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This research aims to contribute to ending the electricity crisis in Iraq, as it is country rich in solar energy due to its location close to the equator. Electric power stations, which use traditional fuels, are unable to provide the population's electricity needs throughout the day. Moreover, electricity distribution lines sometimes malfunction due to high temperatures. This paper recommends solar energy as an optimal solution to the electricity problem in Iraq. Because it is renewable and environmentally friendly. The paper also focused on techniques that would improve the efficiency of the solar power system. This was achieved by designing and building a solar tracking system to absorb the largest possible amount of solar energy and increase electrical energy production, in addition to building a cooling system consisting of a small pump and nozzles that pump water in the form of a volatile mist to get rid of excess heat from the solar panels at the temperature It rises to extreme levels. The system is also equipped with a cleaning mechanism to rinse the solar panel once, which is harmful to getting dirt and dust because dust is the negative factor that affects the generation capacity of the solar panels. The solar tracking system and the cleaning system are operated by a control unit made in the local markets that work with the Internet of Things (LOT) system and is programmed in the Python language and depends on data completely on the Internet. As for the cooling system, it supplies energy during the day directly from the solar panel, depending on the temperature sensor. The results reveal that the solar tracking, cooling, and cleaning system has significantly improved the production capacity of the solar system and can achieve an energy gain of 39.68%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, imagery of the chest has become the key clinical procedure for diagnosing and predicting chest infection in the lungs. Computed tomography (CT) images of the chest were thus considered in this study as a screening strategy for early-stage detection of chest infections and other abnormalities in the human lung. Raw computed tomography is difficult to interpret, leading to a need to develop computer algorithm diagnostic (CAD) approaches to improve the detection of abnormalities in the resulting CT images. The data samples used in this paper were obtained from Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital and the Radiology Department of Imam Al Hujja Charity Hospital in Iraq, Kerbala. The number of images in the assembled dataset was 150 across two different class types, normal and with confirmed lung disease. The Fuzzy C-Means Clustering (FCMC), K-Means Clustering (KMC), and Gaussian Mixed Model Clustering (GMMC) techniques were then applied to the chest CT images to test the detection and classification of the normal and infected scans. The features of the CT images in this paper were then filtered to remove clusters identified as belonging to normal areas to develop a full algorithm for the identification of abnormal areas by mans of anatomic segmentation of chest infection Region of Interest (ROI), which is presented as part of this work. The experimental results show that the proposed segmentation techniques offered clustering accuracy of 93.12 %, 90.23%, and 91.41% for FCMC, KMC, and GMMC, respectively. The performance metrics thus show that the FCMC algorithm outperforms the KMC and GMMC algorithms, as well as being fully autonomous, and having the capability to isolate abnormal infected regions in the lung tissue where such anomalies exist accurately to the benefit of radiologists, a function few other computational algorithms can offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic volumes have increased rapidly in recent years across all major highways of Iraq due to the ongoing increases in economic growth in the region. The ability of a pavement structure to perform its main function decreases as traffic load increases, especially where overloaded heavy vehicles pass along a road. The majority of the road pavement is designed with vehicle legal load limits in mind: however, these may not always be adhered to, as most transportation businesses seek to reduce transportation costs by avoiding repetition of vehicle routes. Excessive truck traffic can cause economic, environmental, and social harm, however, and in this paper, the Iraqi State Commissions of Roads and Bridges (SCRP) code, AASHTO, and the Asphalt Institute method are used to analyse the effects of overloaded vehicles on road pavement thickness as compared to standard conditions. For both standard conditions and overloading cases, the traffic load expressed by Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) and truck factor were thus calculated, and the differences resulting from overloading thus identified. Traffic data from the Khalis–Odayam road were used in this paper to form a case study, allowing assessment of the impact of repetitive load conditions on the structural design, and any increase in layer thickness above the legal axle load limit that ensues. The results obtained from this work show that the total thickness of the paving layers as assessed using the AASHTO method was 805 mm and that by the Asphalt Institute method was 800 mm; these results were thus relatively close, despite the fact that the value of the ESAL was valued at 9.8*10^8 in the AASHTO method and 7.9*10*8 in the asphalt institute method, while the thickness values required by the two methods was greater than the current thickness of the road, indicating failures and distortions in the road after each successive road maintenance. According to these findings, overloaded vehicles on the road thus have a significant impact on pavement service life and necessitate to laying of thicker pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study to increase productivity and thermal efficiency in solar collectors by optimizing them with a parabolic trough coupled to Fresnel lenses. Fresnel lenses are of great interest as an efficient sun-gathering device due to their high concentration and low heat loss. This paper aims to examine for the first time the addition of Fresnel lenses to a parabolic trough (PTC), which can be considered a promising heat-concentrating technology for solar-powered systems. The test was carried out in Iraq - the city of Diwaniyah (31.99° N, 44. 93° E). The study showed that the use of Fresnel lenses led to an increase in production efficiency. Experiments showed that the total production efficiency is (26.5% and 40.9%) for CSS with PTC and CSS with PTC with Fresnel lenses, respectively, compared with the traditional stator. and thermal efficiency (47.5%,60.1%,70.9%) for CSS, CSS with PTC, and CSS with PTC with two Fresnel lenses on PTC, respectively. This paper proposes the use of spot-type concentrating lenses in concentrated solar collectors to improve the performance of solar distillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a premier insight into renewable energy, global perspectives, challenges, development, and the environmental impact of solar power in Iraq. Every day, degrees of global sun radiation range from 2000 kWh/m2 to 2500 kWh/m2. The global demand for electricity due to environmental concerns increases the pressure to use alternative, sustainable, and hassle-free power sources. Solar power is an infinite, CO2-free energy source that may be used anywhere in the planet. Solar energy generates 1.4 ×105 TW of power on the earth's surface, as well as around 3.6×104 TW of this electricity is utilized. Global power usage decreased by 3.6 ×104 TW in 2012 to 17 TW. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are critical components for turning solar radiation into electricity. Photovoltaic technology, energy conversion efficiency, economic evaluation, electricity legislation, environmental effect, a wide range of uses, and possibilities, this study goes into great detail on s and development. This painting collects new literature (e.g. research papers, conference proceedings, reports, books) on photovoltaic technology, monetary analysis, environmental impact, and public awareness policies. Due to the fast advancement of PV technology, the assessment determined that PV is a simple approach to harvest solar energy. Finally, this work shows the projects that can be adapted to control the use of renewable electricity systems in standard electricity and in particular solar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, some renewable energy researchers have their attention directed toward the possibilities of harnessing the tornado energy concept by creating an artificial vortex utilizing solar energy for electrical power generation. Given this concept trend, a new Solar Vortex Engine (SVE) was proposed, designed, and simulate at the University of Technology – Iraq (UOT). In this paper, a computational simulation was used in the ANSYS 2020 R1 program to simulate the influence of solar intensity on the vortex updraft velocity generated. Initial boundary parameters have been included for SVE geometry, intake velocity, and different solar radiation (400, 700, and 1000) W/m2, while the outlet parameter is listed as a vortex updraft velocity. The CFD results and validation showed the direct effects of radiation concentration on the air velocity of the ascending vortex, which increased by 37% when the solar intensity went from 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is an important and effective source of energy production in the present and the future because it is clean, available, and unlimited. Because of Iraq's proximity to the equator, solar energy is available in large quantities. However, due to some limitations, such as the problem of overheating the board, the energy cannot be extracted in large quantities. The current research paper deals with a biaxial solar tracking system. In February, the system was installed in Iraq, specifically in Karbala (longitude 44.0270 degrees, latitude 32.60010 degrees). The system consists of a photovoltaic panel, a battery, a controller,d two actuators. When compared to a solar panel fixed in the same location, the system generates 39.98% more electrical energy. Solar panels benefit from the low temperatures in winter and spring in the cooling of the panel, as the tracking system keeps it perpendicular to the sun's rays, which increases the temperature of the solar panel. In the summer, an adequate cooling process must be provided for the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of injecting micro bubbles of air into a flowing water stream in copper tube of 8-meter length with a wavy design and a diameter of 0.0125 meter has been studied. The solar collector's inner surface moreover, coated with matte black paint that includes thermal die and 5% of TiN (Titanium Nitrate) nanoparticles to enhance the ability of solar radiation absorption. The solar collector's performance was evaluated. The experimental rig was designed and built in Karbala-Iraq, latitude (32.6160 oN) and longitude (44.0249 oE) within the first four months of the year. The air was introduced into the tubes through a venturi device, which mixed with the water and then flowed together inside the solar water collecting tube. The first section of the experiment involved only four various levels of water flow (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) L/min, while the second section involved a water flow with injection of air bubbles at three different levels (0.25, 0.35) L/min. The result showed that as the rate of mass flow is reduced, the outgoing temperature rises, resulting in a rise the difference in temperature between the entrance and the output temperatures in both the incoming and departing systems. The largest temperature difference was 6.6 oC for opened system and 9.1 oC for closed system. But the small flow rate showed that the collector efficiency is decrease. Also, the results shows that the best efficiency for opened system at 1 liter per minute and 2 liter per minute for closed system. The average efficiency in the closed system was (65.57 %) at water and air bubble flow rate of 2 L/min and 0.35 L/min, respectively. The average efficiency of the opened system was (39.27 %) for water and air bubble flow rate of 1 L/min and 0.25 L/min, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) is a simulation model commonly used for integrated water resources management. A calibration process is required to get ensure that the model can accurately represent actual circumstances, however. The goal of this paper is thus to identify the ideal parameter values for a given scenario using sensitivity analysis, as well as to obtain the optimised parameter value to ensure the highest simulation reliability value possible during the calibration procedure. Examining the process of performing sensitivity analyses on a variety of WEAP model calibration parameters demonstrates that some parameters have a common set of properties: the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value is directly proportional to the variation in the Initial relative storage (Z1) and Resistance Runoff Factor (RRF) values in that the greater the parameter value, the greater the resulting RMSE value. In contrast, variations in Relative storage (Z2) and Preferred Flow Direction (PFD) values are inversely correlated with RMSE. The remaining parameters, Deep Conductivity (DC), Soil Water Capacity (SWC), and Deep Water Capacity (DWC) show fluctuations in their relationships with RMSE. Based on the sensitivity analysis process, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient for the model was 0.88, while the root mean square error and correlation coefficient were 0.72 and 0.67, respectively. This suggests that the WEAP model is suitable for use on the lower basin of the Diyala River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to test the effect of add a vermicompost, seaweed extracts, and Urea to the soil on the total number of fungi during flowering and complete maturity. Throughout the 2019-2020 fall season, an experiment was conducted on one of the farms in the Nouriya area of Iraq's Al-Diwaniyah governorate. The experiment, which followed a global trend, used three replications and a fully randomized sector design. The initial factor was the addition of vermicompost fertilizer in three stages (0, 2 and 4 tons h-1), the second factor was the addition of seaweed extract in two levels (0 and 40 kg h−1) denoted by S0 and S1, and the third factor was the addition of urea in three stages (0, 120 and 240 kg N h−1) denoted by U0, U1 and U2, respectively. In maturity of the analyzed descriptions, the tages of vermicompost varied considerably, with level V2 getting the greatest results for the quantity of fungi in the blossoming and complete maturation levels (32.61 103 and 27.40 103 CFU gm−1 dry soil, respectively). The addition of seaweed extracts S1 had a substantial effect on total fungus populations in the blossoming stage (30.66 103 CFU gm−1 dry soil), but not in the complete maturation levels. When U1 Urea was added, the amount of fungus in the blooming stage (26.62 103 CFU gm-1 dry soil) increased dramatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is one of the most important energy resources used for human comfort. Its generation is very expensive, so it must be carefully managed. Energy management is a key to well-used electrical grid, especially in developing countries, including Iraq, which face significant challenges such as frequent outages. The grid's main feature is good management with integration of renewable energies. Photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are widely used in variety of applications. It provides an alternative solution for energy self-sufficiency, and it is also possible to share the surplus with the grid. However, the PV system is temperature and solar radiation dependent, which is regarded as a disadvantage due to weather changes. At demand response (DR), the energy produced by the PV system may have a surplus or a shortfall of electric power resulting in either loss or no energy use or service interruptions. This problem of intermittency is overcome by hybridization. Thus, if the primary source is unable to meet the entire DR, the secondary source will take over the re-possibility of supporting. In this paper, a PV-Battery-Grid system is designed, tested and modelled by MATLAB program to integrate solar energy, bank of batteries, loads and grid. The proposed system pro-vides and manages generated energy by sharing it to loads and grid. Furthermore, the total harmonics distortion values of output inverter current, ac load current, and grid current were 2.16%, 0.18%, and 0.89% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exponential smoothing models are used to smooth time series data and treat the impact of Trend or Seasonal in the time series. There are several models including of smoothing: Simple Exponential Smoothing, Double Smoothing and Holt-Winters smoothing. Robust statistical methods in time series models or in linear models (Regression, Experiment Design) they are a suitable to treat the problem of outlier values in data in order to obtain more reliable forecast results. In this paper, we applied the Robust Exponential smoothing method Compared with some anther exponential as :(Double smoothing, Holt-Winters Additive/Multiplicative smoothing, EST method) for estimation model parameters and forecasting are presented. and application of all these methods in Data of corona Pandemic (COVID-19) from Iraq in period (Mar. 2020 – Mar 2022), the robust exponential method is presented that applies the standard technique to preclean data from the outlier values in time series.We depended on R-packages functions as [ses(),EST, robiest(), hw(),...],it use to obtain smoothing parameters are robust. In this research we found Robust method have a good forecast performance for time series with an outlier values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premature birth (PTB) is the most common public health issue in gynecology and obstetrics. It has a variety of consequences, ranging from increased infant mortality to chronic disease and disability throughout one's life. Many PTB prediction studies have been published in recent years to improve the accuracy of PTB prediction. However, no single study has addressed the issue of premature birth using a data set from the Iraqi community. There are many research from different countries that have been collected regarding premature birth, where the pregnant woman differs from one region to another in terms of lifestyle as well as the diagnostic methods used, where in Iraq only manual methods are adopted in the diagnosis. The aim of this paper is to provide and improve the prediction accuracy of premature births using real data from Iraqi hospitals. Additionally, provide a validation of the results in terms of reliability and accuracy. The novel approach is used to identify the best maternal characteristics (those associated with PTB) from an obstetric dataset. The following classifiers (Decision Tree, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, K-Neighbor Nearest, Naive Bayes Classifier, Neural Networks, Support Vector Machine) were used in this study to classify all birth cases into term normal birth and preterm birth. As a result, the Random Forest classifier outperformed all other classifiers with a 98% percent accuracy. Its worth noting that the classifiers' performance is quantified in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, Specificity, Precision, Recall and F1 score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an assessment of the possible reuse of asphalt concrete waste available in the city of Mosul-Iraq in road construction alone or with cement addition. Compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted on the Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) with silty sand soil mixture (SM) used to improve grading to meet the grading A of general specifications for roads and bridges (SCRB) of (RAP/Soil of 92/8) %. Results show that the optimum moisture content (OMC), maximum dry density (MDD), UCS of RAP, and CBR will generally increase with the addition of cement. Longer curing periods will yield a higher strength. The OMC increases from 5 to 7.4%, and MDD increases from 1.972 to 2.13 g/cm3 when using 7% cement. The UCS of RAP stabilized with (1, 3, 5, and 7) % of cement for 7days are (11.25, 43.7, 70, and 73.57) kg/cm2 respectively and the CBR increases from 34% to (190, 260, 1150, and 2120) % when using (1, 3, 5, and 7) % of cement respectively. The obtained results confirm the possibility of using asphalt concrete waste in a sub-base layer after improving grading. Also, the possibility of using it in the base layer of roads after 2% cement addition, according to SCRB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose a decision tool that helps estimate the risk probability in the petroleum sector in Iraq, which has many benefits for identifying the most important factor. This model was developed by using the relative importance index (RII) method incorporated into fuzzy Logic. An extensive literature review was conducted, and a questionnaire was distributed to the private and government sectors to scan all possible risks in the petroleum sector. As a result, forty–eight risks in the petroleum sector were identified and categorized into four groups: operational risks, financial and administrative risks, economic and political risks, and potential risks. Also, the questionnaire results were analyzed using the relative importance index. The ranking of the groups and factors was demonstrated according to their level of effect on risk. Finally, a fuzzy assessment model was constructed and tested being appropriate to identify the probability of risk in the Iraqi petroleum sector to assess and estimate risk. Oil exploration company, one of the associations of the ministry of oil in Iraq, has been taken as a case study of this research to determine the risks and validate the model. This aim was accomplished by using the semi-quantitative risk assessment method and by introducing the concept of risk degree according to the assessment of risk and vulnerability. After summarizing the pandemic impact information on the oil projects from the Iraqi ministry of oil, a risk assessing index system was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to identify and evaluate the relative importance of the risk factors in equipment highway project in Iraq. Usually, construction projects are affected by risk factors throughout the project life cycle, without identification and allocation categorization of these risks factors the project cannot be succeed, in this paper the open and closed questionnaire used to identify the important risk factors in equipment highway project in Iraq. The research aims to identify the factors that influence the success of equipment highway project in Iraq, to determine the correct response to the risk's factors in this study, (IBM, SPSS, V23) program was used to analyze the main group of risk factors by Mean Score Technique (MS) and ranking from top to bottom. The risk factors of tendering phase analysis by Relative Importance Index (RII) technique then ranking from top to bottom based on their values. The results of this study have conducted that the technical criteria are the most efficient criteria finally, a management criterion with all risk factors that showed in this research will be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotechnical issues, including thermal impacts, and understanding the thermo-mechanical behavior of saturated fine-grained soils are critical. Heat treatment is one of the methods used to improve the geotechnical properties of fine loess soils. This method is limited due to the high cost of the heating source. However, in Iraq, the heating source (gas), a product of oil extraction, is very cheap. This paper provides an overview of recent advancements in heating technology, including ground improvement approaches. It represents various heating techniques to treat fine soils. The previous studies indicated that high temperature significantly affects the soil composition, temperature affects the clay and water combinations, and flocculation or dispersion may occur depending on the type of ion exchange and clay mineral. At temperatures above dehydration, clays lose water adsorption and hydration as the temperature rises over the point where de-hydroxylation begins. Thermal gradients affect liquid and plastic limitations as a function of alterations in viscosity due to thermal treatment. Heating the fine soil increases the bearing capacity and decreases the settlement close to the distance from heating sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design of geotechnical structures requires an investigation of the soil properties which considers a challenge because of the spatial variability of soil properties and also because the data of the in-situ tests are often limited in number. In this paper, Kriging interpolation method was used for predicting Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data at boreholes locations in the study site located in Nasiriyah city, Iraq. The predictions were based on the data of four nearby CPT points which were performed at different locations on the site. To examine the reliability of Kriging method, the results were utilized for soil classification at the boreholes using Robertson chart 2010 and compared with the soil classification results of the laboratory test and it was found that the Kriging method gave good estimations. Hence, Kriging method can be considered a suitable method to estimate the soil properties at untested locations for geotechnical engineering practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Iraq, Babil Stream is used for irrigation and as a source for water supply systems along its length extending from its head regulator at Shatt Al Hillah River for about 36 km. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the current and modified conditions of the flow along this Stream by implementing a Babil Stream steady 1D, Utilizing HEC-RAS Version 5.0.7 Software. The results showed that the sum of the provided discharge of irrigation outlets and water treatment stations equals 16.74 m3/s which is higher than the current capacity of the Babil Stream of 10.5 m3/s. The Babil Stream can accommodate the design discharge of 10.5 m3/s and the discharge that meets the actual water demand of 16.74 m3/s. Moreover, to reduce the large number of outlets along the Stream when preparing the Stream of the HEC-RAS model, the outlets at each 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 km. When combining the outlets as a single outlet at each 2.5 km along the Stream, the water levels are close to that when using the actual outlet's locations. The number of outlets can be reduced from 181 outlets to just 14 outlets. Sensitivity analysis to Manning n for Babil Stream showed the water level at the head regulator increased by just 0.06 m and 0.07 m when applying the discharges of 10.5 m3/s and 16.74 m3/s, respectively. This increase does not significantly affect the Stream's capacity, and the used value of 0.03 represents the mean of these values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]