Search

Leachate wastewater from pulp and paper industry is known for containing various types of heavy metals such as Cd (Cadmium), Ba (Barium) and Cu (Cuprum). The existence of heavy metals that accumulates and eventually exceeds certain threshold concentrations will cause environmental pollution, therefore it is necessary to conduct wastewater treatment to eliminate or at least reduce the heavy metal content in industrial wastewater. One of the most commonly used wastewater treatment method is using adsorbent, this study uses adsorbent made from the mixture of clay, zeolite and activated carbon formed into ceramic balls with ± 0.5 cm diameter. The ratios of the mixture of clay, zeolite and activated carbon are 6:3:1; 6:2,5:1,5; 6:2:2; 6:1,5:2,5 and 6:1:3 with variations of contact time 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. The most favorable concentration reduction of heavy metals occurred at the longest contact time of 150 minutes at 6:3:1 adsorbent ratio, Cd concentration decreases from 0.65 mg/L to 0.03 mg /L, Ba concentration decreases from 0.86 mg/L to 0.04 mg/L and Cu concentration is from 0.6 mg/L to 0.02 mg/L. These prove that the ceramic zeolite/carbon-ceramic composite adsorbent can be an alternative to treat wastewater containing heavy metals derived from the pulp and paper industry.

Here, a small analytical device was fabricated on both nitrocellulose membrane and filter paper, for the detection of biotinylated double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) from 1 nM. Zif268 was utilized for capturing the target DNA, which was a zinc finger protein that recognized only a dsDNA with specific sequence. Therefore, this detection platform could be utilized for PCR result detection, with the well-designed primers (interpolate both biotin and Zif268 binding sequence). The result of the assay could be recorded by a camera-phone, and analyzed with software. The whole assay finished within 1 hour. Due to the easy fabrication, operation and disposal of this device, this method can be employed in point-of-care detection or on-site monitoring.

Synthesis of C-Dots from waste paper has been successfully created. A total of 5 grams of waste paper is mixed with 40 mL aquades, 30 mL H2SO4 and 50 mL NaOH 2 M. A precursor solution is prepared by adding urea in 20 ml of material. Synthesis of C-Dots done by heating the precursor hydrothermally using a furnace with three conditions, namely with 1-4 grams of urea, 20-50 minutes of synthesis time, and 150-300°C of temperature. In a variation of urea and time, the temperature is controlled at 300°C. In a variation of the time and temperature, urea is controlled at 3 grams. In a variation of the urea and temperature, time is controlled for 30 minutes. The maximum absorption C-Dots generated on the various of amount urea, temperature, and synthesis time in the range of 360-600 nm. The width of the absorbance area was increased by adding 1-3 grams of urea and were decreased when urea is added 4 grams or more. The absorbance peaks of C-dots decreases with increasing temperature synthesis. Meanwhile, an increasing of synthesis time does not affect to the width of the absorbance spectra. It precisely causes decreasing of peaks of the absorbance spectra. The functional groups present on the surfaces of C-dots can be identified by the presence of specific peaks in their FTIR spectra, i.e. N–H, C=C, C–N, and C–C at various urea, N–H, C=O, C=C and C–O at temperature and synthesis time.Synthesis of C-Dots from waste paper has been successfully created. A total of 5 grams of waste paper is mixed with 40 mL aquades, 30 mL H2SO4 and 50 mL NaOH 2 M. A precursor solution is prepared by adding urea in 20 ml of material. Synthesis of C-Dots done by heating the precursor hydrothermally using a furnace with three conditions, namely with 1-4 grams of urea, 20-50 minutes of synthesis time, and 150-300°C of temperature. In a variation of urea and time, the temperature is controlled at 300°C. In a variation of the time and temperature, urea is controlled at 3 grams. In a variation of the urea and temperature, time is controlled for 30 minutes. The maximum absorption C-Dots generated on the various of amount urea, temperature, and synthesis time in the range of 360-600 nm. The width of the absorbance area was increased by adding 1-3 grams of urea and were decreased when urea is added 4 grams or more. The absorbance peaks of C-dots decreases with increasing temperature synthesis. Meanwhile, an increas...

Wood fiber derived cellulose has been mainly used as the raw material in the papermaking. However, currently the paper production capacity is greater than the availability of wood. To overcome this problem, there have been many attempts to use non-wood fibers as substitutes for papermaking such as the fibrous materials derived from agriculture wastes. In this research, the paper was made from sugarcane bagasse which was previously delignified using soda process. The research was conducted by varying NaOH concentrations of 8 –16%, delignification temperatures of 60– 100°C and times of 30 –150 min. The aim of the research was to study the effect of delignification process on physical properties of sugarcane baggase soda pulping. The results showed the increase in tensile strengths as the NaOH concentrations increased. Tensile strength was increasing up to optimum temperature and time and then decreased. The water uptake results showed the opposite tendencies with those of tensile strength. The optimum condition was achieved at the NaOH concentration of 10 %, delignification temperature of 80 °C, and time of 90 min. Tensile strength and water uptake achieved at this optimum condition were 27.42 N/mm2 and 240 g/m2, respectively.

The micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals from natural cotton fiber via alkaline treatment and acid hydrolysis were explored as possible reinforcement in recycled paper to improve its mechanical properties. Results confirmed the characteristic properties and crystallinity of the obtained micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals. Reinforcement of the micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals in the production of recycled paper showed an improvement in the tensile strength compared to the recycled paper samples without reinforcement or even with kapok fiber/micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals combination. Further improvement on the barrier properties of the micro-fibrillated cellulose reinforced paper via biocoating made from chitosan/starch blend resulted to a 27.69% decrease of the water absorption capacity compared to uncoated sample using the Cobb test.

During recycling of waste paper from private households different fractions containing plastics and polluted paper fibers are received. Current research at the Institute of Polymer Materials and Plastics Engineering at Clausthal University of Technology showed that the use of waste paper as filler and reinforcement in polypropylene leads to nearly the same mechanical properties as natural fibers like flax, sisal and hemp. The present investigations focus on the chemical cleaning of the paper recyclate to treat the fiber surface and to solve foreign plastics like polystyrene. For this purpose Soxhlet extraction with different solvents is used. The received extracts are examined via infrared spectroscopy, as well as the treated and the untreated fibers. Afterwards, the cleaned paper is incorporated into polypropylene. The received composites are investigated regarding their mechanical properties by tensile testing and Charpy impact testing.During recycling of waste paper from private households different fractions containing plastics and polluted paper fibers are received. Current research at the Institute of Polymer Materials and Plastics Engineering at Clausthal University of Technology showed that the use of waste paper as filler and reinforcement in polypropylene leads to nearly the same mechanical properties as natural fibers like flax, sisal and hemp. The present investigations focus on the chemical cleaning of the paper recyclate to treat the fiber surface and to solve foreign plastics like polystyrene. For this purpose Soxhlet extraction with different solvents is used. The received extracts are examined via infrared spectroscopy, as well as the treated and the untreated fibers. Afterwards, the cleaned paper is incorporated into polypropylene. The received composites are investigated regarding their mechanical properties by tensile testing and Charpy impact testing.

Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon and the former library of Faculty of Humanities Universitas Indonesia have collections of old manuscripts of European paper origin from 19-20th centuries. This study investigated the cellulolytic and xerophilic characters of 22 fungal strains from nine deteriorated old manuscripts of European paper origin. Detection of cellulolytic fungi by using well diffusion method, modified Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA) with 0.1% (w/v) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a sole carbon source, 0.2% (w/v) Congo red as a chromogenic dye, and cell suspension of approximately 1x107 cell/mL. Cellulolytic fungi formed clear zones around the fungal colonies due to the radial diffusion of the enzyme excreted to the medium. Detection of xerophilic fungi by using Dichloran glycerol Agar (DG18) which contained 18% glycerol to reduce water availability in the medium. Fifteen fungal strains have the ability to use derivative cellulose in CMC as a sole carbon source indicating that these strains possessed endoglucanase (CMCase) activity. The action of cellulolytic enzyme from fungi could dissolve cellulose fibers, or might discolor the paper. All the fungal strains were xerophiles, which indicated that they were able to grow in manuscripts, a condition of reduced water activity. Further studies are required to determine exoglucanase activity by using crystalline cellulose, and molecular identification by using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences to determine the species identities of the fungal strains.

Pineapple has been known for a number of beneficial biological activities such as anti-oxidative and anti-browning. Some of these bioactivities are contributed by enzymatic complex in pineapple and it can be found mainly in the skin extracted pineapple juice. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the pineapple juice as a pulping and bleaching agent in the process of papermaking. During pulping of pineapple leaf fibre, the mixture of pineapple juice/water was added together with a constant amount of 3% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) at various concentration of pineapple juice (0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%). Pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) was soaked several times with pineapple juice and NaOH during pulping and bleaching process in order to get the optimum results of the paper sheet obtained. The mechanical and physical properties of paper sheet were studied by measuring its tensile strength, tear resistance and water absorption. Comparatively, paper sheet produced from NaOH pulping shows better mechanical and physical properties than the mixture pulping of NaOH and pineapple juice. Additionally, pulping with higher concentration of pineapple juice tends to give long fibre rather than short fibre. Overall, the results of this study can be used as an alternative way in the production of paper and it also opens a door to utilize wisely the waste residue of pineapple in other sectors.

We extracted natural Eucommia ulmoides gum and studied its application in natural rubber tire compounds in this paper. The result showed that addition of Eucommia ulmoides gum could improve the properties of Natural rubber tire compounds greatly.We extracted natural Eucommia ulmoides gum and studied its application in natural rubber tire compounds in this paper. The result showed that addition of Eucommia ulmoides gum could improve the properties of Natural rubber tire compounds greatly.

Demand for fossil fuel of coal, petroleum and natural gas has always increased from year to year. Therefore, the development, expansion and utilization of biomass from non no-fossil fuels need be carried out. Efforts to explore, develop, process and utilize biomass from non-fossil fuels, which is the cultivation of microalgae containing triglycerides that can be extracted into methyl esters (biodiesel). The sample extraction process is carried out in 5 stages, such as harvesting, weaving, methylation, extraction, and washing. The amount and ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid is a key that determines the suitability of microalgae as a biofuel feedstock. This paper aims to compare the potential microalgae in Indonesia with the other countries as feedstock for biofuel production. The fatty acid composition of Synechococcus sp. HS-9, Spirulina platensis, Glagah consortium microalgae, and Nostoc HS-20 from Indonesia could be a promising feedstock for biofuel production. The quantity of fatty acid microalgae from Indonesia higher than the other countries.

Recently, there has been considerable attention in the development of biodegradable plastic. Our current use and disposal of synthetic-based conventional plastics caused high rates of land-fill problems because of its persistence in the environment. Many renewable resources have been used as a source of starch and cellulose as bioplastic constituents. One of the most available biomasses that have not been explored is water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes). In the present study, we investigated the fabrication of biodegradable plastic made with a matrix of 3% and 5% mixture of starch and cellulose extracted from water hyacinth in different weight ratios of 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, and 7:3. The addition of water hyacinth cellulose was purposed as a reinforcing agent to improve the performances of the starch bioplastics. Chitosan with a matrix of 1% was also added to improve the mechanical function of starch bioplastic. There were two main steps performed to isolate water hyacinth cellulose, i.e., bleaching and alkali treatment. The chemical and physical characteristics of starch-based bioplastics and their composites were then analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the tensile strength and bioplastic degradation tests were also conducted to study the performance and biodegradability. The FTIR data shows that the functional group’s absorption revealed corresponds to the pure cellulose indicating the successful cellulose isolation from water hyacinth. The tensile strength of bioplastic starch- chitosan increases with the addition of water hyacinth cellulose. The improvement of the physical properties of bioplastic starch was achieved through the addition of chitosan and water hyacinth. The mixture of starch-chitosan combined with water hyacinth cellulose produces environmentally friendly bioplastics shown by the increased mechanical and physical properties compared to starch-alone bioplastic.

This research aimed to determine the effects of catfish meat addition to the fulfillment of protein and vitamin A (beta-carotene) and to study physicochemical properties (density, iron, beta-carotene, and proximate) in instant baby porridge using the drying method of the freeze dryer. Fish meat is added to fulfill the content of instant baby pulp protein in accordance with SNI. Baby porridge is dried using a freeze dryer tool which then becomes a form of instant baby pulp. The baby porridge sample was compared with baby control porridge (without fish meat addition) which was the result of previous studies. This research used a completely randomized design with one factor, namely variation in the percentage of catfish as 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%. The results showed the addition of catfish meat with variations in the concentration of fish meat influenced the nature of the content both physically and chemically. The best baby porridge in terms of chemical properties in meeting the needs of protein and vitamin A (beta-carotene) was found in instant baby porridge with 10% concentration of catfish meat for protein and baby porridge and 7.5% concentration of catfish meat for vitamin A. The addition of catfish meat provided good chemical properties than control sample.

The use of magnetite nanoparticles to produce magnetic paper has a severe effect on the color of the paper, which is worth searching means to alleviate. Multicore-shell Fe3O4-SiO2 magnetic nanocomposites were synthesized. The nanocomposite powder was dispersed in cellulose pulp and paper was produced by dehydration on a Rapid Kothen machine. The nanocomposite retention efficiency was investigated in correlation with nanocomposite shell thickness, the resinous vs. deciduous fiber content of the cellulose pulp, the long and short fibers’ grinding degree, the cationic starch and polymeric retention agent content of the pulp. The whiteness and magnetization was measured for all paper samples. It was proved that the use of multi-core shell magnetic nanocomposites leads to weaker paper coloring. This effect is enhanced by increasing the polymeric retention agent content of the pulp, in spite of higher composite content.

Oil palm fronds are one of the most promising agricultural lign ellulosic residues for bioethanol production and for adding value to chemical feedst ks in Indonesia and South Kalimantan. Currently, hydrothermal pre-treatment has attracted a great deal of attention because it only uses chemical-free water, which is a non-toxic, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method to enhance enzymatic digestibility in the production of fermentable sugars. In this study, oil palm fronds were treated at temperatures ranging from 170 to 210°C for 30 minutes in a batch aut lave. The effect of the temperature and time of hydrothermal pre-treatment on the characteristics of the oil palm fronds and the amount of reducing sugar was expressed as a severity factor (log R0). Furthermore, after the hydrothermal pr ess the changes in the mass loss, color of substrates, and the pH of filtrate were evaluated. From these results, the mass loss and pH indicated that the optimum severity factor for hydrothermal treatment was 4.72. Additionally, the alteration to the oil palm frond structure was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Finally, 48.8% (w/v) fermentable sugars were obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase enzyme at the newly determined maximum severity factor of 4.72.At the request of all authors of the paper an updated version of this article was published on 29 November 2018. The original version supplied to AIP Publishing contained incorrect corresponding author information; the corresponding author is only sunardi@ulm.ac.id, and many typographical errors. These errors have been corrected in the updated and re-published article.

A sensitive dip test strip for detection of formalin (HCHO) in tofu samples based on immobilized pararosaniline (PR) has been developed. The test strip has been fabricated by immobilizing PR reagent on filter paper. By using image color analysis (ImageJ) as the average of ΔRGB value as color sensor response, the analytical parameters are obtained from an area of the sensing zone of the test strip using digital output of the color scanner. By using this scanometric method, it is possible to determine HCHO as low as 0.05 mg/L with the concentration range of 2-80 mg/L and the response time of 3 minutes. The reproducibility was found to be 8.04% (RSD) for good recovery. The test strip has been successfully applied to detect formaldehyde in tofu samples, and the results show in good agreement with the Nash method using UV/vis spectrophotometry.

The paper focuses on the development of a low-cost biogas filtration system for alternating current generator to achieve higher efficiency in terms of power production. A raw biogas energy comprises of 57% combustible element and 43% non-combustible elements containing carbon dioxide (36%), water vapor (5%), hydrogen sulfide (0.5%), nitrogen (1%), oxygen (0 – 2%), and ammonia (0 – 1%). The filtration system composes of six stages: stage 1 is the water scrubber filter intended to remove the carbon dioxide and traces of hydrogen sulfide; stage 2 is the silica gel filter intended to reduce the water vapor; stage 3 is the iron sponge filter intended to remove the remaining hydrogen sulfide; stage 4 is the sodium hydroxide solution filter intended to remove the elemental sulfur formed during the interaction of the hydrogen sulfide and the iron sponge and for further removal of carbon dioxide; stage 5 is the silica gel filter intended to further eliminate the water vapor gained in stage 4; and, stage 6 is the activated carbon filter intended to remove the carbon dioxide. The filtration system was able to lower the non-combustible elements by 72% and thus, increasing the combustible element by 54.38%. The unfiltered biogas is capable of generating 16.3 kW while the filtered biogas is capable of generating 18.6 kW. The increased in methane concentration resulted to 14.11% increase in the power output. The outcome resulted to better engine performance in the generation of electricity.

Acacia Mangium and Eucalyptus Pellita had been used as raw material of pulp in Indonesia. In this research 5-year old of the wood were pulped under different active alkali charge varied at 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20% and its effect on pulp yield, pulp viscosity and kappa number was investigated. The cooking was done in a rotating digester Haato 6 chambers and 300 gram of dry mass chips were used, with sulfidity 25%, H-factor 800, temperature 165˚C and ratio between chips and liquid was 1: 3,5. The pulp screened yield indicates that decreased from 53,7 to 52,25% for acacia mangium and 53,0 to 50,6% for eucalyptus pellita when active alkali charge increased. Kappa number decreased from 19,0 to 16,8 for acacia mangium and 16,69 to 13,4 for eucalyptus pellita when active alkali charge increased. The viscosity decreased from 818 to 378 ml/g for acacia mangium and 697 to 426,8 ml/g for eucalyptus pellita when active alkali charge increased.

Scarcity in fuel from fossil fuel has led to exploration of potential substitutes from renewable sources. Biodiesel as one of renewable energy sources is identified as cleaner alternative to petroleum fuel. This paper reports on the study of potassium carbonate, K2CO3 sourced from pineapple and orange peels as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. K2CO3 was produced by drying of fruit peel prior to calcination at temperature ranged from 700°C to 1000°C for 2 to 4 hours. To determine the physicochemical properties of the resulting ash, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were employed for the characterization of the solid. Through FTIR analysis, the presence of carbonate was confirmed while SEM analysis revealed the morphological properties of the catalyst. Biodiesel with highest yield of 95.6% was produced at 60°C, 2.75 wt% of catalyst and 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil.

Cellulose is one of the most abundantly available biopolymer in nature. This semi crystalline cellulose cannot be melted directly to form fiber, as it degrades before melting. Hence processing of cellulosic fiber requires dissolution process. There are many solvents available for direct dissolution of cellulose to form polymer, N-Methyl Morpholine Oxide (NMMO) is one of the solvents, which has commercial feasibility to dissolve the cellulose to form spinnable polymer matrix. The process of direct dissolution of cellulose using NMMO is conventionally termed as Lyocell process. It is a multiple step process that involves swelling and dissolution of cellulose in N-Methyl Morpholine Oxide (NMMO) solvent and spinning of solvated cellulose solution to produce fiber by dry jet wet spinning. The conventional process of lyocell manufacturing consists of single stage of slurry (cellulose suspension in NMMO) preparation in which solvent gets penetrated in cellulose fibers (Swelling). It is necessary at slurry stage to have optimum pulp swelling and higher NMMO to cellulose ratio to achieve better uniformity of slurry for fast dissolution and homogeneous solvated cellulose polymer formation. To achieve this, pulp sheets are shredded to an optimum size before addition to aqueous solution of NMMO. The shredding of pulp sheet requires intensive energy and raises safety concerns due to the static charge generation which can lead to dust explosion. This makes conventional processes of dissolved cellulose preparation commercially and operationally unviable. In the present work a new method is developed to overcome the safety concern. In this new method, slurry preparation is carried out in two stages. In first stage dilute solvent is used to prepare slurry with low (4-6%) solid, slurry is later pressed to upto 45-50% solid percentage, the pressed solvent removes metal ion impurities and short chain hemicellulose by 10-20% from pulp. The pressed cake of cellulose is again mixed with high concentration of NMMO to form the slurry mixture for further processing. The dissolution of cellulose starts when monohydrate state of NMMO is reached by removing excess water from cellulose NMMO slurry to get Lyocell dope at 90-100 °C. This polymer solution is then spun through spinnerets by jet-wet spinning to get the Lyocell fiber. This method of cellulose-NMMO slurry preparation for the manufacturing lyocell fiber has shown reduction in undissolved particles of cellulose and metal ions impurities in polymer matrix of cellulose with no change in the fiber properties compared to the conventional process. The advantage of this process over conventional process is that high impurity pulp can be easily blended with good quality pulp in first stage of slurry-making, while the excess impurity is removed before second stage to get better quality of solvated cellulosic polymer network.

Cob corn is one of solid waste farm which contents pentosan, and has economic value to be produced as furfural products. Furfural making process use semibatch process by generating hydrolysis main reaction with sulfuric acid catalyst. Reactor in use is stirred batch reactor under 2 bar pressure and 128°C for 70 minutes. Furfural purification use azeotropic distillation and dehydration column to gain furfural with 99% purity. Suprayield Technology is chosen due its better economic value to be compared with conventional technology. According to SuperPro Designer® simulation, to produce 183 kg/batch furfurals based on 2008’s market demands expectation, needs 900 kg/batch (4.9 kg/batch furfural) raw materials in form of cob corn, 36% sulfic acid or in amount of 84 kg/batch (0.45 Kg/Kg furfural). For production capacity of 362 tons per year, to build a furfural fabric in Indonesia demand US$ 2.855.773,00 total investment, with manufacturing cost about US$ 189.865,00. The proper parameter of furfural fabric with 362 tons per annum is within NPV US$ 2.873.820,29, IRR 15%, PBP 4 years and 9 months.

Cooling towers are used to increase productivity and efficiency in industrial machinery. The formation of corrosion and humid grass inhibits the heat transfer system thus affecting the efficiency level of the cooling tower. This study aims to determine the effect of ozone usage on corrosion and bacteria in a closed cooling tower system. The method used in this study is to inject ozone into the cooling tower basin and conduct water quality testing in the laboratory using AAS, Titrimetric and TPC tests for bacteria. The results obtained from this study show that the use of ozone with a productivity rate of 0.5 g / hour builds up corrosion, as can be seen from the iron content in water that increased from 0,04 mgFe/1 to 0.07 mgFe /1. In addition, sulfate ions increased from 11 mgSO42-/1 to 20 mgSO42-/1. The number of bacteria decreased from 2x105 CFU/ml to 3x104 CFU/ml.

Wastewaters from electroplating industries are usually contaminated with nickel up to 1000 mg/L. According to environmental regulations worldwide, nickel concentration on wastewaters must be controlled to an acceptable level before being discharged to the environment. This paper offers an alternative way to develop an efficient effluent-free technology to reduce the nickel content of rinse water so that the treated water could be recycled for rinsing and subsequently to workout methodology to recover nickel by electrodeionization (EDI). Electrical voltage and initial nickel concentration were varied to study the effect of the parameters. Results showed that EDI could remove nickel effectively which gives an outstanding result in terms of product quality. Nickel concentration on diluate chamber decreased up to 99% after 60 and 180 minutes for nickel concentration of 300 and 1000 mg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the increase of electrical voltage led to faster nickel removal.

Lignin is a kind of formed by polymerization of aromatic alcohol, prices are lower and sources of renewable resources. Using lignin as raw material, through the push to resolve together preparation phenolic high value-added fine chemicals alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as the high grade biofuels, can partly replace fossil fuels as raw material to the production process, biomass resources is an important part of the comprehensive utilization of effective components. In lignin push solve clustering method, catalytic hydrogenolysis can directly to the lignin into liquid fuels, low oxygen content in the use of biofuels shows great potential. In this paper, through the optimization of the reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst type and solvent type, dosage of catalyst, etc factors, determines the alcoholysis - hydrogen solution two-step degradation of lignin, the optimal process conditions: lignin alcoholysis under 50% methanol and NaOH catalyst in the solution, the lignin in methanol solution ...

This paper presents the heat consumption on the process of colour modification of acacia timber with measures 30 x 55 x 500 mm in pressure autoclaves AZ 240 using saturated water steam with temperatures from t = 110 to 140 °C following the regimes of colour homogenisation of I., II. and III. degree.The dependance of the heat consumption normative QTFS on the temparature of saturated water steam in the process of colour homogenisation of acacia timber following these regimes describes the equation: QTFS = 1.1122·t −13.903 kWh.m–3.

Liquid fuels from polypropylene plastic waste and co-reactants biodiesel from nyamplung oil (Calophyllum Inophylum) have been successfully performed by catalytic cracking method. The catalyst used is Al-MCM-41: Ceramics with ratio 7:3. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, Pyridine-FTIR, N2-Adsorption-Desorption, and the product of catalytic cracking were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The Liquid fuels obtained was mixed with commercial fuels (Premium RON 88) and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) with ratio (10:87.5:2.5). The results showed liquid fuels have the largest percentage of gasoline (C7-C12) are 93.92 fraction produced. The performance of liquid fuels is enhanced with the additive MTBE investigated by generator set engine with gasoline-based fuel. Physical characteristic as density, caloric value, viscosity of liquid fuels were also investigated before and after adding commercial fuels. The performance of liquid fuels has optimum thermal efficiency (BTE) at 2090 watts loading of 27.18%. Addition of MTBE improving the physical characteristic of liquid fuels. Characteristic of liquid fuels produced were also suitable with commercial gasoline standard.

Phenol is a hazardous substance and should be reduced to 1 ppm to meet the quality standard of the Indonesia Ministry of Environment No 5 of 2014. This study aims to design an effective, acceptable to community and low cost technique for phenol reduction. The model design combines two techniques consisting of adsorption by activated allophane and biosorption by commercial type 4 Effective Microorganisms (EM4) on bioball media. The natural allophane clay is abundantly and freely available in Lawu volcano soils, Central Java, Indonesia. Allophane is activated using NaOH to increase adsorption capacity and molded to a tube form. The EM4 is capable of biodegrading phenol as containing photosynthesis bacteria, Lactobacillus sp., Actinomycetes sp., Streptomycetes sp., fermentation fungus and yeast. The EM4 is seeded and attached to bioball media and contained into the allophane tube. This combination is supposed to be effective in reducing phenol level. Four kinds of model solutions were prepared, each consisted of 3 ppm, 4 ppm, 5 ppm and 6 ppm phenol in aquadest. Each of 10 liter model solution was contained into a different bioreactor and operated in an aerobic environment using batch method. All bioreactors are set for 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 hours at 28°C, 32°C, 37°C and 46°C. The examination of phenol levels were done according to Indonesia National Standard Procedure (SNI) No. 06-6989.21-2004. The optimum result showed a decrease of 80.6% from 3.993 ppm to 0.772 ppm phenol at 28°C and 24 hour contact time. To understand the overall combination process, analysis of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms was consulted. As Langmuir isotherm with determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9845 and constant (c) of 1,7199 was more compatible than Freundlich isotherm, the chemical reaction of the combination technique was dominant over physical process.

This research was conducted to study the effect of fly ash on alkaline activator ratio to the fly ash geopolymer artificial aggregate. The raw material used is fly ash, sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. This research involves four different ratio of mix design which is 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 while ratio of NaOH/NaSi2O3 is constant at 2.5. In this study, the molarity of NaOH is fix at 12M. The characterization of fly ash was done by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The properties of fly ash geopolymer artificial aggregate then characterized by Aggregate Impact Value (AIV), and its microstructure been observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results show that, the sample with Fly Ash/Alkaline Activator 3.0 give the lowest percentage of AIV (19.6%) which denotes a high performance of aggregate in concrete field and also contribute to high performance of concrete while ratio 2.0 gives the highest percentage of AIV (25.19%). The tested results indicated that the significant potential of fly ash geopolymer aggregate as an alternative artificial aggregate in construction materials field.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) has the great potential to be next generation of solid fuel. However, it has major drawbacks of low calorific value and low bulk density. Low calorific value results smaller energy and the low bulk density develop problems during the handling, transportation, and storage. Combination of torrefaction and briquetting offer solutions for those problems. Torrefaction is the thermochemical process in the inert condition used to produce high calorie solid fuel. Meanwhile, briquetting is a densification process used to increase the bulk density of the powder material. In this research, the process employs starch material contained in MSW as the binder to create agglomeration among the particles. In order to understand the role of starch as binder, this study was initiated by performing binderless briquetting at low pressure employing starch material, rice, as binder and torrefied orange peel as the representative of MSW. The experiment was varied in various parameter such as the rice composition in the briquette, briquetting temperature and rice torrefaction temperature. The products were then evaluated for its quality by comparing its briquette strength using drop shatter test method. The result showed that the optimum rice torrefaction temperature to produce durable briquette from torrefied MSW material was 175 ℃.

Jelantah oil is a waste of cooking oil that has been used repeatedly which can be reprocessed by adsorption methode using active charcoal adsorbent. Jelantah oil can be purified by using biomass active charcoal adsorbent from kepok banana peel skin. In this reseacrh the author investigation between the size of the active charcoal (mesh) of kepok banana peel with the time of adsorption on the quality of the jelantah oil. The variables are used tovaryfied the size of activated carbon particles 100 mesh, 120 mesh and 140 mesh with adsorption time of 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. The results of purified oils analyzed the content of free fatty acids in oil, saponification number, oil density, water content and oil pH. From the results of the research, it was found that the best particle size was 140 mesh, showed free fatty acid content can be decreased up to 78,38%, water content can be decreased until 30,76%, oil density can be decreased 4,19% and amount of saponification number is 205,21 and has fulfilled SNI standard of cooking oil.

The present investigation deals with the aerobic sequencing batch reactor system of tapioca wastewater treatment with varying pH influent conditions. This project was carried out to evaluate the effect of pH on kinetics parameters of system. It was done by operating aerobic sequencing batch reactor system during 8 hours in many tapioca wastewater conditions (pH 4.91, pH 7, pH 8). The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (MLVSS) of the aerobic sequencing batch reactor system effluent at steady state condition were determined at interval time of two hours to generate data for substrate inhibition kinetics parameters. Values of the kinetics constants were determined using Monod and Andrews models. There was no inhibition constant (Ki) detected in all process variation of aerobic sequencing batch reactor system for tapioca wastewater treatment in this study. Furthermore, pH 8 was selected as the preferred aerobic sequencing batch reactor system condition in those ranging pH investigated due to its achievement of values of kinetics parameters such µmax = 0.010457/hour and Ks = 255.0664 mg/L COD.

The most common method of treating industrial wastewater involves biomethanation in anaerobic digesters. This biological treatment process is ineffective in color removal and it requires post-treatment methods. The color is the first contaminant in wastewater which affects the water bodies in several ways. As the anaerobically digested antibiotic wastewater was found with color, an attempt was made to remove color using granulated activated carbon as an adsorbent. Experiments were carried out in batch reactors to find out the color removal efficiency of the wastewater at four different dosages such as 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg of adsorbent material at each of the four different initial concentrations of effluent like 1956, 1450, 1251 and 1040 mg COD/L. The steady state values of color removal efficiencies were 96.6, 97.64, 98.64 and 99.63%, respectively, using 100 mg of activated carbon under shaking condition at the end of the 120th min. The effect of contact time on the percentage of color removal was also ...

This study describes the properties of upgraded palm kernel shell (PKS) and mukah balingian (MB) coal by microwave irradiation pretreatment. The microwave power level and processing time were varied in this research. The pretreated samples were analysed for mass and energy yield, calorific value and proximate and elemental composition. The characteristics of pretreated samples were improved with increasing microwave power level and reaction time. The oxygen content, O/C ratio of upgraded sample were reduced with increasing microwave power level. The carbon content of pretreated PKS was closed to the untreated MB coal properties with comparable calorific value was obtained. The microwave power level of 450 W and processing time of 8 min were appropriate to upgrade the PKS and MB coal for co-gasification. Thus, it can be concluded that the change in physical and chemical properties of upgraded PKS and MB coal revealed the potential of applying these feedstocks in co-gasification for hydrogen production.

Preliminary survey showed that organic waste from the market is about 18.77%, or second largest in the total waste generation. Its management becomes a challenge, because it is not comprised only of organics but also mixed with small amount of plastics; therefore, conventional biological process will not achieve their maximum efficiency. Wet torrefaction is a thermal process in hot water medium, which will dissolve organic materials into water, effectively converting most solids into liquid product. Banana fruit stem and cabbage were chosen as the mixed organic waste representative, and treated in a 2.5 L reactor using saturated steam in the temperature range of 175 to 225 °C before being analyzed for their heating value in solid products as fuel precursors, and their nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) contents in liquid products as liquid fertilizer precursors. It was found that for cabbage, the wet torrefaction process at 200 °C and 90 min resulted in 15.59 MJ/kg product heating value with NPK content of 3.43%. For banana fruit bunch stem, the wet torrefaction process at 225 °C and 30 min resulted in 17.64 MJ/kg product heating value with NPK content of 5.13%. It can be concluded that wet torrefaction process can simultaneously produce solid and liquid product as solid fuel and liquid fertilizer, respectively.

Municipal solid waste has the potential to become renewable energy resource. As solid fuel however, municipal solid waste has many problems caused by its low bulk density. Briquetting process is widely used to overcome the problem of low bulk density in solid fuel. Organic fraction of solid waste is benefited with lignin as one of its constituent which could be utilized as internal binder in hot briquetting process. To provide better understanding of lignin characteristic as internal binder, briquetting research was commenced in two stages using dry leaves as the representation of organic fraction in municipal solid waste, which contains 35.14% lignin. First stage was aimed to search the opportunity for evaluating lignin characteristic with variance of briquetting pressure. The second stage was used to investigate the binding characteristic of lignin as briquetting temperature increased in the range of lignin phase transition from glassy to liquid phase. The mechanical strength of produced briquette was measured using drop shatter test. Experiment results show that briquetting pressure of 500 bar could be utilized to evaluate the lignin characteristic in briquetting process. Highest performance of lignin as internal binder in briquetting was obtained at temperature 164 °C. In this temperature, briquette with DSI as high as 83% could be provided. The improved quality of lignin in green strength condition was probably caused by mechanical interlocking and adhesion effect that appeared during hot briquetting process.

The need for energy resource has increased due to the exponential increase in human population and industrialization, following suit. The concern towards environmental problems has made people embrace renewable energy resources which are more environmentally friendly. Thus, microalgae biomass are introduced as the promising energy source to substitute the limited supply of fossil fuel. The attached growth microalgae cultivation mode is employed to ease the harvesting process. The pH of the microalgae culture medium packed with polyurethane foam was adjusted daily to pH 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 in the individual photobioreactor. In this study, pH 6 was selected to be the favorable culture condition for both suspended and attached growth of Chlorella vulgaris with dry weight biomass of 0.075 ± 0.006 g and 0.258 ± 0.003 g, respectively, accompanied by a high lipid content attained at 0.394 ± 0.007 g/g. The attached microalgae biomass ease the harvesting process as the polyurethane foam was simply removed from the culture medium during the stationary stage while the suspended microalgae were harvested using the gravitational method.

Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) seed extract is generally used as naturopathic medications, supplements, antiseptic and disinfecting agents and also as preservatives in food and cosmetics products. In vitro studies have demonstrated that grapefruit seed extract has anti bacterial properties against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Indonesian grapefruit, known as pomelo (C. maxima), has similar characteristics, contents and is under the same genus (Citrus) as grapefruit; however it has not been completely utilized as a preservative. In this work we analyze the antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extract of Indonesian pomelo (C. maxima) seeds and pulp compared to the grapefruit (C. paradisi) seeds and pulp ethanolic extract. Ethanolic extracts of pomelo and grapefruit seeds and pulp are investigated for activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The level of antimicrobial effects is established using agar diffusion method. Both of the ethanolic do not show any antimicrobial activities against C. albicans. The ethanolic extract of pomelo seeds and pulp used in this research give positive results with growth inhibition effect on B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli. The zones of inhibition ranges from 22 – 30 mm in diameter, which is higher to grapefruit seeds and pulp ethanolic extract (17 – 25 mm). Ethanolic extract of pomelo seeds and pulp has an antimicrobial effect, which makes it a natural preparation for use as an alternative preservative for food and cosmetic.

Coal-bed Methane (CBM) is a form of natural gas extracted from coal and has been developed as future energy source. Organic materials are required as nutrition source for methanogenic microbes. The addition of cattle waste in the formation of CBM on coal media can be utilized as organic materials as well as methanogenic microbe sources. This research covered study of total amount of anaerobic microbes, methane production, protozoa, fungi and endoparasites. Descriptive approach is conducted for this study. Media used for culturing methanogens is Nutrient Agar in powder form and Lactose Broth with the addition of rumen fluid. The technique for counting microbes is through Total Plate Count in anaerobic Hungate tube, methane was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC), while identification of protozoa, fungi and endoparasites based on its morphology is conducted before and after anaerobic fermentation process. Incubation period is 30 days. The results showed that growth of anaerobic microbes from dairy cattle...

Co-gasification of pretreated palm kernel shell (PKS) and Mukah Balingian (MB) coal and gasification of individual feedstock were carried out in a fixed bed reactor system. The synergistic effect of pretreated feedstock in co-gasification was probed. The results showed that the co-gasification of pretreated biomass and coal samples had a synergistic effect at all blending ratios. The experimental value of co-gasification on 50 % biomass blending ratio generated the highest gas yield of 69.43 % and lowest tar yield of 10.11 %. This was supported with the different of experimental value and calculated mean value (Exp-Cal) that showed the highest synergistic effect on product yield using 50 % biomass blending ratio of the pretreated samples. Thus, the pretreated PKS and MB coal, by which their physical and chemical properties have been enhanced through pretreatment process are suitable to be used in co-gasification.

The presence of lead heavy metals in waters can cause negative impacts on the environment. One way to reduce lead metal content is by adsorption process using waste of banana leaf. Adsorption of lead metal using banana leaf waste has been successfully done. This study aims to determine the optimum contact time so as to produce the greatest adsorption power to lead metal in banana leaf waste, and determine the adsorption kinetics. Determination of functional groups was performed by using infrared spectroscopy while the determination of lead content using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The adsorption process is done by batch system that is soaking bio sorbent in solution containing lead. The immersion times were varied at 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. The adsorption process is carried out by mixing 25 mL of Pb(NO3)2 solution with 0.125 gram of activated banana leaf waste. Determination of amount of lead metal adsorbed by banana leaf waste done by calculating the difference of initial metal concentration with concentration in filtrate. Based on result of research known that optimum adsorption time from waste of activated banana leaf is for 30 minutes. The adsorption capacity of activated banana leaf waste in the time was 35.714%. Adsorption kinetics of lead at banana leaf follows kinetic model of pseudo two Ho with the value of R2 0.924 and the value of k is 13.305 minutes−1.

The nitrogen compound concentration in water is increased by atmospheric-pressure plasma discharge treatment. A rod-to-water electrode discharge treatment system using plasma discharge has been developed by our group to obtain water with a high concentration of nitrogen compounds, and this plasma-treated water improves the growth of chrysanthemum roots. However, it is difficult to apply the system to the agriculture because the amount of treated water obtained by using the system too small. In this study, a multi-spark discharge system (MSDS) equipped multiple spark plugs is presented to obtain a large amount of plasma-treated water. The MSDS consisted of inexpensive parts in order to reduce the system introduction cost for agriculture. To suppress the temperature increase of the spark plugs, the 9 spark plugs were divided into 3 groups, which were discharged in order. The plasma-treated water with a NO3− concentration of 50 mg/L was prepared using the MSDS for 90 min, and the treatment efficiency was about 6 times higher than that of our previous system. It was confirmed that the NO2−, O3, and H2O2 concentrations in the water were also increased by treating the water using the MSDS.The nitrogen compound concentration in water is increased by atmospheric-pressure plasma discharge treatment. A rod-to-water electrode discharge treatment system using plasma discharge has been developed by our group to obtain water with a high concentration of nitrogen compounds, and this plasma-treated water improves the growth of chrysanthemum roots. However, it is difficult to apply the system to the agriculture because the amount of treated water obtained by using the system too small. In this study, a multi-spark discharge system (MSDS) equipped multiple spark plugs is presented to obtain a large amount of plasma-treated water. The MSDS consisted of inexpensive parts in order to reduce the system introduction cost for agriculture. To suppress the temperature increase of the spark plugs, the 9 spark plugs were divided into 3 groups, which were discharged in order. The plasma-treated water with a NO3− concentration of 50 mg/L was prepared using the MSDS for 90 min, and the treatment efficiency was abo...

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill has generated leachate that causes a significant effect to the surface water and groundwater. The discharge of leachate into the water system must comply with the standards and regulations set by the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia. Therefore, it is important to treat the landfill leachate complying to those standards in order to protect the environment. In doing so, there have been many techniques developed to treat the landfill leachate and one of them is an ion exchange treatment having zeolite as its adsorbent. Therefore, this study evaluated the removal of ammonia-nitrogen and heavy metals (manganese and cadmium) using zeolite. The ability of zeolite to remove ammonia-nitrogen, manganese and cadmium as selective ion was also studied. Two media of samples were used. The first medium was synthetic leachate and the second was pre-treated leachate taken from Jeram Sanitary Landfill, Selangor. The experiment was conducted for five days in batch modes. The initial ammonia-nitrogen concentration of each medium was set to 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 60 mg/L. It was found that the reduction of ammonia-nitrogen, manganese, and cadmium concentrations was 93%, 15% and 83% in synthetic medium, respectively. While in the pre-treated leachate sample, the reduction was in the order of 75%, 23%, and 86% for ammonia-nitrogen, manganese, and cadmium. The nitrification occurred in the batch culture experiment by supplying an additional aeration to the system. This was concurrently supported by the results of ammonia-nitrogen, which was reduced to nitrite-nitrogen and to nitrate-nitrogen in the pre-treated leachate sample. Hence, it is concluded that the nitrifying bacteria did exist in these batch experiments.

As an excellent and versatile adsorbent, activated carbon is widely used for a number of applications on an industrial sector due to its numerous unique characteristics. Nowadays, inexpensive and effective alternatives to the existing commercial activated carbon have been a focus of many studies. Oil palm shell is one of the potential precursor materials for activated carbon production due to its high carbon content. Among the chemical activation agents commonly used in the activation process, alkaline hydroxides have recently been a great interest since the production of highly developed porosity activated carbons. In this study, oil palm activated carbon was prepared by NaOH impregnation and followed by carbonization at temperatures of 400°C and 500°C. The oil palm shell was impregnated with 1% of NaOH solution for 24 hours at room temperature. The filtration residue was then oven dried at 60°C for five hour. The dried oil palm shell was then crushed, grinded and subjected to the pyrolysis apparatus. The pyrolysis was conducted at two different temperatures, i.e. 400°C and 500°C for five hours. The activated carbon was then analyzed based on Indonesia’s industrial standard for activated carbon. The research showed that the yield of activated carbon decreases with the increasing of the carbonization temperature due to the loss of most of the volatile matter at a higher temperature. Furthermore, it showed that the moisture content, ash content, and Iod number fulfill the Indonesian Industrial Standard (SII no. 0258-79). Meanwhile, the volatile matter content and the fixed carbon content are out of the SII criteria.As an excellent and versatile adsorbent, activated carbon is widely used for a number of applications on an industrial sector due to its numerous unique characteristics. Nowadays, inexpensive and effective alternatives to the existing commercial activated carbon have been a focus of many studies. Oil palm shell is one of the potential precursor materials for activated carbon production due to its high carbon content. Among the chemical activation agents commonly used in the activation process, alkaline hydroxides have recently been a great interest since the production of highly developed porosity activated carbons. In this study, oil palm activated carbon was prepared by NaOH impregnation and followed by carbonization at temperatures of 400°C and 500°C. The oil palm shell was impregnated with 1% of NaOH solution for 24 hours at room temperature. The filtration residue was then oven dried at 60°C for five hour. The dried oil palm shell was then crushed, grinded and subjected to the pyrolysis apparatus. Th...

Today, the application of natural fiber as raw material for textile become wider, such as fiber from pineapple, bamboo, hemp, jute, flax, kenaf, and banana. The natural fiber is abundance and can be cultured, it will be a big potential for textile. The aim of this research is to analyze the characteristic of durian fiber from North Sumatera as an alternative textile fiber. The durian fiber was analyzed using FT-IR, SEM, DSC also the chemical can physical characteristic were characterized. The chemical analysis showed durian fiber contained cellulose (57-64%), hemicellulose (30.7%), lignin (13.6%), and absorbed water (0.08%). The durian fiber has good mechanical properties with tensile strength of 298 MPa and Young’s modulus of 5987 MPa. The FT-IR analysis showed the functional group that common be found in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The microphotograph of the surface of durian fiber showed the fiber has a macro size. The DSC analysis revealed the durian fiber has a good thermal stability up to 367°C and this result is suitable if this natural fiber will be used as raw material to develop rayon as a regenerated cellulose fiber.

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) has been attributed as a noble material due to its superior properties for miscellaneous applications in medical science, pharmaceutical production and engineering fields. The major problems associated with the production of NCC are low production rate and inefficient process. Alkaline delignification plays an important role for the mass production of NCC from lignocellulosic biomass. In order to fulfil these research gaps a fractal kinetic model of alkaline delignification of rice husk biomass (RHB) was studied with process optimization. Fifteen kinetic experiments of alkaline delignification for NCC production from RHB, as designed by the Minitab® 2014b software using the Box-Behnken method, were performed in a 2L jacketed glass reactor under three process parameters (time, temperature and alkali concentration) with ranges of 2-10 hours, 40-100°C and 1-4M, respectively. The nucleic growth model of fractal kinetics, developed by Nguyen & Dang (2007), has been successfully ...