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Climate change has become an important issue since 196 countries in the world agreed to sign the Paris Agreement at COP21 in 2015. This is an important issue because Climate change has a wider impact in the long term such as rising air temperatures, increasing volume of sea water, extreme and unpredictable weather changes, shifting populations and wildlife habitats and affecting human health. One of the causes of climate change is air pollution produced by burning conventional vehicles or we can call Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). For this reason, various countries in the world are innovating by converting fossil-based vehicles into electric vehicles with the main raw material being batteries. As a result, several countries in the world such as Japan, Brazil, Germany, France and Sweden have succeeded in reducing their emission levels in the 2015-2018 period by starting to develop electric vehicles. This paper was conducted through literature study and in-depth analysis using qualitative research methods. This paper aims to analyze whether the transformation from an internal combustion engine-based vehicle to an electric vehicle is able to reduce the level of emissions in a country in order to overcome the problem of climate change. In addition, this paper also analyzes other supporting factors to find the right solution to overcome the problem of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an adequate response to the new environmental conditions expected to arise due to climate change, our cities must be adapted to continue serving as pleasant and liveable spaces for its inhabitants and visitors. Large parts of our existing building stock remain unprepared/inadequate for the anticipated climatic changes. Adjustments are urgently needed. Within this paper a strategy has been elaborated about how retrofitting can significantly contribute to the climate change adaptation of our urban environments, as will be strongly required in the future. The focus of this study is directed to possible climate change related adaptations of multistorey residential buildings from the 19th and early 20th century in inner city areas of Germany. Building on the general principles of climate responsive and ecological architectural design and construction, it poses the following question: How can our existing buildings be transformed in order to explicitly reduce the impact of climate change on our built environments? Following an evaluation of the new climatic conditions influencing our buildings and looking into current knowledge of sustainable architecture and urban design and construction methods, this paper goes onto propose a set of guidelines for climate change adaptive retrofitting of 19th and 20th century multistorey residential buildings of inner-city areas of Germany. On one hand these optimization proposals are addressed to respond better to longer heat and dry periods in summer and to more extreme rainfall, snowfall and storms in the winter. On the other hand, these adjustments aim to build a criteria that serve to mitigate adverse effects of climate change, like an improvement of the buildings' energy performance and ecological efficiency. The results of this study demonstrate that the buildings focused on are well suited for retrofitting interventions, which would reduce the impact of climate change and which in parallel would constitute effective measures to strongly improve the buildings' ecological performance in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to observe the possible future desalination techniques. Currently, the different types of technologies are proposed by the desalination industry. The number of RO applied worldwide increased over other desalination methods. In PLN, RO represents 39% of the total installed capacity, about 31% is provided by MSF, and MED units produce 30%. Therefore, this paper discussed the opportunities and challenges of desalination plants by reviewing the published papers and based on application experience in PLN. The traditional review method is used by summarizing previously published on-topic, further elaborating with PLN research in 2017 according to the context of this study. The results reveal that membrane, corrosion, and fouling are common problems in applying RO globally and based on practice in PLN. Meanwhile, the significant issues in thermal processes are problems with the instrument, pumps, and electrical systems. Optimization in material use, the mechanical design of evaporator systems, and performance rates are the main areas of improvement in thermal. These improvements are expected to reduce the energy demand of thermal processes due to the consumption of energy for thermal is higher than RO. Emerging trends in desalination innovation are also described in this paper. Since climate change has urged the energy transition worldwide by increasing the adoption of renewable energy for both electricity supply and direct use, renewable energy with desalination for future purposes has become a significant choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is getting more attention in recent years as it is bringing more devastating natural disasters such as heat waves, drought and floods around the world. Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, which produce heat-trapping gases, are the main driver of climate change. The enormous amount of greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere accelerates the pace of global warming. On the other hand, renewable energy is usually clean and sustainable. Thus, turning down the role of fossil fuel in the energy sector should be a priority and facilitating the use of renewable energy is the best solution to mitigate climate change. To have a clear picture on the current situation, the paper will include a literature review about climate change, greenhouse gases and renewable energy. The methodology, analysis methods and results will be included in the paper. Data collection, pre-processing, data analysis and data visualisation dashboard will be involved during the process. A data analysis dashboard will be created to incorporate the background of the story and the results of the data analysis. The users will be exploring the trends of renewable energy and greenhouse gas emissions with data analysis tools to gain useful insights from the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing problems of energy shortage and environmental damage, rational recycling of resources and the development of green energy have become an important direction of research. The mechanism and research goals for the photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons are the main topics of this paper. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction utilises the strong reducing properties of photogenerated electrons to form hydrocarbons by reacting chemically and thermodynamically stable CO2 with H+ in H2O under mild conditions. This paper provides a detailed summary of the application of semiconductor materials such as metal-organic frameworks, bismuth-based materials, tungsten oxide materials and graphene in photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction and finds that modified or composite materials tend to exhibit superior catalytic performance. For example, NH2-UiO-66(Zr) constructed with mixed ligands showed a 50% increase in formic acid yield in the reaction over NH2−UiO-66(Zr) constructed with a single ligand. In addition, this paper also points out the problems in the current study, such as narrow spectral response range, low product selectivity and low efficiency. In general, photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction offers a favourable and promising approach to the treatment of greenhouse gases and resource recycling, which is crucial for preventing global climate change and advancing sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While studying the impact of climatic changes on the hydrological regime in the basin, the forecast or at least an estimate of runoff for some future decades (e.g. for water works operating time) seems to be the main problem. A significant runoff decrease was recorded in Slovak rivers after 1980. Nowadays, hydrologists are interested above all in looking for solutions to this problem. They ask what share of runoff decrease (or increase) is caused by growing air temperature, and what share follows from natural multiannual runoff oscillation. This paper deals with a statistical analysis of cyclicity and trends in discharge time series of the Danube River at Bratislava station and with a stochastic forecast of minimal, maximal and average annual discharge for the next years. In the paper two statistical methods of long-term runoff prediction are presented: classical time series analysis and Harmonic analysis (Fourier and wavelet transform). In the analysis 145-year data series (1876–2020) of maximal, minimal and average annual discharge of the Danube River at Bratislava were used. All, the stationarity, homogeneity, trend, and periodicity of annual discharge series were studied. To illustrate the results of the Danube discharge prediction Fourier harmonic model and the seasonal integrated mixed model ARIMA(P,D,Q) x(p,d,q)L models were used. From trend analysis it follows that minimal discharges are slightly increasing, but the average discharges do not show long-term trend. From analysis of the cyclicity and trends of the discharge time series the following conclusions can be outlined: 1. in the Danube River, the significant multiannual dry periods were: 1881–1887, 1898–1904; 1928–1934; 1946–1953; 1971–1973; 1989–1994, as well as the years 2014–2020. 2. Using spectral analysis, periods of 2.4-; 4.2-; 5-; 7-; 14-; 21 and 28-29-years were identified. It was mainly caused by a natural 28-30 years discharge oscillation cycle. 3. The Fourier harmonic model, as well as integrated mixed model ARIMA (P,D,Q) x(p,d,q)L predict a moderate increase of annual Danube discharge at Bratislava station for the next decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezer and refrigeration plants are among the highest consumers of electric energy because they must provide sufficient cooling capacity. At present, the technical standard for design, the European document for the technical approval of EOTA and the recommendations of refrigeration and logistics associations have to be applied to this area in the conditions of the Czech Republic. The recommendations focus on efficient energy consumption, targeting energy fuels, reducing CO2 emissions, which helps to suppress global warming as a result of climate change. The paper demonstrates the degree of energy savings by numerical modeling due to the shielding of solar radiation acting on the perimeter cladding by structural modification of the outer overhanging façade with a ventilated air layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current climate change is the impact of natural damage caused by human greed, resulting in natural disasters in various regions in Indonesia. Indonesia is a country that is given enormous natural potential by God, which requires humanity to always maintain the potential that God has given. In planting the love of nature to children, of course, the role of the family is needed which is the first education for children in making a generation that loves the environment. In addition, the role of the community is also needed in supporting the process of forming environmental ethics so that the formation of a generation that loves the environment runs optimally. This paper aims to look at the role of families and communities in instilling environmental education in the modern era and also to improve the quality and role of families and communities in dealing with climate change. The writing method uses a literature research study with descriptive analysis. The conclusion of this paper is that environmental education which has been built on families and society is the main foundation in building character and environmental ethics in present and future generations. Planting the character of love and care for the environment can be done with the following strategies: Moral Knowing, Moral Acting, Moral Loving and Feeling, Moral Modeling and Repentance. The role of family and society in shaping environmental education in the modern era includes cognitive, affective and psychomotor including: 1). Provide knowledge and understanding; 2). Cultivate and increase awareness: 3). Shaping behavior: 4). Equip with skills: and 5). Participate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is an Agriculture based country and about 60% of the population depends on agriculture for their living. But there is a substantiable reduction in agricultural production has happened due to unstable climate conditions and global warming. Indian farmers are always lacking the support of advanced technologies for improving and maximizing their yield. If they get explicit information about soil type, nutrients, pH value, changes in climatic factors, previous year yield etc., they can optimize their work and yield. With the advancement of machine learning, big data analytics and cloud computing technologies, the climate and crop yield can be got predicted to the farmers. Prediction of yield in advance can help the farmers to take corrective decisions about fertilization, storage and marketing to increase their production and revenue. A huge number of studies have been conducted worldwide, on agriculture sector for the prediction of crop yield, plant diseases etc. This paper presents a brief study of different researches in India on crop yield prediction based on Machine Learning and deep learning. Most of the researchers used environmental parameters like temperature, rainfall and soil type as the main features for prediction. A number of machine learning algorithms are employed in this field and it is really a complex task to identify the best algorithm. The researchers tried to accurately predict the crop yield and thereby suggesting ways to improve production and efficient use of fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate is always changing and fighting climatic change is a demanding task. Variation of climate due to emission from transport sector exhaust has huge impact on the humankind and nature. Heavily populated economies in the world constitute lengthy coastlines and large agricultural land area. Adverse effect of fuel combustion related with transportation sector is that it leads to pollutant emission that causes damage to human life and ecological system. The need for studying the effect of transport sector emission on ecological system, human health and drafting solution for it is of high significance. The study in this paper initially provides an overview of transport sector air pollution and climate change. It is followed by studying the trends of greenhouse gas emission from transport sector, its impact on climate variation and human physical health. Moreover, this paper examines correlation and strength between greenhouse gas emissions from transport sector on annual number of deaths and annual mean sea level rise data. Analysis is done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Spearman correlation test is done. Linear regression analysis is then done and R-square value is obtained. The study finally discusses limitations, forthcoming aspects with emphasis on the transportation sector, renewable resources and recommends necessary short edge and long edge measures and policy changes for restricting the severe impact of transport sector emission on climate change and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is a country of diversity. The primary occupation of the country is agriculture. In our country there is perfect weather conditions. There are significant challenges due to climatic changes that effects multiple sectors, which includes agriculture. According to food and agriculture organisation (FAO), the food production has to be increased by 70% by 2050 to meet food requirement of the population. The answer to this challenge is by introducing the new technology in the sector. In detailed introduction of IOT, UAVs and many technologies. Precision agriculture's tasks like smart spraying and aerial crop monitoring etc. Use of software development kit (SDKs) in UAVs will connect it to the mobile phones which makes farmer's ease of use. Introducing GPS in the UAV's makes discrete time broadcasts of its global coordinates, which also makes UAVs to fly at same altitude, autopilot, auto home return. By using sensors like collision avoidance sensors (CAS), gyroscope, accelerometer, magnetometer, barometer, range finder, helps the UAVs for anti-collision, balancing, determining speed, range respectively. By using thermal imaging camera, farmers can see which part of the field was affected by pests. By using the cameras farmers can monitor their crops, they can even survey their field. In this paper, we introduce the AI technology in the UAVs to help the farmers. Finally, we outline UAV based solutions for the challenges in precision agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the renewable energy sources and its necessity to fulfil the energy requirement of real world. Renewable energy is one of the booming industries where it represents a highest impact on increasing the economical status, energy needs, and fighting with the natural climate variations. But, due to their inherent intermittency, some of the renewable energy leaders, such as Wind and Solar they can not full fill the huge demand. Also, there is a grow in aggressive objective of greenhouse gas depletion. Furthermore, the money matters of distributed renewable energy plans are coming up with high competition for the risky environment developers. To solve these kinds of solutions and improve the energy distribution for changing climate intelligent energy storage is used. In addition to that, artificial intelligence is enabled for bringing a novel value streams for renewable energy plans. Adding AI to energy storage increases the returns on investment, provide the control and elasticity of varying prices, etc. Hence this paper insists that the integration of Artificial Intelligence into renewable energy industry is more important for enhancing the economic as well as customer satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies indicate that climate change can have a significant impact on the damage risks in solid masonry facades. Heat Air Moisture (HAM) models have been found a valuable tool to assess the risk on deterioration and premature failure of building components due to freeze-thaw action, mould growth, wood decay etc. However, these simulations require specific software and expertise, which hampers to massive uptake by building practitioners. Next to that, the large number of material properties and boundary conditions and the non-linear nature of the output render it difficult to derive simple guidelines for the building industry. This paper builds on previous research that examined the impact of climate change on the hygrothermal behaviour of masonry walls with a factorial study on the freeze-thaw risk, mould growth and wood decay, for Brussels, Belgium. Different parameters such as masonry thickness, insulation thickness, orientation, greenhouse gas emission scenarios, brick type and rain exposure were varied, resulting in 8192 simulations in Delphin 6.1. This paper focuses on the potential and the development of a clear decision framework for the practical application of the above-mentioned research using classification trees. These results will improve decision-making for building practitioners and will further clarify which parameters have the most significant impact on the deterioration risks. Next to that, the results provide insights into which types of buildings are most at risk due to climate change, and when the application of interior insulation should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the approaches of private and public organizations based in Ireland towards change management. It examines the primary catalysts for change, utilizes change management tools, and contrasts the modus operandi of change in the public and private sectors. The discourse on effective change management has been extensively explored since the mid-twentieth century. Despite a plethora of literature, change models, and insights from management consultancy experts, achieving success in change management remains challenging, with documented hurdles proving intricate to surmount. Senior leaders from Irish organizations in both sectors were interviewed as part of this qualitative study to unravel their perspectives. The interviews revealed nuanced distinctions in the impetuses driving change between public and private sector entities. The public sector displayed a continuous drive to enhance service delivery, while the private sector was exclusively focused on executing commercial strategies dictated by the market and stakeholders. Notably, the universal external driver identified by all sectors was the climate change crisis. The study highlighted significant variations in the structured implementation of change, with Kotter's 8-step process being the most frequently cited. Amidst diverse methodologies, a unanimous consensus emerged on the pivotal role of people engagement through effective communication and stakeholder management in ensuring successful implementation. Failure to engage individuals emerged as a substantial impediment to successful change. The research reaffirmed the conclusion drawn from the literature review that change is constant; organizations' responses to change vary, with those investing in people-centric aspects such as performance management and a culture of feedback through communication being more successful. Drawing from this exploratory study, three recommendations for enhancing the successful execution of change emerge for both public and private organizations in Ireland. Firstly, organizational change strategies should be aligned with internationally recognized change drivers specified in ISO standards. Second, they cultivate change experts across all organizational tiers and embrace data science and digital engagement tools to fortify strategy and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last period of time, global climate change has generated a number of shortcomings and dysfunctions on transport networks, thus causing a number of material damage, and not only, relatively significant. Thus, in certain situations, first aid intervention works are required to ensure the immediate functionality of the transport networks at a suitable level, works that must be performed promptly after the occurrence of undesirable phenomena. Of course, most of the times, the causes of these phenomena are natural, but sometimes, a poor maintenance of the transport networks, an improper operation or even their simultaneous action also contribute to their occurrence. The challenge of these works consists mainly in the short time of realization and establishment of the intervention solutions, because the decisions must be very fast, the solutions must be easy to apply and at the same time to ensure a good behaviour in time, at least temporarily, until finding some sustainable solutions for which additional studies and investigations are needed. The paper aims to present several cases, mainly of loss of stability of some land slopes, caused by unwanted natural phenomena on the road transport network in western Romania, with the presentation of the causes of their production and remedial solutions that were adopted to ensure a proper state of viability in subsequent operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the progressive climate change, public interest in the field of green areas in cities is increasing. Due to the gradual development and interest of both the lay and professional public it is very often possible to meet with the implementation of green facades on buildings [1,3,5]. One of the most important features for the possibility of optimal facade design is the basis weight of the cladding elements. Green facade systems are characterized by a fundamental specificity, which is the dynamic change in basis weight. Therefore, for vegetation facade systems it is not possible to state a specific value, but a range. This paper describes a possible methodology for determining the range of basis weight of vegetation facade systems and their changes over time. The measured values can be used to select a suitable vegetation facade system for specific installations regarding the needs of construction readiness, watering requirements and the amount of evapotranspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the metrological case and rainfall phenomenon for Gorakhpur district. An attempt has been made to study the predetermined threshold amount of some instability index and its trends, such as k index. Hurricane climate and heavy rainfall has been kept to help select Gorakhpur district of U.P. for case study. In this paper we have studied whether there is any change in the number of instability index and heavy rainfall during the last four decades. These analyzes indicate that their numbers have exceeded estimates that these events may be associated with global and regional warnings under climate change scenarios. Their continuity, social and environmental damage can be prevented in the near future by implementing appropriate precautionary measures to protect general public of Gorakhpur district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the application of the new technology on production of mango fruits at out of its normal seasons, by using growth regulator in North Lombok, as well as presentation of its benefits and potentials for several aspects of mango production, mango producers, and the regions. Source of information for this paper was mainly obtained from authors own research and extension activities related to the introduction of the new technology for production of mango fruits in out of normal mango seasons. The information is also supplemented through reviews of related literatures. The paper concludes that mango off-season technology (MOST) with help from plant growth regulator or hormone, called paclobutrazol, has been recently applied to mangoes in Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). The technology is innovative, and adaptive to climate change occurred currently. Despite still not so many growers were convinced to apply for it so far, the technology is friendly to be applied. Its application to mangoes, called here as ‘MOST’ has evidenced that the technology is very useful as it brings many positive impacts. The application is potential to be scaled up to other regions, or to other crops in the same or different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaporation is one of the fundamental components of the water cycle in nature and affects almost all aspects of human society. Especially in the context of global climate change, understanding this process is increasingly important. However, the process itself is also very complex and is influenced by many factors, making it very difficult to estimate its magnitude. As a benchmark, the Penman-Monteith equation is generally accepted, which estimates evaporation using air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, net radiation, changes in heat storage in water and others. Since measurements of these values may not always be available, many simplified methods have been proposed. In this paper, we consider the Hargreaves-Samani method and the calibration of its parameters by optimizing statistical measures against the Penman-Monteith equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The erosion threatens the coastal life, which affects people's economic, tourist and recreational life as well as the daily life. Marine life is an indispensable foundation in a coastal country such as Gaza. The main reason of the erosion is the sea waves; it's working on empty the beach sand, thereby flooding and scouring the area as it ebbs and removing part of the unconsolidated sand. The available data indicates that 350,000 cubic meters of sediment transport capacity on the Gaza beaches every year. This paper discusses coastal protection techniques from erosion included in this, slope protection, beach nourishment and offshore breakwater, and analyze their impacts on coastal protection to provides the best possible solutions in environmental, economic and engineering terms. The study focuses on environmentally friendly technologies such as Geotube & GeoWeb 3D, which helps in maintaining the beach and the environment at lower costs. Finally, the results showed that the use of Geotube submerged in two rows will work very efficiently in breaking waves to reduce beach erosion, as well, the use of GeoWeb will protect the slopes efficiently and maintain its stability Also. Through the results of the research, it was found that the use of GeoWeb reduces the impact of climate change and helps in developing the environment and improving the quality of the tourism aspects. Also results shows the role of these options in minimizing the impact of the global plastics crisis where recycled plastics can be used as raw materials in the manufacture of the GeoWeb and GeoTubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has been a global challenge which researchers have been trying to curtail over the years using different scientific approach, a major contributor to climate change is the combustion of fossil fuel which has influenced the search for alternative fuel sources among which is biodiesel. However, Biodiesel is associated with its limitations including higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission. This paper therefore present various recent findings and impacts of blending nanoparticles with biodiesel and conventional diesel, the merits and demerits in terms of power output, fuel consumption and emissions as well as the possibility of using nanofluids as future alternative fuel for diesel and gasoline engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Climate change is the most pressing issue confronting Humanity lack of effective prediction techniques resulting in the damage of infrastructures and resources, collective climate predictions mechanism will not help the mankind we need a selective or personalized prediction techniques which can be more beneficial in predicting the climate changes closely. Natural catastrophes, Temperature analysis is the most essential areas where a personalized prediction techniques plays vital role. Here we are focusing in climate prediction at farms by forecasting solar radiation which climate changes are directly dependent on by using meteorological conditions such as temperature, radiation, pressure, humidity, wind speeds using Machine learning to anticipate the climatic change in advance helps farmers in analyzing natural risks that arise as a result of abrupt climate change. Farmers may use the predictions to schedule seed sowing and pre harvesting according to predictions in safeguarding crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) are the past historical phenomena that was due to the change in the in global climatic pattern for a short interval of time. The widespread of marine matter-rich sediments and a significant disruption in the global carbon cycle characterize this. A comprehensive study of anoxic events has been done in the regional to global context. But this is limited when comes to Indian arena especially in Himalayan foreland basin sediments. There are variety of evidences shown by researchers for the occurrence of OAEs on the basis of various tools like colour, Geochemical, maturation of organic content, and deposition of shale. In this paper we are showing the Subathu has occurrence of black, gray, olive-green shale. Which is indicator of anoxic events along with other geochemical proxies. This deposition of Paleocene – Eocene time is associated with Indian Eurasian collision and thermal maxima. Some good sections of shale exposure and their total organic content lies between 0.8 to 2.4% which is very much similar in other well-defined sides of anoxic events. to support this, we also use XRF data and use the proxies of The Ni/Co ratio (av. 5.5) and V/(V+Ni) ratio (av. 5.0) confirms to sub-oxic to anoxic depositional settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increasing concentrations of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the problem of climate change due to global warming is becoming biggest concern. According to latest report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is indicated that to constraint warming at 1.5 oC, global anthropogenic CO2 emissions would need to minimized by 45% till 2030 from 2010 levels and become net zero by 2050. One way to do this is by reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The promising technology which could reduce CO2 concentrations from the atmosphere is the CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technology. The CCS technology involves the method of capturing effluent CO2 emitted on large scale from sources like power stations and prevent it from entering into atmosphere. Further, the captured CO2 is stored in subsurface geological formations from where it is transported to the desired site through pipelines, ships etc. for industrial and Enhanced Oil Recovery process (EOR). Low level of experience and awareness about technology in society negatively impact the successful deployment CCS projects. It is recognized that renewable power (such as wind, solar, etc.) represents only one element of technologies that will be required to deliver a technically and economically feasible energy system. In this context, CCS is known to play a vital role, providing significant value through flexible operation. However, despite of wide applications and its technical advantages, CCS has not yet been implemented on a larger scale with the ambitions formed a decade ago. This paper aims to review the importance of CCS projects in the global scenario by understanding various advantages that this technology offers to the people and various factors like environmental, technical, social and economic factors affecting the implementation of CCS technology which will describe the feasibility of this technology on a larger scale in the particular region about which was thought nearly a decade ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the United States' foreign policy towards climate change in the period of 2009-2017. During this period, the United States actively participated and supported the climate change negotiations, including making and signing the Paris Agreement. Previously, the United States rejected the Kyoto Protocol and negotiations. The author uses qualitative research methods by analyzing official documents, journals, and books. The result of this research is that many international actors have pressed and supported the United States in participating in climate change. President Barack Obama has the most significant foreign policy role on climate change issues at the domestic level. However, the United States is not fully supported domestically, particularly in Congress and Senate Republicans and industry groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinforced concrete (RC) Deep beams may be exposed to localize or full its entire span to elevated temperature due to climate changes or a fire; generally, this combined with the direct applied vertical load due to static or quasi-static (time independent repeated load). The current paper is concerned with the experimental investigation of the failure mechanisms of RC deep beams under the quasi-static (repeated) loading combined with localized elevated temperature. Ten beam specimens with dimensions of (175x350x1400mm) in size were tested. The first and second beam specimens were tested directly, without burning, under monotonic and repeated loading. The remaining eight beam specimens were subjected to localized temperature of (200 and 350°C), at a length of (0.25L , 0.5L, 0.75L, and L). The paper concluded that the cracking load is not affected by the loading type; and the change of the loading type from monotonic to quasi-static reduces the ultimate load by (33%). Also, when the tested beams were exposed to elevated temperature combined with the quasi-static loading, the ultimate load reduced by (7%-65%) and (6%-45%) after being exposed to elevated temperature of (200°C and 350°C), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean in Indonesia mostly planted during late dry season after rice harvested in rainfed land resulting in crop failure due to drought. The effect of drought in some areas becomes more severe due to climate change. This paper discusses the breeding and development of soybean varieties tolerant to drought to anticipate the effect of climate change in Indonesia. Breeding program at ILETRI has released three drought tolerant soybean varieties during the reproductive phase. Dering 1 variety was derived from a promising line DV/2984-330 which was cross between Davros variety and MLG 2984; Dering 2 variety was derived from a promising line AB-157-41-22 which was a single cross between Baluran variety with Arg/GCP-335 line; and Dering 3 variety was derived from a promising line DM-122-357-17 which a single cross between Dering 1 and Malabar varieties. Dering 1, Dering 2, and Dering 3 varieties showed average grain yield of 2.12, 2.49, and 2.42 t / ha, respectively which was 1.9 - 19.7%, higher than Grobogan variety. These three varieties having a tolerant response to drought could be developed in drought prone areas for sustainable soybean production in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a worldwide issue that requires an active response from all parties, including teachers as education promoters. Teachers have a big role in bringing learning that facilitates the improvement of students' climate change literacy. This paper describes the learning framework related to the Climate Change Issue (CCI) in science learning. This research used Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA) method for reviewing and evaluating the documents. The QDA process in this study followed the steps (a) determining the inclusion criteria; (b) collect all types of documents; (c) break down the main parts of the analysis; (d) code the document; (e) verify; and (f) make analysis. The results show global and national programs related to climate change issues, a map of science learning integrated with the climate change issue at the school level, and the Climate Change Education Framework. Science teachers can use this framework to introduce and improve students' literacy regarding climate change. Understanding climate change is an urgent need for education. Education can play a key role in the transition to a post-carbon world. Educators need to have a clear idea of the problem, and a course of action for corrective action, to make the necessary changes in the school curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of urban settlements and the quality of their spaces are related to wide range of different factors, where the basis is natural capital, its components and the benefits provided from them in the form of ecosystem services. The greenery in the city significantly affects the effects of climate change. Green areas are increasing in Slovakia but the cities still do not fully exploit the potential of micro-regulatory ecosystem services. We need to focus more on reducing heat islands, dust, noise, or impacts of weather changes. The impact of greenery in cities has a positive effect on the lives of the inhabitants and urban temperature islands have a negative impact on the health of the people who live in them. The effect of temperature islands can be significantly influenced by "green buildings". We can therefore consider climate change and its negative effects to be one of the greatest threats to stability and prosperity, and it is rightly expected that the urban environment will be threatened to an even greater extent. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is essential to ensure quality of life in the future. Thus, our settlements should not only urgently proceed to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, but also systematically prepare for the expected negative effects of climate change. Mitigation of the negative impacts of climate change is vitally important for our cities. Effective measures reducing greenhouse gas emissions (transition to renewable energy sources, changes in land use, changes in the transport system, increased energy efficiency of buildings or sustainable waste management solutions) are the fundamental topics in this field. The second step of adaptation to climate change includes vulnerability assessments, potential risks in all key areas and measures proposed to reduce the city's vulnerability. Main purpose of this paper is to entirely analyse process of cooperation of the city management with the public and private sector in relation to the implementation of mitigation and adaptation climate measures. Concluding, we are providing proposed and implemented measures and activities in the field of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and their practical demonstrations in the city of Bratislava. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrastructure is planned with certain design life, and it is expected that the infrastructures can be useful during the design life and sustainable. But in reality in the field, many infrastructures show unsatisfactory performance due to several factors, both technical and non-technical factors. For example, many urban drainage networks cannot function properly in conveying surface run-off because they are full of waste; or urban drainage networks cannot accommodate surface runoff that occurs due to extreme rainfall that has never been predicted before; or broken road because vehicles traveling through the road carry loads beyond the maximum planned and permitted load limits. In addition, extreme weather events due to climate change will likely increase disruption to infrastructures. When infrastructures performance in a region is disrupted, it will impact other sectors including economic and public health sectors. For example, when the drainage network cannot accommodate surface runoff due to extreme rainfall, there will be a flood disaster that will disrupt economic activity and cause many diseases (water borne diseases).This paper will outline a general perspective of the impact of climate change on infrastructure in a regional system. The information described in this paper is based on the literature study, and is expected to improve insight and knowledge to all stakeholders related to infrastructure management in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years partial shading has had an unpropitious effect on the performance of the photovoltaic system. Maximum power extraction plays a significant role in increasing the efficiency of a solar unit. Many considerations are taken into account, such as power electronic device configuration, climatic changes, and unit size, which impact the performance characteristics. The configurations that are useful in dealing with these issues are Series, Parallel, Series-Parallel, Total-Cross Tied, Bridge- Linked, Honey-Comb, etc. Nevertheless, these PV array configurations also have disadvantages like low dispersion, mismatch, and line losses under partial shading conditions. To diminish these issues, the reconfiguration of the PV array is one of the successful measures. This paper discusses and deliberates the present-day scenario and development in PV system reconfiguration. This comprehensive review of different reconfiguration techniques will allow selecting an efficient and advanced technique for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first mangrove forests appeared during the late cretaceous- Early tertiary period along Thethys Sea coasts. Since then, mangrove forests have faced and survived several catastrophic climate change events. The sea level is not and has not been constant. Studies carried out on mangrove peat prove mangroves extinction in various parts of the world due to abrupt sea-level rise. The response of mangrove in different geographic regions will depend on factors such as local rate of sea-level rise, coastal topography, and sediment supply rates. It is vital to understand mangrove floor dynamics to understand how mangroves will respond to rising sea-level. Rod surface elevation table is used worldwide to understand surface elevation or loss in wetlands. This paper deals with studying the work done using Rod Surface Elevation Table (RSET) technique to learn mangrove floor level changes worldwide. This literature review also reveals the gap in organised research studying mangrove surface elevation gain rates using RSET technique in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses a mathematical model for describing heat distribution in the surface layer of soil from various sources of heat, or cold, which, together with seasonal climatic changes, form unsteady thermal fields in the soil. The developed algorithms are focused on high-performance computers and were used in the design of various oil and gas fields located in permafrost zone. The main attention is paid to adequate setting of boundary conditions and maximum consideration of various parameters, including technical characteristics of engineering objects, climatic conditions and soil lithology in the field of modeling thermal fields. The presented numerical calculations show the possibility of using these models and algorithms for forecasting of the development of thermal processes in the soil. Minimization of heat effect of the systems inserted into permafrost will avoid accidents, in particular, at oil and gas fields related to the changes in temperature of the soil, and increase the stability of the building with pile foundations. In the paper the possibility of the heat impact compensation in permafrost is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a clear cause-and-effect interaction at play between environment and the project itself that acts two-way, making the project’s suitable site selection of utmost importance. As general public becomes more and more aware of environmental issues that need to be addressed in the course of licensing procedures (Environmental Impact Assessment [EIA]) many aspects that can affect a planned development’s site suitability remain hidden from the public view and yet crucial as they can determine investment’s not only impact spatial boundaries but even its viability. Determination of a planned development’s location, therefore, should be preceded by detailed siting and environmental studies completing of which guarantee removal or at least occurrence probability reduction from a financial equation of significant uncertainties that could impact an investment at either the designing or operating stage. In the paper application of conventional energy sector methodologies as well as site selection criteria of the Safety Standards, International Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA] for nuclear installations as mutually complementing tools are being discussed with a special consideration given to climatic, geological and legislative issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a change of climate contributed by human activity either directly or indirectly. Subsequently, these activities change the natural climate's global atmospheric composition and variability over time. Climate change may be due to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide (CO2). The petroleum industry could contribute to these emissions from upstream and downstream activities, such as power generation and petroleum product utilization. Reducing the emission of GHG minimizes its impact on the environment, including global warming. In 2020, there was a drop in CO2 emissions due to the restriction of movement because of the COVID-19 pandemic; therefore, there is a temporary reduction once the condition is back to normal, making climate change a long-term problem. Recently, green technologies have shown positive outcomes, such as carbon capture, utilization, storage, decarbonization of transport, and solar as alternative energy. Therefore, this paper gives a short review of the use of these technologies to address climate change impact, which would be beneficial for future research and development and policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerning about the problem of climate change has motivated many scientists to look for ways to solve it. A lot of research work is devoted to the creation of "green" building materials due to the large contribution of building materials industry to the acceleration of warming processes. Glass concrete is an excellent example of a decorative material that uses recycled resources. But its long-term life can be threatened by the development of an alkali-silica reaction. The paper uses a theoretical method to study the possibility of the appearance of this reaction in concrete. Thermodynamic calculations showed that there is an exothermic process at the temperatures of 243K, 283K, 295K, and at 353 an endothermic one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, to decrease greenhouse gas emissions as a part of climate change mitigation strategies, adoption of passive house approach, which is amongst the most prominent due to high energy efficiency potential, has gained momentum especially in Europe. On the other hand, global warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C is expected to be exceeded during the 21st century and this opens a debate on the summer thermal performance of passive houses. Architects, as main actors of the design process, play a significant role for the early assessment of potentials and risks regarding the building performance. Nevertheless, the use of performance assessments in design workflows is not main stream among architects yet. At this point, for architects to be able to include performance evaluations in their workflows, simplified performance assessment methods and building performance simulation tools integrated with design tools become more significant. In this regard, this study presents a simplified thermal performance evaluation method through a systematic performance simulation in early design phase. To meet the indoor thermal comfort expectations, temperature is one of the key parameters in building design and intensively correlated with the carbon footprint in the use phase. Therefore, thermal comfort is selected as the main performance topic, and a simplified method, namely annual neutral hours, which refers to the capacity of a building to run without active heating and cooling, is presented. In this scope, the paper discusses summer thermal comfort and climate change over a residential building case study by using a Building Performance Simulation tool integrated into a 3D CAD design tool. The results indicate that the proposed methods are applicable to early design workflows and have a potential to give insight to architects by enabling quick and iterative evaluations for the detection of key parameters; thus, solution alternatives. As an additional result of the study, among other parameters, transparent envelope properties and shading elements appear to be significant to meet the expectations for future summer thermal comfort; also, it is seen that the winter performance might slightly benefit from the climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One primary step in preserving historical heritage against climate change is finding how this phenomenon affects the building material's hygrothermal performance. To study the such impact, a high-resolution and reliable climate model is required. The effect of the climate model's uncertainties on hygrothermal modelling is not well understood. This paper aims to evaluate two regional climate models, ALARO-0 and REMO2015, over northeastern Iran, employing HAM simulations to obtain more knowledge about the impact of the climate model uncertainties on hygrothermal modelling. The processing of the simulation results indicates that, despite the high accuracy of the analysed models for ambient temperature and precipitation, the outputs based on historical observations are significantly inconsistent with the model-based results due to the large bias of both models for wind-based parameters. The analysis recommends that a climate model evaluation using HAM simulations should be undertaken to avoid making incorrect predictions of future climate effects on building material degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As other energy sources have become increasingly important, hydrokinetic turbines are one of the best energy production systems, and monitoring the state of hydrokinetic turbine power generation plays an important role. Ensuring proper condition-based monitoring, climate changes, stability aspects, turbine drive train status, and power outages should all be adequately monitored for remote turbines. Hydrokinetic turbines are capable of monitoring from any remote location. A condition monitoring system is a group of sensors that continuously collect performance data from hydrokinetic turbines, such as blade position, vibration, wind speed, humidity, temperature, structural alignment, drivetrain condition, vibration, rotor position, and generator state, and transmit it. If there is any error or omission, the controller responds promptly to avoid interruptions from any kind of defect that may damage and disrupt system performance. This is an innovative and novel idea, as the Internet of Underwater Things is a very niche area that is integrated with the hydrokinetics turbine, which is a comparatively new method of generating electricity. The erratic data or errors created as a result of disability are monitored for further processing of hydrokinetic turbines and related parameters. When the parameters are monitored, it will be easy to improve the performance of the turbine without causing any damage. The primary intent of the research is to establish an real-time monitoring system based on Internet of Things for a hydrokinetics turbine that will receive the data from the sensor network and send it to the seashore with the aid of an acoustic modem. From there, it will upload the data to the cloud for condition monitoring. The results shown in this paper are verified by node-red, an IoT-based platform that will show the data in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increase in earth's average temperature global warming is evident in recent decades. Because of this climate change phenomenon, world's mean surface temperature lifted by 0.6°C in the course of twentieth century. Present paper tries to investigate the influence of global warming on meteorological parameters for high altitude region Ooty, Tamil Nadu by segregating/analyzing the data collected from Indian Meteorological Department, Chennai for past three decades. With the help of statistical analysis such as Descriptive Analysis and Correlation Co-efficient Analysis, recent annual/seasonal warming trends are computed in the context of climate change. Also, the ratios are used to identify the impacts of temperature difference on other meteorological parameters by utilizing Statistical Package for Social Sciences (ver. 14.0) software. Finally, variations in Rainfall and runoff are calculated with reference to the differences in annual temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction sector is constantly faced with shocks, such as natural hazards (including floods and high weather events), which cause disruptions to the normal construction sector activities. And by consistent stresses, such as climate change or government legislation changes, which can weaken the sector and increase vulnerability of the sector to respond effectively. These weaken growth of the construction sector, reduce productivity, and impact performance. One of the ways to counter the reoccurring shocks and stresses is to accept that the industry will be in a constant state of change and plan accordingly. A sector consisting of well-planned and flexible organisations who can manage their risks well creates a resilient sector. However, to do that requires a resilience model. This paper outlines the preliminary findings from key sectors in the New Zealand construction industry namely Local Councils, The NZ Transport sector, the Education, and the Health Sectors with representative case studies for Local Councils and Health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy sources in the world impact the environment, including climate change and global gas emissions, which lead to the development of renewable energy sources. This paper investigates gym equipment as an energy-generation approach to support energy consumption or utilization for a building listed as Net-Zero Energy Building. This alternative method to generate energy sources is based on two gym equipment, i.e., a static bicycle and a treadmill. The mechanical energy will be transformed into electrical energy from an alternator before storing it in a battery. Then, an inverter circuit was designed to convert the DC to AC to power the electrical appliances. Several analyses have been made, including the durability and improvement strategies for the system's stability. Overall, this system has achieved its objectives and generates sufficient energy for a building. This concept is an innovation for power harvesting that appears to generate a renewable energy source and can be applied to any building, primarily in residential areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flash floods are one of the major types of natural hazards. Such type of the floods is a relatively rare event on the local scale however, the climate change together with an increase of land use and deforestation in some areas can reflect in an increase of such type of extreme floods. Even the urban areas are also prone to flooding in short periods of time and sometimes rainfall (from the same storm) over an urban area may cause faster and stronger floods than in the suburbs or the countryside. With regard to climate change, the increase of the risk of loss of life and material damages may occur in such areas. The main objective of the paper is to describe, investigate, post-event analyze and compare causalities, culminations, courses and consequences of the four summer flash floods on small basins in Slovakia since 1998. The first one occurred in July 1998 on the Malá Svinka stream in east Slovakia; the second two occurred in June 2011 on the Gidra stream and on the Parná stream in the Small Carpathians and the fourth flash flood occurred in July 2014 in the Malá Fatra National Park in Vrátna Valley. Analyses of the every extreme situation play an important role as an information source in determining the culmination and the course of the flash floods in ungauged basins together with information about geology, topography, vegetation and precipitation in the development of hydrological models for flood risk management. The time–space scales of the occurrence of flash floods are small compare to the rain sampling characteristics and discharge measurement networks. Comparison of natural extreme events from different geographical regions and different rainfall events can provide comprehensive information about their regimes, threats and disastrous effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world populace is increasing exponentially, thus bringing many challenges to urban planning and the transportation sector. The evolution of cities has come up with many changes in technology and advancements, as transportation is one of the major components of planning and governance. The changes bring in issues such as pollution, traffic congestion, accidents, mismanagement of services, lack of transport facilities and exploitation of resources, which are to be resolved by a more focused approach in the transportation systems. This paper will discuss about the approaches and best practices in transportation sector around the globe in a better way to understand a streamlined viewpoint of the existing practices and the best to opt for in policy making and governance undertaken by the danger of global concerns like climate change and global warming, on which there are agendas such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the most current discussion on Zero Carbon Emissions in United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 26). The best practices provide the different challenges and techniques to fight and improve the hourly need both for the present and the future mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization and climate change are the primary causes of urban flooding, which is accompanied in some regions by wastewater pollutants as a result of residential wastewater that illegally connected to the storm water system. This paper focuses on evaluating the performance of storm water network as a combined drainage network located in center of Iraq using the Storm Water Mangment Model after appropriate calibration and validation. The Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves for Kut city were applied to the obtained rainfall data. The IDF curves were for 5-hour storms with 30-minute time intervals and return periods of 2, 10, 25, and 50 years. For infiltration processes and flow routing, the Curve Number model and the dynamic wave approach were employed, respectively. The percentage of flooded nodes in different places in Storm Water Mangment Model with proportions of 56.3, 67.1, 70.9, and 74.7% for combined network were noticed from the Storm Water Mangment Model simulation results for return periods of rainfall of 2, 10, 25, and 50 years, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Day after day the climate change due to global warming converts large areas into arid or semi-arid areas covered with sand dunes and establishing geotechnical structures on it becomes much more difficult. In this paper effect of the addition of two natural materials (bentonite and kaolinite) individually on several engineering properties of dune sand was investigated. Standard compaction, direct shear, and oedometer tests were made and a finite element model of a shallow strip footing was built by the PLAXIS 2D software based on those experimental results. It was found that both bentonite and kaolinite enhanced the dune sand behavior under a shallow strip footing but the bentonite was more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that the Chi-Square Test imparts a binary correlation between the variables examined and it does not offer the exact degree of dependence or independence which is always a major issue, this research proposes an innovative method of yielding these values with precision and accuracy. More specifically, this paper introduces and applies the Fuzzy Chi-Square Test, which fuzzifies the Chi-Square Test's p-value by employing linguistics like Low, Medium, High in order to incorporate the level of dependence or independence of the variables examined. In this way it renders nonrigid inference mechanisms, easier understanding and ability to model functions of arbitrary complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the traditional power sector hindered by fuel shortage and climate changes, the promotion of green energy becomes the most prioritized objective of the government. The ministry's move becomes significant because conversion to cleaner energy sources is the best way to minimize global warming and to reenergize the global economy. Among the available alternative gaseous fuels, acetylene caters to these needs because of its property similarities with hydrogen. In this research, the suitability of acetylene as an engine fuel is analyzed. Also, the production methods, combustion properties, abnormal combustion, and safety issues were discussed. This review paper describes about the various possible modes of fuel induction techniques to be adopted. The research establishes the utility of acetylene as a commercial fuel for internal combustion engines in the future years by the adoption of suitable methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly deals with the design and analysis of Agriculture data using Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Agriculture includes cultivating the soil and we can grow different types of crops. In India there are 28 states and 8 Union Territories. In each and every state people are farming and they are developing our agriculture in so many ways. Every state has its own farm for example: - Andhra Pradesh-Rice, Bazra, maize, ragi, pulses etc; the other name for agriculture is "Back Bone of India ". The sediment pressure is due to erosion and soil loss. Diffusion in nature occurs in the fine-grained sediments. Statistical analysis is being carried out for effective solution based on different parameters. This helps to get more information for farmers to make critical farming decisions. Researchers focused on agriculture and found an optimal option to increase production. Experimental data is analyzed and the production is optimized for agriculture such that it is more resilient to climatic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern agriculture, vegetables growth in greenhouses is valuable to adapt to customers preferences and climate changes. As most of the greenhouses are still heated by gas, the energy production from renewable sources is a axis of development in this field. The purpose of this study is to present the potentiality of an innovative heating system for greenhouse with photovoltaic-thermal solar PVT panels as a unique cold source for a brine/water heat pump. An analysis was made for the solar radiation in a typical winter day with the PolySun software for a 6,000 m² greenhouse in Angers, France. In this paper, the results show to interesting potential of this renewable coupling to cover a large part of the needs for this typical winter day, but also the difficulty to reach a autonomy as it is, which calls for optimizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]