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The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) has been developing sensors for the pulp and paper industry that use a magnetic field. The applications for magnetic sensors that have been studied include 1) sensors for the measurement of the water and ice content of wood chips entering the pulping mill, 2) sensors for measuring the water content and other constituents of the black liquor leaving the paper digester, and 3) sensors for measuring paper thickness and water content as the paper is being processed. These tasks can be done using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The magnetic field used for doing the NMR can come from either permanent magnets or superconducting magnets. The choice of the magnet is dependent on a number of factors, which include the size of the sample and field strength needed to do the sensing task at hand. This paper describes some superconducting magnet options that can be used in the pulp and paper industry.

On-line measurement of material properties is a goal of many manufactures for production improvement and quality control. In the paper industry, the elastic stiffness of the paper web needs to be accurately measured and controlled online. Currently, contact ultrasonic methods are employed to measure the elastic constants of paper offline. Piezoelectric transducers are placed in contact with the paper surface to generate and detect plate wave modes, known as Lamb wave modes, in the paper in both the machine and cross directions. Laser ultrasonics offers a new approach to making elastic wave measurements that does not require contacting the paper web. A pulsed laser generates ultrasound in the paper by delivering a high intensity short impulse to the paper through thermoelastic expansion. An optical interferometer is used to demodulate the small phase modulation that the elastic wave produces on a continuous probe laser beam. Difficulty in applying this approach to online measurements of rapidly moving pape...

In the noiseless context, it has long been known that the average encoded word length of an instantaneous or uniquely decipherable code can be made to lie between the source entropy and that value plus unity. We address the question of finding sufficient conditions on the code–word probabilities for it to be possible to make the average code–word length approximate the entropy by a smaller prescribed amount.

The contribution is focused on risk analysis in food microbiology. This paper evaluates the effect of selected factors on tyramine production in bacterial strains of Lactococcus genus which were assigned as tyramine producers. Tyramine is a biogenic amine sythesized from an amino acid called tyrosine. It can be found in certain foodstuffs (often in cheese), and can cause a pseudo-response in sensitive individuals. The above-mentioned bacteria are commonly used in the biotechnological process of cheese production as starter cultures. The levels of factors were chosen with respect to the conditions which can occur in this technological process. To describe and compare tyramine production in chosen microorganisms, generalized regression models were applied. Tyramine production was modelled by Gompertz curves according to the selected factors (the lactose concentration of 0-1% w/v, NaCl 0-2% w/v and aero/anaerobiosis) for 3 different types of bacterial cultivation. Moreover, estimates of model parameters were calculated and tested; multiple comparisons were discussed as well. The aim of this paper is to find a combination of factors leading to a similar tyramine production level. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

The shear stress generated in mine backfill slurries and fresh concrete contains both velocity gradient dependent and frictional terms, categorised as frictional viscous plastic fluids. This paper discusses application of the developed analytical solution for flow rate as a function of pressure and pressure gradient in discs, pipes and cones for such frictional Bingham-Herschel-Bulkley fluids. This paper discusses application of this continuum fluid model to industrial materials like mine and mineral slurries, backfills and fresh concrete tests.

This paper was conducted to determine the optimal travel routes for self-drive tourism based on the allocation of time and expense by maximizing the amount of attraction scores assigned to each city involved. Self-drive tourism represents a type of tourism where tourists hire or travel by their own vehicle. It only involves a tourist destination which can be linked with a network of roads. Normally, the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and multiple traveling salesman problems (MTSP) method were used in the minimization problem such as determination the shortest time or distance traveled. This paper involved an alternative approach for maximization method which is maximize the attraction scores and tested on tourism data for ten cities in Kedah. A set of priority scores are used to set the attraction score at each city. The classical approach of the orienteering problem was used to determine the optimal travel route. This approach is extended to the team orienteering problem and the two methods were compared. These two models have been solved by using LINGO12.0 software. The results indicate that the model involving the team orienteering problem provides a more appropriate solution compared to the orienteering problem model.

As adults, we have always learned throughout our life, but this learning is informal. Now, more career-switchers and career-upgraders who are joining universities for further training are becoming the major group of adult learners. This current situation requires formal education in courses with controlled output. Hence, lifelong learning is seen as a necessity and an opportunity for these adult learners. One characteristic of adult education is that the learners tend to bring with them life experience from their past, especially when learning mathematics. Most of them associate mathematics with the school subjects and unable to recognize the mathematics in their daily practice as mathematics. They normally place a high value on learning mathematics because of its prominent role in their prospective careers, but their learning often requires overcoming personal experience and motivating themselves to learn mathematics again. This paper reports on the study conducted on a group of adult learners currently pursuing their study. The aim of this study is to explore (i) the motivation of the adult learners continuing their study; and (ii) the perception and motivation of these learners in learning mathematics. This paper will take this into account when we discuss learners’ perception and motivation to learning mathematics, as interrelated phenomena. Finding from this study will provide helpful insights in understanding the learning process and adaption of adult learners to formal education.

Bangladesh has had a glorious physics tradition since the beginning of the last century, when the physicist S.N. Bose published a groundbreaking paper with Albert Einstein on Bose-Einstein statistics. However, women in Bangladesh traditionally have not been able to make their way in the realm of science in general and physics in particular. Since Bangladesh achieved independence in 1971, the situation has gradually changed and more and more women choose physics as an academic discipline. The percentage of women students in physics rose from 10% in 1970 to almost 30% in 2010. In recent years, women physicists have actively participated in many activities promoting science and technology, creating awareness among the public about the importance of physics education. The present status of women physicists in academic, research, and administrative programs in the government and private sectors in Bangladesh is reported. The greater inclusion of women scientists, particularly physicists, in policy-making roles on important issues of global and national interest is suggested.Bangladesh has had a glorious physics tradition since the beginning of the last century, when the physicist S.N. Bose published a groundbreaking paper with Albert Einstein on Bose-Einstein statistics. However, women in Bangladesh traditionally have not been able to make their way in the realm of science in general and physics in particular. Since Bangladesh achieved independence in 1971, the situation has gradually changed and more and more women choose physics as an academic discipline. The percentage of women students in physics rose from 10% in 1970 to almost 30% in 2010. In recent years, women physicists have actively participated in many activities promoting science and technology, creating awareness among the public about the importance of physics education. The present status of women physicists in academic, research, and administrative programs in the government and private sectors in Bangladesh is reported. The greater inclusion of women scientists, particularly physicists, in policy-making roles...

The Gompertz distribution is commonly used in biology for modeling fatigue and mortality. This paper studies a class of models proposed by Adham and Walker, featuring a Gompertz type distribution where the dependence structure is modeled by a lognormal distribution, and develops a new multivariate formulation that facilitates several numerical and computational aspects. This paper also implements the FBST, the Full Bayesian Significance Test for pertinent sharp (precise) hypotheses on the lognormal covariance structure. The FBST’s e-value, ev(H), gives the epistemic value of hypothesis, H, or the value of evidence in the observed in support of H.

The plasma nitriding process produces a hard near-surface thin layer of the nitrided material. The thickness of the diffused layer, produced in the course of this process, is between 0.001 and 0.6 mm. The paper presents a diffusion model of plasma nitriding that allows one to predict the material hardness distribution within the near-surface layer as a function of time for a modified nitrogen diffusion coefficient. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient are considered in the paper. Hence, the model involves the reaction rates of nitrides formation. The one-dimensional transient diffusion model is then applied to a thin nitride layer. The solution thus obtained is compared with experimental data for a decrease of hardness as a function of depth and time, until the core hardness is reached. Published version

Embedding a new programming language into an existing one is a widely used technique, because it fastens the development process and gives a part of a language infrastructure for free (e.g. lexical, syntactical analyzers). In this paper we are presenting a new advantage of this development approach regarding to adding testing support for these new languages. Tool support for testing is a crucial point for a newly designed programming language. It could be done in the hard way by creating a testing tool from scratch, or we could try to reuse existing testing tools by extending them with an interface to our new language. The second approach requires less work, and also it fits very well for the embedded approach. The problem is that the creation of such interfaces is not straightforward at all, because the existing testing tools are mostly not designed to be extendable and to be able to deal with new languages. This paper presents an extendable and modular model of a testing framework, in which the most basic design decision was to keep the - previously mentioned - interface creation simple and straightforward. Other important aspects of our model are the test data generation, the oracle problem and the customizability of the whole testing phase.

Applications in superconductivity have become widespread, enabled by advancements in cryogenic engineering. In this paper, the history of cryogenic refrigeration, its delivery, its preservation and the important scientific and engineering advancements in these areas in the last 100 years will be reviewed, beginning with small laboratory dewars to very large scale systems. The key technological advancements in these areas that enabled the development of superconducting applications at temperatures from 4 to 77 K are identified. Included are advancements in the components used up to the present state-of-the-art in refrigeration systems design. Viewpoints as both an equipment supplier and the end-user with regard to the equipment design and operations will be presented. Some of the present and future challenges in these areas will be outlined. Most of the materials in this paper are a collection of the historical materials applicable to these areas of interest.

In this paper we consider combining ontologically demarcated information with Saaty's Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) [1] for the multicriterial assessment of offers during contract negotiations. The context for the proposal is provided by the Agents in Grid project (AiG; [2]), which aims at development of an agent-based infrastructure for efficient resource management in the Grid. In the AiG project, software agents representing users can either (1) join a team and earn money, or (2) find a team to execute a job. Moreover, agents form teams, managers of which negotiate with clients and workers terms of potential collaboration. Here, ontologically described contracts (Service Level Agreements) are the results of autonomous multiround negotiations. Therefore, taking into account relatively complex nature of the negotiated contracts, multicriterial assessment of proposals plays a crucial role. The AHP method is based on pairwise comparisons of criteria and relies on the judgement of a panel of experts. It measures how well does an offer serve the objective of a decision maker. In this paper, we propose how the AHP method can be used to assess ontologically described contract proposals.

The transition to chaotic phase synchronization for a periodically driven spiral-type chaotic oscillator is known to involve a dense set of saddle-node bifurcations. By following the synchronization transition through the cascade of period-doubling bifurcations in a forced Ro¨ssler system, this paper describes how these saddle-node bifurcations arise and how their characteristic cyclic organisation develops. We identify the cycles that are involved in the various saddle-node bifurcations and describe how the formation of multi-layered resonance cycles in the synchronization domain is related to the torus doubling bifurcations that take place outside this domain. By examining a physiology-based model of the blood flow regulation to the individual functional unit (nephron) of the kidney we demonstrate how a similar bifurcation structure may arise in this system as a response to a periodically varying arterial blood pressure. The paper finally discusses how an alternative transition to chaotic phase synchronization may occur in the mutual synchronization of two chaotically oscillating period-doubling systems.

In another paper (Butterfield 2011), one of us argued that emergence and reduction are compatible, and presented four examples illustrating both. The main purpose of this paper is to develop this position for the example of phase transitions. We take it that emergence involves behaviour that is novel compared with what is expected: often, what is expected from a theory of the system's microscopic constituents. We take reduction as deduction, aided by appropriate definitions. Then the main idea of our reconciliation of emergence and reduction is that one makes the deduction after taking a limit of an appropriate parameter $N$. Thus our first main claim will be that in some situations, one can deduce a novel behaviour, by taking a limit $N\to\infty$. Our main illustration of this will be Lee-Yang theory. But on the other hand, this does not show that the $N=\infty$ limit is physically real. For our second main claim will be that in such situations, there is a logically weaker, yet still vivid, novel behaviour that occurs before the limit, i.e. for finite $N$. And it is this weaker behaviour which is physically real. Our main illustration of this will be the renormalization group description of cross-over phenomena., 24 pp, v2: one minor change. Contribution to the Frontiers of Fundamental Physics (FFP 11) Conference Proceedings

This paper outlines the initial investigations on the influence of chaotic dynamics to the performance of evolutionary algorithms. The focus of this paper is the embedding of chaotic system in the form of chaos number generator for Differential Evolution. The chaotic systems of interest are the discrete dissipative systems. The two-dimensional Dissipative Standard map was selected as a possible chaos number generator for Differential Evolution. Repeated simulations were performed on a selected benchmark function. Finally, the obtained results are compared with canonical Differential Evolution.

Ultrasonic testing (UT) has been used for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of materials for more than half a century. A number of NDE techniques have been developed and specific standards have been created for the UT applications in different areas of engineering. UT has two main goals related to inspection of solid objects, firstly, detection and characterization of material discontinuities (flaws), and secondly, material characterization. This paper is focused on the selected techniques for flaw detection and imaging using bulk waves as well as guided waves. The main part of the paper contains presentation of array techniques used for the inspection of solid structures with focus on ultrasonic imaging of discontinuities. An overview of the high resolution imaging methods based on synthetic aperture concept (SAFT) is given and illustrated with experimental results. The UT review is concluded with a short presentation of recently developed methods using Lamb waves for monitoring planar structures in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. Damage detection methods based on application of multiple transducers (2D arrays) for generating and detecting Lamb waves in metallic and composite plates are presented.

The verification of compliance with a design specification in manufacturing requires the use of metrological instruments to check if the magnitude associated with the design specification is or not according with tolerance range. Such instrumentation and their use during the measurement process, has associated an uncertainty of measurement whose value must be related to the value of tolerance tested. Most papers dealing jointly tolerance and measurement uncertainties are mainly focused on the establishment of a relationship uncertainty-tolerance without paying much attention to the impact from the standpoint of process cost. This paper analyzes the cost-measurement uncertainty, considering uncertainty as a productive factor in the process outcome. This is done starting from a cost-tolerance model associated with the process. By means of this model the existence of a measurement uncertainty is calculated in quantitative terms of cost and its impact on the process is analyzed.

Ultrasonic techniques, such as the use of guided waves, can be ideal for finding damage in the plate and pipe-like structures used in aerospace applications. However, the interaction of waves with real flaw types and geometries can lead to experimental signals that are difficult to interpret. 3-dimensional (3D) elastic wave simulations can be a powerful tool in understanding the complicated wave scattering involved in flaw detection and for optimizing experimental techniques. We have developed and implemented parallel 3D elastodynamic finite integration technique (3D EFIT) code to investigate Lamb wave scattering from realistic flaws. This paper discusses simulation results for an aluminum-aluminum diffusion disbond and an aluminum-epoxy disbond and compares results from the disbond case to the common artificial flaw type of a flat-bottom hole. The paper also discusses the potential for extending the 3D EFIT equations to incorporate physics-based weak bond models for simulating wave scattering from weak adhesive bonds.

This paper is offered as a response to the remarks regarding [1], as given in [2].This paper is offered as a response to the remarks regarding [1], as given in [2].

Electrostatic storage rings have proven to be invaluable tools for atomic and molecular physics at the ultra‐low energy range from 1 to 100 keV/A. Due to the mass independence of the electrostatic rigidity these machines are able to store a wide range of different particles, from light ions to heavy singly charged bio‐molecules. Their beam dynamics is, however, fundamentally different to magnetic storage rings and therefore needs to be investigated in detail to optimize storage ring performance and experimental output. This paper first gives an overview of existing electrostatic storage rings and their experimental programs. Second, future machines in Heidelberg, Stockholm and the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) are described and the main challenges are summarized. Finally, the focus is set on a flexible storage ring facility presently being built up at the King Abdulaziz Center for Science and Technology (KACST) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, that addresses a broad user community and will allow for a next‐generation experimental program in the low energy regime.Electrostatic storage rings have proven to be invaluable tools for atomic and molecular physics at the ultra‐low energy range from 1 to 100 keV/A. Due to the mass independence of the electrostatic rigidity these machines are able to store a wide range of different particles, from light ions to heavy singly charged bio‐molecules. Their beam dynamics is, however, fundamentally different to magnetic storage rings and therefore needs to be investigated in detail to optimize storage ring performance and experimental output. This paper first gives an overview of existing electrostatic storage rings and their experimental programs. Second, future machines in Heidelberg, Stockholm and the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) are described and the main challenges are summarized. Finally, the focus is set on a flexible storage ring facility presently being built up at the King Abdulaziz Center for Science and Technology (KACST) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, that addresses a broad user community and will allow...

With the train speed becoming faster and faster, the aerodynamic drag turns to be one of the essential factor that restricts the train speed ascent. However, no public literature, home or abroad, has dealt with the flow field and aerodynamic performance of the train with the speed reaching 500 km per hour. This paper has studied in the flow field and the aerodynamic performance of the train at 500 km per hour with symmetrical and unsymmetrical nose shape. With the given two nose shape models, the authors composed four kinds train shapes and generated grids around the four train models. With the gathered and analyzed data, the paper comes to the conclusion that the unsymmetrical nose shape is better than the symmetrical one in aerodynamic performance. Comparing with the other three train shape, we found that the s‐r composition best satisfies the practical demands.

A single dielectric barrier discharge is a specific configuration for plasma actuators consisting of two electrodes, one coated by a dielectric material and the other is exposed to the air. The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of single dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuator through numerical modeling. A mathematical model that represents the physical system is presented and the numerical simulations for specific geometry are discussed in this paper. With this model, we can study the physics of the plasma flow. The formulation of the governing equations are divided into two since the physical system can be distinctly separated; one is the electrostatic part and the other is on the fluid flow. The electrostatic part is formulated using the Maxwell’s equation which needs to be modified to incorporate the current frequency equation so that the system of equations becomes unsteady which is more realistic compared to a steady system of equations. The fluid flow part is formulated using the Navier-Stokes equations. The equations are re-represented using a vorticity term and stream function so that the flow characteristics can be clearly visualized. All equations are discretized using finite difference method. The discretized equations are then solved using the Gauss-Seidel iteration method. The numerical results show that the vorticity of the plasma is similar in pattern at each time interval. The highest magnitude of the vorticity occurs at the inner part near end of the upper electrode but this magnitude is different at each time. On varying the applied voltage, it is found that the peak vorticity also increases. Therefore, this shows that both the applied voltage and the geometry of the system influence the characteristics of the plasma flow.

To the student of thermodynamics the most difficult subject is entropy. In this paper we examine the actual, practical application of entropy to two simple systems, the homogeneous slab with fixed boundary values of the temperature, and an isolated atmosphere in the presence of the static gravitational field. The first gives valuable insight into the nature of entropy that is subsequently applied to the second system. It is a basic tenet of thermodynamics that the equilibrium of an extended, homogeneous and isolated system is characterized by a uniform temperature distribution and it is a strongly held belief that this remains true in the presence of gravity. We find that this is consistent with the equations of extended thermodynamics but that entropy enters in an essential way. The principle of equivalence takes on a new aspect., Paper presented the AIP Conference on the second law of thermodynamics, June 2011. Plaintex 20 pages

This paper presents the results of a data collection effort, allowing to assess the overall environmental impact of the air bending process using the CO2PE!-Methodology. First the different modes of the air bending process are investigated, including both productive and non-productive modes. In particular consumption of electric power is recorded for the different modes. Subsequently, time studies allow determining the importance of productive and non-productive modes of the involved process. The study demonstrates that the influence of standby losses can be substantial. In addition to life cycle analysis, in depth process analysis also provides insight in achievable environmental impact reducing measures towards machine tool builders and eco-design recommendations for product developers. The energy consumption of three different machine tool architectures are analysed and compared within this paper. ispartof: pages:1650-1655 ispartof: AIP Conf. Proc. vol:1353 issue:1 pages:1650-1655 ispartof: ESAFORM2011 location:Belfast date:27 Apr - 29 Apr 2011 status: published

Search engines on the Internet are used daily to access and find information. While these services are providing an easy way to find information globally, they are also suffering from artificially created false results. This paper describes two techniques that are being used to manipulate the search engines: spam pages (used to achieve higher rankings on the result page) and cloaking (used to feed falsified data into search engines). This paper also describes two proposed methods to fight this kind of misuse, algorithms for both of the formerly mentioned cases of spamdexing.

This paper is concerned with the uniqueness of the Maximum a Posteriori estimate for restoration problems of data corrupted by Poisson noise, when we have to minimize a combination of the generalized Kullback‐Leibler divergence and a regularization penalty function. The aim of this paper is to prove the uniqueness result for 2D and 3D problems for several penalty functions, such as an edge preserving functional, a simple case of the class of Markov Random Field (MRF) regularization functionals and the classical Tikhonov regularization.

This paper is an abstract of a greater volume of work more than 30 years in formation. It is a thought experiment. In order to present certain concepts, statements are made without supporting scientific observations which would require a substantial manuscript to present. This paper defines a new fabric for space and hypothesizes that matter is formed from this fabric through the agency of Black Holes. Dark sound is theorized. As a consequence of this hypothesis a new model for the origin of the universe is given including new definitions for Black Holes, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy. Neutral electricity, cosmic planes and sub planes are defined. New processes for the coalescing of atoms, the rotation of planets and the observed phenomena of Cosmic Fire are given. Gravity is defined as the result of magnetism and chemical bonds between structures.

In other conference research papers, Beckwith obtained a maximum DM mass/energy value of up to 5 TeV, as opposed to 400 GeV for DM, which may mean more convertible power for a dark matter ram jet. The consequences are from assuming that axions are CDM, and KK gravitons are for WDM, then ρWarm‐Dark‐Matter would dominate not only structure formation in early universe formation, but would also influence the viability of the DM ram jet applications for interstellar travel. The increase in convertible DM mass makes the ram jet a conceivable option. This paper in addition to describing the scientific issues leading to that 5 TeV mass for DM also what are necessary and sufficient laser boost systems which would permit a ram net to become operational.

We consider the onset and development of convection in a saturated porous half-space which is initially cold, but where the lower boundary has its temperature raised suddenly to a new uniform level. The resulting thermal boundary layer diffuses upwards and eventually becomes thermoconvectively unstable. Previous works by the present authors have considered in turn linearised theory, the nonlinear development of cells, and the destabilisation of such cells due to subharmonic disturbances. In all three papers it was assumed that the convection pattern is horizontally periodic. In the present paper we relax this restriction by considering how an isolated disturbance develops in time, and this is compared with the horizontally periodic flows. New cells are generated outboard of existing ones so that the convecting region spreads horizontally with time. The effective wavelengths are also found to increase with time, newer cells having larger wavelengths than older ones. We also consider the nonlinear development of these disturbances.

A two‐stage long‐life, low mass and efficient pulse tube cooler for space applications has been developed and acceptance tested for flight applications.This paper presents the data collected on four flight coolers during acceptance testing. Flight acceptance test of these cryocoolers includes thermal performance mapping over a range of reject temperatures, launch vibration testing and thermal cycling testing. Designed conservatively for a 10‐year life, the coolers are required to provide simultaneous cooling powers at 95 K and 180 K while rejecting to 300 K with less than 187 W input power to the electronics. The total mass of each cooler and electronics system is 8.7 kg. The radiation‐hardened and software driven control electronics provides cooler control functions which are fully re‐configurable in orbit. These functions include precision temperature control to better than 100 mK p‐p. This 2 stage cooler has heritage to the 12 Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) coolers currently on orbit with 2 operating for more than 11.5 years.A two‐stage long‐life, low mass and efficient pulse tube cooler for space applications has been developed and acceptance tested for flight applications.This paper presents the data collected on four flight coolers during acceptance testing. Flight acceptance test of these cryocoolers includes thermal performance mapping over a range of reject temperatures, launch vibration testing and thermal cycling testing. Designed conservatively for a 10‐year life, the coolers are required to provide simultaneous cooling powers at 95 K and 180 K while rejecting to 300 K with less than 187 W input power to the electronics. The total mass of each cooler and electronics system is 8.7 kg. The radiation‐hardened and software driven control electronics provides cooler control functions which are fully re‐configurable in orbit. These functions include precision temperature control to better than 100 mK p‐p. This 2 stage cooler has heritage to the 12 Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) coolers currently on orbit with 2 ...

The two science missions Herschel, an observatory‐type mission, and Planck, a survey mission, are combined in one programme within ESAs long‐term science programme.The objective for Planck is to image systematically the whole sky simultaneously with two scientific instruments in nine frequency channels between 30 and 900 GHz to unravel the temperature fluctuations, the anisotropy, of the cosmic background radiation. For both satellites, which have now been launched from the European Space Port in Kourou, French Guiana, on a single Ariane 5 launcher, the orbits will be Lissajous orbits around the 2nd Lagrange Point L2 of the Earth‐Sun system.Having surpassed the technological problems and more generally the development phase, this paper focuses on the extensive assembly, integration and tests undertaken for the Proto‐Flight Model (PFM) of the Planck Satellite. The paper details the early stages of the integration of the PFM until completeness of the assembly. It then describes the logic and the various tes...

Two liquefaction cycles for LNG (liquefied natural gas) production are compared in this paper. One is a well known MR (mixed refrigerant) JT cycle with two phase separators and four heat exchangers. Another one is the novel concept of hybrid cycle, which is to replace the last stage JT expansion with a turbine expander. The inlet flow to the turbine expander is deliberately warmed up by NG (natural gas) stream to guarantee superheated vapor phase and increase useful work. The turbine expander is to extract pressure exergy and reduce entropy generation by producing work and alleviating work requirement in the compressor. This paper describes the detailed processes of hybrid JT‐expander cycle and the quantitative comparison results by HYSYS simulation under some realistic physical constraints.

A novel heat transfer loop for thermoacoustic‐Stirling engines which could substitute for a traditional heat exchanger was developed. This new heat transfer loop uses a pair of check valves to transform oscillating flow into steady flow that allows the oscillating flow system’s own working gas to go through a physically remote high‐temperature or cold‐temperature heat source. Since the early principle experiment has achieved success, this paper explores the real operating performance of this heat transfer loop by coupling with thermoacoustic‐Stirling engine. Furthermore, a new type water‐cooled heat exchanger was developed in this paper to deduce the extra acoustic power dissipation. In addition, the influence of two kinds of check valves the heat transfer loop was discussed in this paper. The loop with 0.1 mm valve disc thickness shows that the heat transfer capacity is higher than the traditional heat exchanger. Our experiments have demonstrated its feasibility and flexibility for practical applications.

In this paper, we present the effect of various parameters on the generated time resolved photoluminescent decay curves of ZnSe nanophosphors. FORTRAN‐77 subroutines are developed for this study. For the use of any type of nanophosphor in industry, three parameters are very important namely excited state lifetime, emission intensity and emission wavelength. Out of these, excited state lifetime is the most important parameter. One cannot use phosphors in phosphorescent applications just on the basis of experimental data. So in the present paper experimental excited state hyperbolic lifetime values are used to see the effect of cutoff intensity, individual intensities and total intensity on the theoretical decay curves generated by using FORTRAN‐77 subroutines. The studies are conducted for ZnSe doped with variable concentration of Mn, Cu and Co. From this analysis, we have seen that the trend of decay curves are very much dependent on nature of the dopant, dopant concentration, individual intensities and the total intensity, however decay constants are independent of the different cutoff intensities for the same nanophosphor.

In this paper, a 3D Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulator for modeling grain scale fluid flow in porous rock is presented. The versatility of the SPH method has driven its use in increasingly complex areas of flow analysis, including flows related to porous rock for both groundwater and petroleum reservoir research. Previous approaches to such problems using SPH have involved the use of idealized pore geometries (cylinder/sphere packs etc.). In this paper we discuss the characterization of flow in models with geometries acquired from 3D X-ray microtomograph images of actual porous rock. One key advantage of SPH is realized when considering the complexity of multiple fluid phases (e.g., water and oil). By incorporating interfacial physics such as surface tension and wettability, it is possible to model the capillary behavior of multiple fluid phases with accuracy. Simulation results for permeability will be presented and compared to those from experimentation and other numerical methods showing good agreement and validating the method. By accurately reproducing the flow characteristics of actual porous rock samples, this work has made significant progress towards validating SPH for such applications., Saudi Aramco, Schlumberger-Doll Research Center

The classical paradigm of the neural brain as the seat of human natural intelligence is too restrictive. This paper defends the idea that the neural ectoderm is the actual brain, based on the development of the human embryo. Indeed, the neural ectoderm includes the neural crest, given by pigment cells in the skin and ganglia of the autonomic nervous system, and the neural tube, given by the brain, the spinal cord, and motor neurons. So the brain is completely integrated in the ectoderm, and cannot work alone. The paper presents fundamental properties of the brain as follows. Firstly, Paul D. MacLean proposed the triune human brain, which consists to three brains in one, following the species evolution, given by the reptilian complex, the limbic system, and the neo‐cortex. Secondly, the consciousness and conscious awareness are analysed. Thirdly, the anticipatory unconscious free will and conscious free veto are described in agreement with the experiments of Benjamin Libet. Fourthly, the main section explains the development of the human embryo and shows that the neural ectoderm is the whole neural brain. Fifthly, a conjecture is proposed that the neural brain is completely programmed with scripts written in biological low‐level and high‐level languages, in a manner similar to the programmed cells by the genetic code. Finally, it is concluded that the proposition of the neural ectoderm as the whole neural brain is a breakthrough in the understanding of the natural intelligence, and also in the future design of robots with artificial intelligence.

The CEA is involved in large helium refrigeration applied to the future experimental fusion reactors (e.g. ITER or JT‐60SA). Pulsed operation of such machines results in heat load variations which the refrigerators have to cope with. One solution to smooth pulsed loads is to use a large thermal buffer, and in the case of JT‐60SA cryogenic system, a saturated thermal bath is one of the investigated solutions. A 1D thermo hydraulic model describing the cooling loop associated with TF (Toroidal Field) coils and TF casing has been developed using Vincenta code to calculate the heat load arriving to the buffer (saturated bath). However, the liquid helium buffer itself and its coupling with the primary loop was not modelized. This paper shows results obtained using the existing functionalities in Vincenta code to model a saturated bath. For very large bath volumes, bath temperature remains almost steady and the power removed is equal to those previously calculated. On the other side, for smaller buffer volumes (e.g. JT‐60SA scheme), it has been found that the increase of temperature fluctuations does not vary proportionally with the decrease of the buffer volume.The CEA is involved in large helium refrigeration applied to the future experimental fusion reactors (e.g. ITER or JT‐60SA). Pulsed operation of such machines results in heat load variations which the refrigerators have to cope with. One solution to smooth pulsed loads is to use a large thermal buffer, and in the case of JT‐60SA cryogenic system, a saturated thermal bath is one of the investigated solutions. A 1D thermo hydraulic model describing the cooling loop associated with TF (Toroidal Field) coils and TF casing has been developed using Vincenta code to calculate the heat load arriving to the buffer (saturated bath). However, the liquid helium buffer itself and its coupling with the primary loop was not modelized. This paper shows results obtained using the existing functionalities in Vincenta code to model a saturated bath. For very large bath volumes, bath temperature remains almost steady and the power removed is equal to those previously calculated. On the other side, for smaller buffer volumes ...

The anticipated increase in popular use of the Internet has created more opportunity in information dissemination, Ecommerce, and multimedia communication. It has also created more challenges in organizing information and facilitating its efficient retrieval. In response to this, new techniques have evolved which facilitate the creation of such applications. Certainly the most promising among the new paradigms is the use of mobile agents. In this paper, mobile agent and distributed database technologies are applied in the banking system. Many approaches have been proposed to schedule data items for broadcasting in a mobile environment. In this paper, an efficient strategy for accessing multiple data items in mobile environments and the bottleneck of current banking will be proposed.

This paper presents the use of a commercial CFD code to simulate the flow‐field within the regenerative pump and compare the CFD results with new experimental data. Regenerative pumps are the subject of increased interest in industry as these pumps are low cost, low specific speed, compact and able to deliver high heads with stable performance characteristics. The complex flow‐field within the regenerative pump represents a considerable challenge to detailed mathematical modelling. This paper also presents a novel rapid manufacturing process used to consider the effect of impeller geometry changes on the pump efficiency. Ten modified impeller blade profiles, relative to a standard radial configuration, were evaluated. The CFD performance results demonstrate reasonable agreement with the experimental tests. The CFD results also demonstrate that it is possible to represent the helical flow field for the pump which has only been witnessed in experimental flow visualisation until now. The ability to use CFD modelling in conjunction with rapid manufacturing techniques has meant that more complex impeller geometry configurations can now be assessed with better understanding of the flow‐field and resulting efficiency.

The James Webb Telescope is the successor to the Hubble Telescope and will be placed in an orbit of 1.5 million km from earth. Before launch in 2014, the telescope will be tested in NASA Johnson Space Center’s (JSC) space simulation chamber, Chamber A. The tests will be conducted at deep space conditions. Chamber A’s helium cryo‐panels are currently cooled down to 20 K by two Linde 3.5 kW helium refrigerators. The new 12.5 kW, 20‐K helium coldbox described in this paper is part of the upgrade to the chamber systems for this large test program. The Linde coldbox will provide refrigeration in several operating modes where the temperature of the chamber is being controlled with a high accuracy due to the demanding NASA test requirements. The implementation of two parallel expansion turbine strings and the Ganni cycle—Floating Pressure process results in a highly efficient and flexible process that minimizes the electrical input power. This paper will describe the collaboration and execution of the coldbox project.

A standard algorithm for LMS‐filter simulation, tested with several convergence criteria is presented in this paper. We analyze the steady‐state mean square error (MSE) convergence of the LMS algorithm when random functions are used as reference inputs. In this paper, we make a more precise analysis using the deterministic nature of the reference inputs and their time‐variant correlation matrix. Simulations performed under MATLAB show remarkable differences between convergence criteria with various value of the step size.

E‐Waste is one of the silent degraders of the environment in the fast‐growing world. This paper explores briefly the ultra‐modern problem of E‐Waste. After enumerating the causes and effects of the E‐Waste, it focuses on management of the E‐waste using modern techniques. The paper also deals with the responsibilities of the governments, industries and citizens in reducing E‐waste.

This paper is focused on a project valuation with embedded portfolio of real options including their interactions. Valuation is based on the criterion of Net Present Value on the simulation basis. Portfolio includes selected types of European‐type real options: option to expand, contract, abandon and temporarily shut down and restart a project. Due to the fact, that in reality most of the managerial flexibility takes the form of portfolio of real options, selected types of options are valued not only individually, but also in combination. The paper is structured as follows: first, diffusion models for forecasting of output prices and variable costs are derived. Second, project value is estimated on the assumption, that no real options are present. Next, project value is calculated with the presence of selected European‐type options; these options and their impact on project value are valued first in isolation and consequently in different combinations. Moreover, intrinsic value evolution of given real options with respect to the time of exercising is analysed. In the end, results are presented graphically; selected statistics and risk measures (Value at Risk, Expected Shortfall) of the NPV’s distributions are calculated and commented.

This document provides an overview of LAN traffic splitter. The tool “Local‐Area based Traffic splitter” is based on subnetting techniques. It is basically used for calculating subnets for sub‐dividing the LAN. Subnetting an IP Network can be done for a variety of reasons, including organization, use of different physical media (such as Ethernet, FDDI, WAN, etc.), preservation of address space, and security. The most common reason is to control network traffic. There are various techniques for calculating subnets that are considered by this tool. This paper will explore the various features of this tool and will also check the effect of subnetting after implementing it on the LAN. These instructions give you basic guidelines for preparing camera‐ready papers for conference proceedings.

This paper presents the performance data of the single and two‐stage High Efficiency Cooler (HEC) tested with coaxial cold heads. The single stage coaxial cold head has been optimized to operate at temperatures of 40 K and above. The two‐stage parallel cold head configuration has been optimized to operate at 30 K and above and provides a long‐life, low mass and efficient two‐stage version of the Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) flight qualified single stage HEC cooler. The HEC pulse tube cryocoolers are the latest generation of flight coolers with heritage to the 12 Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) coolers currently on orbit with 2 operating for more than 11.5 years.This paper presents the performance data of the one and two‐stage versions of this cooler under a wide range of heat rejection temperature, cold head temperature and input power.

The thermal conductivity of BSCCO tapes is practically wholly determined by the thermal conductivity of the sheath material, as the conductivity of superconducting filaments can be treated as negligible. The reported data concerning the thermal conductivity of Ag alloys are very rare and frequently it is not possible to relate them to the properties of sheaths for BSCCO tape, because the thermal conductivity of any metal or alloy is significantly dependent on the parameters of mechanical and thermal treatment processes. This paper gives the theoretical analysis of the influence of alloying additions in Ag alloy on the thermal conductivity of sheaths for BSCCO tape. The results of the theoretical analysis of the thermal conductivity in Ag‐Sn, Ag‐Cu‐Zr and Ag‐Cu‐Ni alloys are presented in the paper. The materials have been chosen as potential sheaths for BSCCO tape with the low thermal conductivity, suitable for HTS current leads. The applicability of the alloys for production of the monocore BSCCO tapes has been successfully demonstrated.

This paper review the knowledge refinery system which is based on data pre processing concept in data mining. A single data cannot give the information or knowledge. In the real world data are dirty, incomplete, noisy and inconsistent. It can’t be implemented for the decision making system, to detect this problem there is need of a knowledge refinery system. In this system the raw data and information will be filtered and resulting after the refinery process would support to the decision making system for the organization or stakeholders. The main approach of this paper is to filter the unwanted data which make conflict, noisy and create complexity during decision making.

One of the most important objectives of e‐governance is, proper distribution and delivery of government information and services to the citizens. By progression in resources of information technology, great opportunities comes to the government for serve information and services to the citizens and public sector in better manner. This paper intends to examine and explore the conceptual model of e‐DISC (Effective Deliverance of Information and Services to the Citizens) The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of e‐government in India with the concept of e‐DISC with ICTs and how to deal with challenges and barriers for successful e‐DISC model with accuracy. The obtained results prove that the utilizing and by increasing interest in the new electronic, information, and communication technologies (ICTs) and e‐DISC model in recent time, government improved the quality of e‐governance and delivery of information and services and acknowledged the awareness of the system is also valuable.

One of the classical problems in the structural optimization field is the Truss Topology Design Problem (TTDP) which deals with the selection of optimal configuration for structural systems for applications in mechanical, civil, aerospace engineering, among others. In this paper we consider a TTDP where the goal is to find the stiffest truss, under a given load and with a bound on the total volume. The design variables are the cross-section areas of the truss bars that must be chosen from a given finite set. This results in a large-scale non-convex problem with discrete variables. This problem can be formulated as a Semidefinite Programming Problem (SDP problem) with binary variables. We propose a branch and bound algorithm to solve this problem. In this paper it is considered a binary formulation of the problem, to take advantage of its structure, which admits a Knapsack problem as subproblem. Thus, trying to improve the performance of the Branch and Bound, at each step, some valid inequalities for the Knapsack problem are included.