Search

The possibility of using the synergistic principle of Sensitivity of Initial Conditions to substantiate the material properties of technical objects is confirmed. The sensitivity of the Initial Conditions reflects such a value and correlation of properties and influencing factors, which can lead to a qualitative and quantitative change in the properties and states of objects, even if they differ slightly from the initial values. An analysis of the processes of changing the properties and states of natural objects considered in synergetic and the properties and states of the material of technical subjects made it possible to identify their technical analogy. The conditions and tasks, the solution that can be the basis for developing a method and models for ensuring required material properties, are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a room temperature prediction model was developed using a gray-box approach. Room temperature prediction is an important part in building automation for building energy conservation and efficiency. The gray-box or hybrid model is an approach which combines white-box and black-box modeled components. The white box model in this research was a physics-based model built using electric [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-dimensional mathematical model averaged over the layer thickness is studied, within the framework of which the statement of the boundary value problem of spreading of a plastic layer on a plane in a region with a moving boundary is given. To solve the problem in a simplified formulation, the method of characteristics is used. A variational formulation of the problem is given. A mathematical analogy with the problem of torsion of inhomogeneous plastic rods is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government, NGOs, and other concerned corporations have issued various designs to communicate environmental and social issues to society. Unfortunately, those great efforts have not achieved the maximum results. It's hard to grab people's attention and interest while they are flooded with huge number of information per day. Moreover, people only care about critical issues that relate to their life. The existing visual communication designs are not able to show the relevance between those issues and people's daily life. This qualitative research studied the challenges faced by the designers and other related professionals while designing visual communication for environmental and social issues and the possible solution through analogy approach storytelling. Using case studies of existing designs and two theses of the students of Visual Communication Design – Bina Nusantara University, this research aims to disclose the process of designing visual communication using analogy approach storytelling that expectantly can bring the environmental and social issues closer to the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misconception is well-known as barrier to students in learning science, and any studies have tried to get information about the type of misconception and try to remediate the common misconception after finding the cause of it. A study about how to provide information about an overview of the light interferences concept in physics was conducted to analyze pre-service teacher misconceptions about the interferences and provide solutions with conceptual change text-based analogy model in learning processing qualitatively. Data were collected/obtained from Open ended question in worksheet of exploration phase (WEF) and Open ended question in worksheet of concept application phase (WCA). The study resulted in explanation that misconceptions occur in the pre service teacher, especially in the matter of the interferences. They thought that the phenomena of light interference are symptoms that show the properties of reflected and refracted light, so they explain the concept of interference symptoms with the concept of light as geometric optics. In fact, it is a symptom that shows the properties of light in the context of physical optics, namely to prove that light is a wave is misconception, and its application in daily life (colors on soap bubbles, rainbow after raining in the afternoon) as well. Actually they are caused by light refraction, namely the refraction of monochromatic light into polychromatic so that the colorful symptoms on soap bubbles perceive as a characteristic of polarization symptoms, namely the colors are formed from overlapping light waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of improper fraction has not been comprehensively understood by the students of prospective elementary school teacher so that it is necessary to reconstruct the concept. This research aims at analyzing the reconstruction of the improper fraction concept using analogy problem. The research is exploratory qualitative research. Conceptual reconstruction is independently designed through a task in the form of 3 questions that can guide students to reconstruct the concept independently. The instruments used in this research are 3 test questions for 44 students and in-depth interviews on 3 selected research subjects. The result of the research shows that 1) there are 27 students who could reconstruct the concept independently in a perfect manner that are called the independent type, 2) there are 15 students who were able to reconstruct the concept but only on a simple problem that are called the dependent type 3) there are 2 students who did not succeed in reconstructing the concept that are called the stagnant type. This research concludes that the reconstruction of the concept can be done without teaching the concept, but instead by providing problem solving tasks that can be solved independently. The future researchers also need to conduct research on developing students' self confidence in solving problems independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the extended Reynolds analogy (the relation between the shear stress and the energy flux transferred to the boundary plate) for the Rayleigh flow problem of a monatomic gas. In the case when the temperature of the undisturbed gas equal to the surface temperature we show that the extended Reynolds analogy depends weakly on time and is close to 0.5. Additionally, for the wide intervals of temperatures and velocities, we prove that at any fixed dimensionless time the extended Reynolds analogy depends on the plate velocity and temperature and undisturbed gas temperature mainly via the Eckert number. For Eckert numbers of order of unity or less we generalize an extended Reynolds analogy and show that the generalized Reynolds analogy depends mainly only on dimensionless time. Our main tool for establishing these results is the direct simulation Monte-Carlo (DSMC) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functorial models of category theory are powerful tools used in many branches of mathematics, even in various computer languages such as Python, however, on an applied mathematics level, functors can also provide novel approaches and new types of systematizations of interrelations among scientific concepts and representations. In a somewhat simplified way, a functor can be thought of as a mathematical tool doing two things all at once: transforming both sets and mappings between those sets. For example, a functor can establish a connection between one entity, involving two sets and a family of transformations between them, and another entity, also involving some two sets and the family of transformations between those. In other words, such a functor transforms one pair of sets and the relations between them to another pair of sets and the relations between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypersonic chemical non-equilibrium gas flows around blunt nosed bodies are studied in the present paper to investigate the Reynolds analogy relation on curved surfaces. With a momentum and energy transfer model being applied through boundary layers, influences of molecular dissociations and recombinations on skin frictions and heat fluxes are separately modeled. Expressions on the ratio of Cf/Ch (skin friction coefficient to heat flux) are presented along the surface of circular cylinders under the ideal dissociation gas model. The analysis indicates that molecular dissociations increase the linear distribution of Cf/Ch, but the nonlinear Reynolds analogy relation could ultimately be obtained in flows with larger Reynolds numbers and Mach numbers, where the decrease of wall heat flux by molecular recombinations signifies. The present modeling and analyses are also verified by the DSMC calculations on nitrogen gas flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of a thermodynamic system is a key quantity on which its usefulness and wider application relies. This is especially true for a device that operates with marginal energy sources and close to ambient temperatures. Various definitions of efficiency are available, each of which reveals a certain performance characteristic of a device. Of these, some consider only the thermodynamic cycle undergone by the working fluid, whereas others contain additional information, including relevant internal components of the device that are not part of the thermodynamic cycle. Yet others attempt to factor out the conditions of the surroundings with which the device is interfacing thermally during operation. In this paper we present a simple approach for the modeling of complex oscillatory thermal-fluid systems capable of converting low grade heat into useful work. We apply the approach to the NIFTE, a novel low temperature difference heat utilization technology currently under development. We use the results from the model to calculate various efficiencies and comment on the usefulness of the different definitions in revealing performance characteristics. We show that the approach can be applied to make design optimization decisions, and suggest features for optimal efficiency of the NIFTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diffusive information preservation (D-IP) method is utilized to simulate three-dimensional turbulent channel flow. The Knudsen number and Reynolds number based on the channel half-width and mean velocity are 5105 and 2800, respectively. The averaged velocity profile and the higher order turbulent statistics obtained by D-IP agree well with the DNS results given by Kim, Moin and Moser. Turbulent mixing length and turbulent viscosity obtained by the present results based on kinetic analogy are found to be comparable with the classic theory of Prandtl's mixing length and Boussinesq eddy viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an earlier paper we employed an analogy between surface-to-surface radiation and free-molecular flow to model Knudsen flow through tubes and onto planes. In the current paper we extend the analogy between thermal radiation and molecular flow to model the flow of a gas in a 2D channel across all regimes of rarefaction. To accomplish this, we break down the problem of gaseous flow into three sub-problems (self-diffusion, mass-motion and generation of pressure gradient) and use the finite volume method for modeling radiation through participating media to model the transport in each sub-problem as a radiation problem. We first model molecular self-diffusion in the stationary gas by modeling the transport of the molecular number density through the gas starting from the analytical asymptote for free-molecular flow to the kinetic theory limit of gaseous self-diffusion. We then model the transport of momentum through the gas at unit pressure gradient to predict Poiseuille flow and slip flow in the 2D gas. Lastly, we predict the generation of pressure gradient within the gas due to molecular collisions by modeling the transport of the forces generated due to collisions per unit volume of gas. We then proceed to combine the three radiation problems to predict flow of the gas over the entire Knudsen number regime from free-molecular to transition to continuum flow and successfully capture the Knudsen minimum at Kn ~ 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most part of scientific discoveries of human being borrow ideas and inspiration from nature. This point gives the rationale of the sustainability assessment approach presented here and based on the aerobic living organism (ALO) already developed by the author, which funds on the basic assumption that it is reasonable and effective to refer to the analogy between an system organized by human (say, manufacturing system, enterprise, etc.) for several decisionmaking scopes. The critical review of the ALO conceptual model already developed is here discussed through an example of an Italian small enterprise manufacturing metal components for civil furniture to assess its feasibility for sustainability appraisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of a vector space or linear space is very useful in mathematics; nevertheless from the applications point of view often we need some nonlinear analog of vector spaces and the concept of a differentiable manifold serves this purpose. In this article, we discuss some physical applications of the geometry of differentiable manifolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to contribute further insight into the discrepancy between the Lamb shift and elastic scattering determinations of the proton charge radius, a new experiment at MAMI is underway, aimed at measuring proton form-factors at very low momentum transfers by using a new technique based on initial state radiation. This paper reports on first findings of the pilot measurement performed in 2010, whose main goal was to check the feasibility of the proposed experiment and to recognize and overcome potential obstacles before running the full experiment in 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the interplanetary conditions during the occurrence of the most intense solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed by the MESSENGER spacecraft during the rising phase of solar cycle 24. Elevated electron intensities at MESSENGER (at 0.33 AU from the Sun) resulted from the confinement of energetic particles by two CME-driven shocks. This scenario is consistent with that proposed by Kallenrode and Cliver [3] to explain the most intense SEP events of a solar cycle. In analogy to the rogue ocean waves having unusually large amplitudes due to the superposition of two wave fields, these events were referred to as rogue SEP events. We compare the interplanetary conditions in the most intense event at MESSENGER with those observed in other rogue SEP events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research suggests that many students believe that the magnitude of the static frictional force is always equal to its maximum value. Here, we examine introductory students' ability to learn from analogical reasoning (with different scaffolding supports provided) between two problems that are similar in terms of the physics principle involved but one problem involves static friction, which often triggers the misleading notion. To help students process through the analogy deeply and contemplate whether the static frictional force was at its maximum value, students in different recitation classrooms received different scaffolding support. We discuss students' performance in different groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerofoil self-generated noise is recognized to be of fundamental importance in the frame of applied aeroacoustics and the use of computational methods to assess the acoustic behaviour of airframe components challenges an even larger community of engineers and scientists. Several noise generation mechanisms can be found which are mainly related to the physical development of turbulence over the boundary layer. They can be classified in 3 main categories: the Turbulent Boundary Layer - Trailing Edge noise (TBL-TE), the Laminar Boundary Layer - Vortex Shedding (LBL-VS) noise and the Separation Stall (S-S) noise. The TBL-TE is mainly related to the noise generated by turbulent eddies which develop into the boundary layer and usually exhibits a broadband spectrum. The LBL-VS is related to laminar instabilities that can occur within the boundary layer which are responsible for a very late transition and generate a typical peaked tonal noise, while the S-S noise mainly results from the development of large vortices after the separation point. In this paper we propose a numerical analysis targeted to the simulation the LBL-VS noise mechanisms on a NACA 0012 aerofoil, tested at a Reynolds number of 1.1 M and Mach number of 0.2. The aerodynamic simulation is performed with a 2D transient RANS approach using the k-m transitional turbulence model, while the acoustic computations are performed with the FfowcsWilliams-Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy and with a Finite Element (FE) approach solving Lighthill's wave equation. Computed noise spectra are compared with experimental data published by NASA showing a good agreement both for peak location as well as for the predicted noise level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the famous work of K. Lynch [7] on image-ability of a cityscape, recently a city of physics analogy has been proposed by A.E. Tabor et al.[8] to enhance the cognitive coherence of physics as a subject. The idea of both Lynch and A. abor. et al. is being extended in this paper to image-ability of an undergraduate Solid State Physics course to bring forth cognitive coherence of the subject in a global manner. In this paper an image-ability map of the course is presented both in a pictorial and tabular format with recognition of sections of the syllabus as districts and sub districts. Further in each district and sub district, key concepts as land marks, variables involved as nodes, key physical equations as paths and limits on variables as edges or boundaries are identified through peer discussion among a group of teachers who are teaching this course for the last couple of years. This exercise has helped not only in mental mapping of the subject but focusing on hitherto isolated and advanced topics provided in the syllabus as leading to a very different mental recreational spots in the cityscape of undergraduate Solid State Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fundamental concepts in physics such as Newtonian mechanics are surprisingly difficult to learn and discover. Over the past decade have been using an educational neuroscience approach to science education using a combination of ecologically naturalistic situations, classroom settings, and neuroimaging methodologies to investigate the different ways that scientific concepts are invoked or activated in different contexts. In particular, we have sought to determine how networks of brain regions that are highly sensitive to features of the context in which they are used are involved in the use of scientific concepts. We have found that some concepts in physics that are highly tuned to perception are often inhibited in experts (with increased activations in error detection and inhibitory networks of the prefrontal cortex) rather than having undergone a wholesale conceptual reorganization. Other, concepts, such as those involved in perceptual causality can activate highly diverse brain regions, depending on task instructions. For example, when students are shown movies of balls colliding, we find increased activation in the right parietal lobe, yet when the students see the exact same movies and are told that these are positively charged particles repulsing we find increased activations in the temporal lobe that is consistent with the students retrieving semantic information. We also see similar see similar changes in activation patterns in students learning about phase shifts in chemistry classes. A key component of both students and scientists’ discourse and reasoning is analogical thinking. Our recent fMRI work indicates that categorization is a key component of this type of reasoning that helps bind superficially different concepts together in the service of reasoning about the causes of unexpected findings. Taken together, these results are allowing us to make insights into the contextually relevant networks of knowledge that are activated during learning. This work is allowing us to propose why some educational interventions are more successful than others and why certain types of educational interventions are appropriate for some contexts, but not others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle Routing and Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problems (VRP and FJSSP) are two common hard combinatorial optimization problems that show many similarities in their conceptual level [2, 4]. It was proved for both problems that solving techniques like exact methods fail to provide good quality solutions in a reasonable amount of time when dealing with large scale instances [1, 5, 14]. In order to overcome this weakness, we decide in the favour of meta heuristics and we focalize on evolutionary algorithms that have been successfully used in scheduling problems [1, 5, 9]. In this paper we investigate the common properties of the VRP and the FJSSP in order to provide a new controlled evolutionary approach for the CVRP optimization inspired by the FJSSP evolutionary optimization algorithms introduced in [10]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External representations, including pictures, graphs, text, gestures, and utterances, are key components of all curricular materials in physics. Such representations play a key role in cognitive function, particularly insofar as individuals interpret the meanings of and apply meanings to these representations. We previously proposed a model of how individuals can make meaning of and with external representations through layered analogies and applied this model to learning abstract ideas in physics, i.e. EM waves. [1] [2] We extend this model in two ways. (1) We distinguish individuals’ interpretations of representations, which can be highly variable and fleeting, from the physics community’s agreed upon interpretations, which are more stable and coherent. (2) We describe these two dimensions of representation use: abstraction based on the community consensus of concepts and salience based on readily accessible pieces of knowledge for an individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In physics instruction we often begin by presenting students with an abstract principle, and then illustrating the principle with one or more examples. We hope that students will use the examples to refine their understanding of the principle and be able to transfer the principle to new situations. However, research in cognitive science has shown that students’ understanding of a new principle may become bound up with the example(s) used to illustrate it. We report on a study with physics students to see if this “specificity effect” was present in their reasoning. The data show that even students who understand and can implement a particular physics principle have a strong tendency to discard that principle when the transfer task appears superficially similar to their training example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the dynamics as students reason using analogies. We describe analogical scaffolding, a model of cognitive processes by which students can use prior knowledge to learn new material, and apply this model to demonstrate its utility in describing the dynamics of student reasoning about EM waves in an interview. The present finegrained analysis confirms prior large-scale findings, that representations play a key role in student use of analogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in cognitive science has shown that students typically have a difficult time acquiring deep conceptual understanding in domains like mathematics and physics and often rely on textbook examples to solve new problems. The use of prior examples facilitates learning, but the advantage is often limited to very similar problems. One reason students rely so heavily on using prior examples is that they lack a deep understanding for how the principles are instantiated in the examples. We review and present research aimed at helping students learn the relations between principles and examples through generating explanations and making analogies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a series of large-scale (N>100) studies of analogy use in college physics, we have explored how, when, and why analogies affect student reasoning. In the first of these studies, we demonstrated that analogies affect student reasoning when taught in a large enrollment physics course. In the present follow-up study, we demonstrate that teaching EM waves concepts implicitly via analogy leads to greater conceptual change compared to teaching explicitly without analogies. Students were divided into two groups, one taught using analogies (string and sound waves) and the other taught without analogies (EM waves only). On a targeted concept question given before and after instruction, students who were taught with analogies outperformed those taught without analogies demonstrating that analogies can affect student reasoning in productive ways, even when taught implicitly. We propose framing as a mechanism to begin to explain why analogies can be productive when used implicitly. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluid turbulence is of considerable importance both fundamentally, as a paradigm for all nonlinear systems with many degrees of freedom, and in applications. In recent years there has been considerable effort to take advantage of some unique properties of low temperature liquid and gaseous helium. In particular, studies of turbulent thermal convection in conventional fluids have been aided by the use of low temperature helium which principally allows the limit of large Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers to be attained under controlled conditions. We discuss some directions and recent progress in these studies. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a short review of fluid network theory and its applications in thermoacoustic engine, circuit analogy method is introduced to study thermoacoustic effect. A thermoacoustic engine is then taken as an example for analysis with abovementioned circuit analog. Simulation with the analog circuit has been conducted to observe the voltage and current response from the circuit. The results show us some certain similarity with the result from thermodynamic emulation in literature. The circuit analog and simulation is expected helpful for searching the relation with the corresponding characteristics in a thermoacoustic engine, such as heat flux and acoustic wave. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diffractive photoproduction of ρ mesons with large momentum transfer, ep → eρY, is studied at HERA in the kinematic range Q2 < 0.01 GeV2, 75 < W < 95 GeV, 1.5 < |t| < 10.0 GeV2 and MY < 5 GeV. The t dependence of the cross section is measured, as well as the spin density matrix elements. All results are compared to BFKL model predictions. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this qualitative study were (a) to investigate the factors that support the generation of spontaneous analogies (SAs) by students, and (b) to investigate the factors that interfere with comprehension of the analogy target of an SA. To promote the generation of SAs, eight algebra-based physics students were asked to participate in two group problem-solving sessions and one individual explaining session. Overall, 18 spontaneous analogies were generated. Two factors appeared to support the spontaneous generation of analogies: (1) sufficient prior understanding of the analogy target, and (2) the existence of previous analogical examples from other students. Two factors appeared to interfere with the comprehension of the SA analogy target: (1) an incorrect perception of the type of analogy between target and base (attributes, relationships), and (2) an incorrect understanding of the analogy base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cybernetics, systems thinking or systems theory, have been viewed as instruments of enhancing predictive, normative and prescriptive capabilities of the social sciences, beginning from microscale-management and ending with various reference to the global system. Descriptions, explanations and predictions achieved thanks to various systems ideas were also viewed as supportive for potential governance of social phenomena. The main aim of the paper is to examine what could be the possible applications of modern systems thinking in predictive, normative and prescriptive approaches in modern social sciences, beginning from management theory and ending with global studies. Attention is paid not only to “classical” mathematical systems models but also to the role of predictive, normative and prescriptive interpretations of analogies and metaphors associated with application of the classical (“first order cybernetics”) and modern (“second order cybernetics”, “complexity theory”) systems thinking in social sciences. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]