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To ensure the selection of wheat genotypes that are resilient to future climatic conditions, with drought already being the most significant and acute problem in many areas, twenty winter wheat cultivars were tested for drought stress tolerance from the beginning of stem elongation (DC 30; Zadoks decimal codes) for 49 days (until the stage of grain development, DC 73–75) within an automatic phenotyping platform. The control plants were regularly irrigated to 70% of soil water capacity (SWC), while the drought-stressed plants were subjected to controlled drying until the permanent wilting point (15% of SWC) was reached. Then, the drought-stressed plants were rewatered again to 70% of the maximum SWC. After they recovered, the plants were again exposed to ambient weather conditions. The final yield formation parameters were assessed at the fully ripe stage. Our results showed that the genotypes originating in Western Europe manifested the highest response to the experimentally set drought in the grain number per spike measurement, while the genotypes originating in the warmer regions of southeastern Europe manifested the highest response to the experimental drought mainly in thousand grain weight measurement. Similar response patterns were evident for late- and early-maturing genotypes. The results indicate the potential of selecting genotypes with increased drought resistance even within the existing set of cultivars.