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In recent years, the use of renewable energy sources by many power grid companies worldwide has increased significantly. The trend towards the use of renewable energy sources is mainly due to environmental issues and rising fuel prices associated with conventional electricity generation. Distributed generation units are power generation plants that are very important for the grid architecture of today's power system. The benefit of adding these distributed generation (DG) units is to increase the power supply to the grid. However, the installation of these DG units can cause a negative impact if not properly allocated and/or sized. Therefore, there is a need for their optimal allocation and size to avoid situations such as voltage instability and high investment costs. In this paper, two swarm-based heuristic algorithms, namely the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), are applied to solve the optimal placement and sizing of DG units in the distribution network planning. Three cases were used to address the network problems, which are represented by adding the photovoltaic cells and wind turbines. In the last case, both were used, and the feasibility of algorithms was confirmed for the IEEE 33-bus test system. The comparison results showed that the WOA algorithm produces good solutions. In general, the WOA algorithm was able to reduce the system losses. The reduction of real power losses in WOA, taking into account the technical and economic constraints in the IEEE 33 system is reduced to minimum of 66.22%, 67% and 80.71% for three cases respectively, as well as improving the voltage profile, thus obtaining a more efficient system. The paper reveals the strengths and weaknesses of PSO and WOA in applying the optimal size of DG units in distribution networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capture of CO2 after combustion poses efficiency challenges for power plants, taking into account its general influence on the power plants overall performance, capturing CO2 after combustion has posed a challenge in terms of efficiency. The paper quantitatively compares the performance of integrated systems utilizing various solid sorbents such as calcium-based sorbents, Potassium based sorbent, amine based sorbent and magnesium-based sorbent. This investigation focuses on carbonate looping, which is a concept using high temperature CO2 capture materials. The study shows that despite having potential material degradation and decreased CO2 capacity over several cycles is one of the major challenges it faces Solid sorbents are seen as promising low-cost technologies for CO2 capture at this stage. The initial findings of this paper assess the merits of specific post-combustion CO2 capture sorbent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to contribute to ending the electricity crisis in Iraq, as it is country rich in solar energy due to its location close to the equator. Electric power stations, which use traditional fuels, are unable to provide the population's electricity needs throughout the day. Moreover, electricity distribution lines sometimes malfunction due to high temperatures. This paper recommends solar energy as an optimal solution to the electricity problem in Iraq. Because it is renewable and environmentally friendly. The paper also focused on techniques that would improve the efficiency of the solar power system. This was achieved by designing and building a solar tracking system to absorb the largest possible amount of solar energy and increase electrical energy production, in addition to building a cooling system consisting of a small pump and nozzles that pump water in the form of a volatile mist to get rid of excess heat from the solar panels at the temperature It rises to extreme levels. The system is also equipped with a cleaning mechanism to rinse the solar panel once, which is harmful to getting dirt and dust because dust is the negative factor that affects the generation capacity of the solar panels. The solar tracking system and the cleaning system are operated by a control unit made in the local markets that work with the Internet of Things (LOT) system and is programmed in the Python language and depends on data completely on the Internet. As for the cooling system, it supplies energy during the day directly from the solar panel, depending on the temperature sensor. The results reveal that the solar tracking, cooling, and cleaning system has significantly improved the production capacity of the solar system and can achieve an energy gain of 39.68%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays increasing energy efficiency and introducing energy-saving technologies is a strategic task for all national economies. During various industrial processes a large amount of heat is released which is often utilized in cooling towers of various types or dissipated in the atmosphere. The paper presents a study of a two-stage ORC-installation with various working fluids of cascades which allows solving the problems of heat recovery at industrial enterprises effectively. The paper presents an analysis of the thermodynamic cycles of the primary and secondary circuits of a two-stage ORC plant for various working fluids, and also determines the thermodynamic parameters of the combined cycles of an ORC plant with different working fluids. Promising working fluids for the primary and secondary circuits of a two-stage ORC plant are proposed, the thermal efficiency of combined cycles is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steel industries account for 6% of the world's CO2 emissions. The number of emissions will continue to increase as the steel industry in Indonesia grows. Generally, steel production uses blast furnaces which can produce large CO2 emissions. The blast furnace process emissions called blast furnace gas (BFG) contain 20.7% mol of CO2. The high CO2 content also causes the calorific value of the gas to be low, so the gas must be purified to increase its calorific value to be used for power generation. In addition, the steel industry also produces steel slag as waste with a high CaO content (45.2%) but with low economic value. To increase its economic value, CaO content can be used to absorb CO2 from BFG to produce Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC). The use of PCC is very broad for various industrial needs, such as a filler in the paper industry which can increase paper brightness. Therefore, the "Precipitated Calcium Carbonate from Blast Furnace Gas and Steel Slag" plant is expected to be a solution to reduce CO2 emissions from the steel industry. BFG and steel slag as raw materials were obtained from PT. Krakatau Posco. The PCC production process consists of three main stages, namely: (1) Pre-Treatment Steel Slag; (2) Carbonation; and (3) Purification. In the pre-treatment stage, the pH-swing method was used to extract CaO with NH4Cl solvent using pH control. The use of NH4Cl solution is advantageous because it can be recycled. This process obtained a solution of CaCl2 and NH4OH, which was then reacted with CO2 from BFG in a bubble column reactor, resulting in a carbonation process. In the reactor, PCC (CaCO3) and several impurities are formed. The PCC solids formed will then be filtered, dried, and reduced in size so that the moisture content and size are under PCC specifications for the paper industry. Besides producing PCC, purified BFG will be recycled and used as fuel for power generation. The plant location is integrated with PT. Krakatau Posco in the industrial area, Cilegon, Banten, West Java, with a production capacity of 12,750 tons/year. From the results of the economic analysis, with the capital expenditure (capex) of about IDR 337 million and operational expenditure (OPEX) of about IDR 89 million: the payback period is about 6.35 years, and the break-even point (BEP) is 32.38%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for renewable energy is highly increasing worldwide to fulfil energy demand as well as reduce the impact of global warming. Indonesia as the most extensive archipelago face real challenge to power its remote areas with green electricity. This paper assesses economically the idea of hybrid power plant of solar and/or biomass to electrify Indonesian remote areas with green electricity. Furthermore, the carbon credit as an additional income of this project is estimated using CDM methodology. The project is proposed in Sakti, Batukandik, and Batumadeg villages in Nusa Penida Island, Bali; the ER are 7460.57, 2587.10, and 9044.84 tCO2e/year, accordingly. The IRR is analyzed under two scenarios: the initial electricity cost of USD 0.15/kWh and the reduced cost of USD 0.10/kWh including carbon credits and biochar sales. The sensitivity analysis is conducted to observe the effect of most tentative variables towards the IRR. Furthermore, determining the feasibility of this project by analyzing the ERR is assessed to be important, whether it is profitable for the community or not. For the ERR analysis, there are two results calculations. The ERR value with the application of carbon credits shows 32.66%. In comparison, the ERR value without the application of carbon credits shows 28.19%. These values are obtained from several parameter calculations in the ERR analysis in this study. It consists of a consumer surplus, which is computed from the benefits obtained by PLN. Then, the producer surplus and job increases are computed from the benefits obtained by the community if this project is executed. This paper result has essential role in contribution to social, economic, and environmental goal for sustainable development and supporting national economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chance to use sunlight as a clean source of energy has arisen as a result of a gradual rise in user requests for eco-friendly power sources and severe government laws for their usage, because its production from a renewable, natural, and eco-friendly resource, in this paper, the performances characteristics of the liquid pumping unit were investigated experimentally when running the laboratory pumping rig by photovoltaic power system under various operating conditions. The study checks the best tilt angle to maximize the output energy. Tests have been performed under various tilt angles 45° and 32°, with a sunny weather condition and within a period between (11:00:00 AM to 4:00:00 PM). The experimental results of the work show that the best PV panel tilt angle to produce maximum power output was at 32˚, also, output power was proportional to radiation, increasing the irradiance will increase the output power of the PV panels. In addition, storing energy into the battery was compensate source of power to continue the pump running during reduced solar radiation. The daily output of the solar pumping system varies according to the amount of direct sunlight that falls on the solar panel, that mean with the increased sunlight the water pumping increased about 24.9 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maldives' optimal options for renewable energy systems are determined using a model analysis that is provided in this paper. The systems' technical and financial performance was examined using the HOMER simulation tool. Malé, the nation's capital as well as the four inhabited outlying islands that represent the majority of the Maldivian islands— Uligamu, Fehendhoo, Hanimaadhoo and Nolhivaranfaru were used for the investigation. Studies and comparisons have been conducted on a number of systems that utilize photovoltaic (PV), wind, and biomass electricity generators. Regarding outer islands of the Maldives: Uligamu, Fehendhoo, Hanimaadhoo and Nolhivaranfaru, a hybrid system of photovoltaic, wind, and biomass is the most intriguing option for these islands because using biomass is worthy way to complement the fluctuations in the production of energy from photovoltaic and wind under variable weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a case study enabling the performance evaluation of the Al-khairat power plant in Karbala city based on the application of the Pinch Analysis (PA) method to determine the best possible heat recovery (Qrec.) available in the plant and how can this be used to minimise energy consumption and save energy. PA has been used to study integration in several processes to help develop optimum heat transfer and minimise total cost: such work has also allowed the development of a Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) design to support this process. Al-khairat power plant consists of 10 units, each of which generates 125 MW; thus, the overall production of the plant is 1,250 MW. Unit 3 was selected as a representative unit for this study, based on its performance stability throughout the year. The data from control room facilities was then used to theoretically calculate the relevant heat loads (ΔH), which were applied in a Composite Curve (CC) to evaluate the Qrec. However, the results suggested that PA may not be effectively applied in this power plant, with similar conclusions being obtained from the application of simulation software (Aspen Energy Analyzer, AEA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to the development of a method for optimal load distribution between units of thermal stations using geometric programming. Load distribution problems for thermal power plants, including turbines, boilers, units and other components, are complex and relevant in the context of energy systems. The paper discusses optimization features for condensing turbine units, blocks and boilers. The use of geometric programming makes it possible to simplify the conditions for the most favorable distribution, providing effective methods for solving the problem. The developed method not only provides optimal load distribution, but also takes into account various technical characteristics and limitations of plant components. The results of the study represent a significant contribution to the field of optimization of energy systems, and the proposed method can be effectively used in practical problems of controlling thermal power plants to improve their efficiency and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the physical processes of fuel combustion that affect the implementation of the concept of smart dust in the monitoring of thermal power plants. The importance of studying physical phenomena that affect the behavior of smart dust is shown, while ensuring the information reliability of production and environmental monitoring of thermal power plants. The article notes that the physical process of burning prepared fuel at thermal power plants is the main process that has the greatest impact on the environment. In this regard, for this physical process, it is necessary to monitor production and environmental indicators using smart dust. The paper presents the concept of using smart dust to analyze the physical process of fuel combustion, analyzes the TPP facilities that provide fuel combustion, gives their meaningful description and temperature characteristics. A new model of the physical process of fuel combustion of a thermal power plant is proposed, on the basis of which, following the concept of smart dust, a network of many miniature devices (motes) is able to evaluate the generalized quality criterion of this physical process for n-1 inputs and evaluate the allowable range of values of the n-th parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current period, the solar energy system has become the most important source of renewable energy, such as wind, fuel cells, and others. The need for it has increased greatly, so that it is relied upon in many services, industrial and agricultural fields, etc. With the increase in demand for solar energy, it leads us to develop and increase its efficiency and improve its performance in various ways. One of these ways is the interest in the monitoring system, which has received great attention from researchers and designers recently. Wireless monitoring systems have been linked with photovoltaic systems and display them on a platform in a more clear and easy way for the user. The design and implementation of a wireless data acquisition system for a photovoltaic panel system is discussed in this paper. based on the ATmega328P microcontroller integrated with the Arduino Uno board, In the proposed monitoring system, the Bluetooth technology was relied on to receive the values of the variables or parameters to be measured by the sensors that were previously determined, namely temperature, humidity, solar radiation, voltage, current, and power, and then display the results taken on smart phones and tablets running Android operating systems using the APK application. The proposed system is characterized by its low cost, simple design, open source, real-time measurement, developable, efficient, high accuracy, reliable, and practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current review is to conduct a detailed survey from the published papers and indicate the effect of some operating parameters on the performance of gas turbine cycle (outer ambient temperature), and compare between the simple cycle (the open Brighton cycle) and the improved cycle, the effect of the air filtration process entering the compressor, and modelling processes that are specific to the power generation system. Logical sequence has been followed in analyzing the reviewed studies to make the required and accurate comparison. It was found that the high temperature of the incoming air reduces the performance of gas turbine cycle. On the other hand, choosing good types of filtration and performing regular maintenance of the filters can improve the performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrid frameworks have as of late become more famous than earlier enterprises for an electric provider dependent on sustainable power entrance into the power network, where the framework has changed to far-off and disconnected interest that is not provided directly by the energy enterprises. The microgrid is coordinated as a limited-scale network that can associate energy users locally. In the microgrid, photovoltaic and power module frameworks give huge potential to bring down reliance on non-renewable energy sources. To coordinate all power plants on the microgrid, the right mix is a basic consideration. These papers show a mix of power units for the microgrid dependent on fossil and non-fossil base units, just as a running expense, using the optimizing calculation. The IEEE-30 framework was picked as a model for finding power-based and energy components that would be functional 24 hours every day, seven days per week. Besides, the executions have been approved in an assortment of exhibitions relying upon load request variances for 24 hours. Non-fossil-based power plants can lessen the power period on every day and pinnacle load premise. These arrangements have additionally been powerfully demonstrated during the whole activity in different adjusted utilization among fuel and contamination costs, just as power misfortune. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerning the broadband internet access, the 5th generation technology provides the customers of electronic communication services with an excellent media content exchange, very useful applications, new services, that can be needed by any customer. The main requirement to 5G technology is to supply the customer with all desired services (internet access, TV, telephony etc.) despite the time and location. Every Operator of Electronic Communication Network must have and install telecommunication networks with excellent quality, because of the fact that the broadband 5G requires very fast connections that can provide transfer of every content and services to the customers. The 5th generation technology ensure much faster access to the net services, very reliable and very effective data exchange compared to the older stages of the same technology. This paper presents some measurements and evaluation of the parameters of the base station for transmitting 5G signals in the network of Makedonski telekom AD Skopje at one location in the center of the city Skopje with analysis of the results, and the electricity supply with solution of photo voltaic electrical power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes a mathematical modeling-based concept for developing an energy-efficient and precise automatic control system for three power stations: the Zmiivska Thermal Power Station (TPS) 200 & 300 MW power units Pivdennoukrainska Nuclear Power Station (NPS) 1000 MW power unit. The study aims to optimize the operational modes of the power stations to minimize energy losses and maximize the control error-to-control time ratio. The research uses a structural-parametric synthesis approach to develop an effective precision controller using inverse dynamics issues. Astatic, zero-control-error controllers have been suggested for the first time The research paper calculates the primary input, output, energy loss, and disturbance values of the turbo-generator plant block diagram's control object. The study also proposes algorithms and control approaches to increase the accuracy of turbo-generator regulation from 0.3% to 0.06, meeting international standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]