojvodina, along the Danube River (6x3 m, 5x5 m and 6x6 m). The result of the analysis showed that the optimal procedure for the management of Euro-American poplar (Populus-euroamericana I - 214) stands, in the given conditions, in the long term, involves afforestation with plant spacing 5x5 m, thinning in the 10th year and the rotation length of 25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk shortage is a major problem of the dairy industry, both in Serbia and in neighboring countries. Although there is evidence of a growing demand for these products, there are still a number of limitations that make these resources largely untapped in Serbia. The lack of processing facilities of companies further reduces the economic effect, which could be realized with a greater degree of product finalization. This situation as a result has inefficiency in operations and weak competitiveness in exports. This paper analyses the problems of financing the dairy sector in rural areas of the Republic of Serbia in Pešter region and respectively three administrative units belonging to Raška and Zlatibor district. Most enterprises in dairy sector of Pešter are small and family ones, which are often classified as micro-enterprises. Survival, growth and development of micro, small and medium enterprises and entrepreneurs, that are the most effective segment of the economy in all world countries, primarily is determined by funding opportunities from favorable sources. The number of available funding sources in Serbia for these companies is small, so the financing is one of the most painful issues. The importance of these businesses for local communities reflects in the creation of employment opportunities, primarily low-skilled workers, women and the young. This contributes to rural development and poverty reduction in national economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typical and traditional products are becoming an important element of the agro-food panorama in Serbia. For keeping and, even, fostering this positive trend an effective strategy for the valorisation of these products is necessary. For that it is crucial to have a clear idea about the perception and attitude of consumers. The paper analyses the main factors that affect consumers' interest for purchasing Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) products in Serbia. A field survey - focusing on two PDOs namely Petrovac sausage and Futog cabbage - was performed in the period July-October 2012 with 251 Serbian consumers. The analysis showed that there are perspectives for PDO products in Serbia, as a large proportion of Serbian consumers are positively oriented towards products with designation of origin and would buy them. Interest for PDO products is connected and influenced by interest in typical products, awareness of PDO/Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) scheme, daily eating habits, education and income level. The main influence of these factors is identified for all sample, as well as for three different groups of consumers obtained by cluster analysis; "consumers with strong interest in PDO products" represents 28.7% of the sample, "consumers moderately interested in PDO products" stands at 41.8% of the sample while 29.5% of the interviewees belong to the third group "consumers poorly interested in PDO products". The fact that more than two thirds of respondents are either strongly or moderately interested in PDO products show that Petrovac sausage and Futog cabbage have good perspectives in the Serbian agro-food market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of trip distance, the average income of visitors, and the spatial distribution of the national parks in Serbia and Montenegro, on the number of visitors to national park (NP) "Đerdap". Also assessment has been conducted for total and average cost of a trip to the NP "Đerdap". The assessment was done according to the concept of non-market valuation of ecosystem services, especially tourism and recreation services in the public forests. The aim of the study is to identify the total and average costs of visitors and to determine the influence of various factors on the number of visitors to the National Park "Đerdap" in 2011. The purpose of this research is to highlight the factors that influence the choice of the Đerdap as a tourist and recreational sites, and highlight the value of recreational services in public forest where visitors have no obligation to pay for it. Valuation of recreational services in NP "Đerdap" indicates that Đerdap can be compared with other destinations in the world used for tourism and recreation in forest ecosystems. Đerdap attract visitors with specific natural features. Trip distance to the NP does not affect the number of visitors, but the average income of employees in Serbia influence that visitors coming to the Đerdap mainly in groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors use the DEA methodology for the evaluation and analysis of the total technical efficiency (TE), which includes pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency, which is the result of all sizes of business. Changes in the TE were analysed using Malmquist's productivity index. This change can be broken down into the change of technical efficiency and technological change (innovation), and change in technical efficiency in itself involves changing of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. In the present study, data from 16 areas in Serbia were used, for data were available on investments in agriculture. The aim of this study was to analyse whether there is a technological change in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European White Elm (Ulmus effusa Willd.) is a species that belongs to the group of noble broadleaves, characterized by exceptional features and wood quality. In the forests of Serbia, the European White Elm belongs to the category of rare and endangered species according to the IUCN categorization. The disappearance of wetland habitats is the primary threat to the survival of White Elm populations and to the genetic diversity of this species. Draining of wetland habitats for the needs of agriculture or cultivation of poplars leads to dramatic changes in ecosystems where the White Elm grows. As a result, fragmentation of White Elm populations into smaller populations, groups of trees and individual trees occurred, which will ultimately lead to genetic drift problems, and therefore, to the ecological instability of this species. The population of European White Elms in the territory of the Great War Island includes more than fifty trees which occur in three spatially isolated subpopulations. This paper presents results of the analysis of morphometric characteristics of fruits (width and length) and seeds (width, length, position and germination), showing significant variability within the population. On the basis of the obtained results, the conservation and directed utilization of White Elm genetic resources will be realized: in situ - by the selection of rare genotypes within the available gene pool and their inclusion into a network of habitat conservation and ex situ -- by establishing progeny tests intended for further exploration of population genetic potentials, generative and clonal seed orchards and storing rare genotypes into the seed bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conducted research aims to describe the current trends and structure of the exchange of agricultural nutritional products between the Republic of Serbia and Montenegro. Foreign trade exchange is analyzed by the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) for the products within Sector 0 (food and live animals), Sector 1 (Beverages and tobacco), Sector 2 (Crude materials), and Sector 4 (Animal and vegetable oils and fats). The research was based on available data for the period of 2007-2011. Within the mentioned sectors, the foreign trade exchange is analyzed in detail through the products sections, including a review of the most significant sections in the balance of the foreign trade exchange. Within the sections the products that dominate participation in the exchange are detailed. The paper discusses the possible benefits of cooperation, including improved trade relations between Serbia and Montenegro, and particularly in line with the exchange of agro-food products. In the exchange of agro-food products with Montenegro, the Republic of Serbia has realised, in the analysed period, a surplus of approximately 288.6 million USD. When broken up into the products' sections, the highest surplus was attained in the exchange of cereals and cereal preparations, taking an average of 52.8 million USD, while the trade deficit was seen in the exchange of fish and fish preparations as well as hides, skins and raw fur-skins, which amounted to 205 and 354 thousand USD, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]