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Amounts of motor vehicles in Indonesia have been recognized a sharply increase from year to year with the increment reaching to 22 % per annum. Meanwhile motor vehicles produce particulate emissions in different sizes with high concentrations depending on type of vehicles, fuels, and engine capacity. Motor Particle emissions are not only to significantly contribute the atmosphric particles but also adverse to human health. In order to reduce the particle emission, it is needed a filter. This study was aimed to develop a thin filter using coconut fiber to reduce particulate emissions for motor vehicles. The filter was made of coconut fibers that were grinded into power and mixed with glues. The filter was tested by the measurements of particle concentrations coming out from the vehicle exhaust directly and the particle concentrations after passing through the filter. The efficiency of the filter was calculated by ratio of the particle concentrations before comming in the filter to the particle conentrations after passing through the filter. The results showed that the efficiency of the filter obtained more than 30 %. The efficiency increases sharply when a number of the filters are arranged paralelly.

High quality competitive dry building mixes require modifying additives for various purposes to be included in their composition. There is insufficient amount of quality additives having stable properties for controlling the properties of cement compositions produced in Russia. Using of foreign modifying additives leads to significant increasing of the final cost of the product. The cost of imported modifiers in the composition of the dry building mixes can be up to 90% of the material cost, depending on the composition complexity. Thus, the problem of import substitution becomes relevant, especially in recent years, due to difficult economic situation. The article discusses the possibility of using local raw materials as a basis for obtaining dry building mixtures components. The properties of organo-mineral additives for cement compositions based on thermally modified peat raw materials are studied. Studies of the structure and composition of the additives are carried out by physicochemical research methods: electron microscopy and X-ray analysis. Results of experimental research showed that the peat additives contribute to improving of cement-sand mortar strength and hydrophysical properties.

In potable water distribution systems polyethylene (PE) pipes have been successfully used for several decades. In many applications chlorine disinfectants are frequently used to avoid harmful changes in the quality of water. Considering the intense oxidative ability of these substances, it is crucial to determine their influence on the degradation of pipe materials in long-term applications. At Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH (PCCL), a new device for material exposure under specific chlorine dioxide (ClO2) conditions was developed which allows significantly accelerated exposure of PE pipe materials. Preliminary tests were conducted in order to ensure stable exposure conditions during several weeks regarding temperature, pH value, ClO2 concentration and oxidative reduction potential (ORP) within a specified accuracy. Two PE grades for pipe applications were selected for conditioning and material testing. Dumbbell specimens of 1 mm thickness were punched out of compression molded sheets and fixed in a...

Graphene has attracted a tremendous attention in recent years due to its unique properties such as mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties. However, a large scale production of this material is still an issue and subjected to intense research efforts. Here, we show a simple and green approach of the graphene synthesis from graphene oxide using ascorbic acid as reduction agent. A facile synthesis of graphene (rGO) through chemical oxidation of graphite into graphene oxide (GO) was described using modified Hummers method (Improved Tour Method/ITM). The ITM method does not produce toxic gas and the temperature of the oxidation is easily controlled using ice bath. The synthesized of graphene oxide was highly soluble and stable in water. The reduction of graphene oxide into graphene was performed using ascorbic acid (AA) in mild condition. The combined ITM method and green reduction using ascorbic acid open the avenue of replacing hydrazine in the reduction of graphite oxide into graphene and ma...

Biosorption of zinc ion by non-living macrophytes, Utricularia aurea (U. aurea) is one of the common suspended aquatic species in Asia. The percentage of zinc removal was identified by conducting experiment under batch studies. In this study, the pH used ranged from pH 2, 4, 7, and 9, the time contact were 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes while the biosorbent sample size ranged from 150 µm, 300 µm, 450 µm and 600 µm at an agitation speed of 125 rpm. From the result, the best size sample for zinc removal was 450 µm with pH 4 at 120 minutes of contact time. The zinc ion was efficiently removed at 87%. Atomic Adsorption Spectrometer (AAS) was used to analyze the heavy metal removal. The result is then compared with the Environment Quality Act 1974 whether the biosorbent is efficient in removing zinc in wastewater treatment plant.

This work focuses on the study of the compaction effect on the stabilization of a highly expansive clay soil by adding lime. To this end, we used two types of swelling clay soils, the first one is intact and the other derivative (reconstituted, prepared from a natural soil and bentonite mixture with the following proportions: 70 and 30%. The results of the recorded œdometric tests show that the incorporation of the lime reduces the soil swelling pressures at each dosing lime in agreement with many reported previous studies. The contents of lime greatly affect swelling; indeed for a dosage of 6% lime the swelling pressures are reduced by 27% for the sample of disturbed soil. The compaction test performed on the reconstituted incorporated lime soil shows that for a dosage of 2% lime, we have a reduction of the swelling pressure of 96%.

Studies on leachate taken from scheduled waste landfill are limited. This might be due to the complex characteristics of the leachate from scheduled waste landfill compared to other types of landfills. Leachate is known as a strong wastewater in terms of its organic matter and ammonia content. In this study, a pre-treatment on the removal of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) by coagulation on a leachate sample taken from a Scheduled Waste Landfill (SWL) is reported. The coagulation was performed using lime (Ca (OH)2), and caustic soda (NaOH) with varying pH and amount of coagulant. A different dosage of Ca (OH)2, and NaOH was applied and the removal efficiency using both coagulants were investigated to find the most optimum dosage for NH3-N removal. Results showed that the percentage of NH3-N removal was relatively the same for both Ca (OH)2 and NaOH which was up to 45% and 48%, respectively. The optimum pH and dosage of coagulant for the removal process using Ca (OH)2 was pH=12.40±0.02 and 6gL−1, respectively while with NaOH was pH=12.83±0.02 and 8 gL−1, respectively. A small difference in the removal of NH3-N with a less dosage of coagulant used in the study suggests that lime (Ca(OH)2), is a better choice for the pre-treatment process.

Biomass waste utilization for biofuel production such as bioethanol, has become more prominent currently. Coconut coir is one of lignocellulosic food wastes, which is abundant in Indonesia. Bioethanol production from such materials consists of more than one step. Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis is crucial steps to produce sugar which can then be fermented into bioethanol. In this research, ground coconut coir was pretreated using dilute sulfuric acid at 121°C. This pretreatment had increased the cellulose content and decreased the lignin content of coconut coir. The pretreated coconut coir was hydrolyzed using a mix of two commercial cellulase enzymes at pH of 4.8 and temperature of 50°C. The enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted at several initial coconut coir slurry concentrations (0.1-2 g/100 mL) and reaction times (2-72 hours). The reducing sugar concentration profiles had been produced and can be used to obtain reaction rates. The highest reducing sugar concentration obtained was 1,152.567 mg/L, w...

A new patent pending process is proposed in this study to produce edible film directly from seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii). Seaweed together with other ingredients had been used to produce the film through casting technique. Physical and mechanical tests were performed on the edible film to examine the thickness, colour, transparency, solubility, tensile strength, elongation at break, water permeability rate, oxygen permeability rate and surface morphology. The produced film was transparent, stretchable, sealable and have basic properties for applications in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, toiletries and also agricultural industries. Edible film was successfully developed directly from dry seaweed instead of using alginate and carrageenan. The edible film processing method developed in this research was easier and cheaper compared with the method by using alginate and carrageenan.

Sanitary landfill leachate is considered as highly polluted wastewater, without any treatment, discharging into water system will cause underground water and surface water pollutions. This study was to investigate the treatability of the semi-aerobic landfill leachate via coagulation-flocculation using poly-aluminum chloride (PAC), cationic polymer, and modified micro sand. Leachate was collected from Pulau Burung Sanitary Landfill (PBSL) located in Penang, Malaysia. Coagulation-flocculation was performed by using jar test equipment and the effect of pH, dose of coagulant and dose of polymer toward removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color and suspended solid (SS) were examined. Micro sand was also used in this study to compare settling time of coagulation-flocculation process. The optimum pH, dose of coagulant (PAC) and dose of polymer (cationic) achieved were 7.0, 1000 mg/L and 8 mg/L, respectively. The dose of micro sand used for the settling time process was 300 mg/L. Results showed that 52.66% removal of COD, 97.16% removal of SS and 96.44% removal of color were achieved under optimum condition. The settling times for the settling down of the sludge or particles that formed during coagulation-flocculation process were 1 min with modified sand, 20 min with raw micro sand and 45 min without micro sand.

The oil palm industry heavily relies on the world market. It is essential to ensure that the oil palm industry is ready to meet the demands and expectation of these overseas customers on the environmental performance of the oil palm industry. Malaysia produces 13.9 million tons of oil palm biomass including oil palm trunk (OPT), frond and empty fruits bunches (EFB) annually. OPT felled in some oil palm plantations during replanting is transported to various industries and one such industry is the plywood factories. In order to gauge the environmental performance of the use of OPT as plywood a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study was conducted for palm based plywood. LCA is an important tool to assess the environmental performance of a product or process. Life cycle inventory (LCI) is the heart of a LCA study. This LCI study has a gate-to-gate system boundary and the functional unit is 1 m3 palm plywood produced and covers three types of plywood; Moisture Resistance Plywood (MR), Weather Boiling Proof Plywood...

In the noiseless context, it has long been known that the average encoded word length of an instantaneous or uniquely decipherable code can be made to lie between the source entropy and that value plus unity. We address the question of finding sufficient conditions on the code–word probabilities for it to be possible to make the average code–word length approximate the entropy by a smaller prescribed amount.

The paper presents the results of the assessment of the applicability of structured laser illumination in combination with Rayleigh scattering or spontaneous Raman scattering methods for evaluating the local density and temperature distribution in a premixed methane flame. The examples presented in this paper show that the use of structured laser illumination makes it possible to obtain a signal free of background and reflected light by registering the scattering signal only at one S-polarization of the laser. The best quality of image reconstruction was obtained using a grating with a line spacing of 0.5 mm. Gratings with a larger step gave a strong blurring and loss in spatial resolution, a grating with a smaller line spacing during reconstruction led to the formation of secondary structures with lines.

Japanese government permitted to install PV, named Agrivoltaic, on a running farm by 2013. The purposes of this commission are securing land for renewable energy installation and increasing new, young farmer. This paper clarifies both optimized Agrivoltaic structure and Agrivoltaic introduction potential. The structure optimization is considered as 3 dimensional using 3D-CAD and agricultural crop growth program is simulated to evaluate the effect of sunlight shading on PV. Agrivoltaic introduction potential assessment involved installation environment geographical data (like radiation strength, ground strength, distance to neighbors, and amount of snowing) This paper utilized geographical information system for topological assessment. These processes evaluate current and future Agrivoltaic installation potential following multi criteria.

The main objective of ICAAM is to promote and inspire new developments in mathematics and mathematical applications. For reaching our goal, we provide a forum for researchers and scientists who are working in the fields of Analysis and Applied Mathematics to share and exchange their ideas and recent research works. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges both for people and the math society. We are deeply saddened to hear the loss of previous ICAAM series participants. For being strong during the pandemic, as ICAAM community, we encourage one another to continue our research. This volume is one of the fruitful results of this encouragement. This volume is a collection of 70 selected extended abstracts. These papers are presented at the Fifth International Conference on Analysis and Applied Mathematics (ICAAM 2020) which was held in North Cyprus, Turkey. The selection of the papers included in this volume is based on an international peer review procedure. The selected extended abstracts examine wide ranging and cutting edge developments in various areas of Analysis and Applied Mathematics. The papers give a taste of current research. We feel the variety of topics will be of interest to both graduate students and researchers. K-5442-2015 55334518800

This paper presents a short review on terahertz imaging systems based on several types of technology used in the terahertz detection schemes. Some commercial products from ThruVision Systems Limited Company have utilized GaAs Schottky diode detector at 0.25 THz to produce passive terahertz images for public and homeland security. On the other hand, TeraSense Group Incorporated Company has developed and invented a ground-breaking technology which employs sensor consisting of a matrix of plasmonic semiconductor detectors in their latest products to generate terahertz images in the 0.1 – 1.0 THz frequency range. Recently, the utilization of two-terminal unipolar nanodiodes, known as the self-switching diodes (SSDs), as terahertz detectors has shown promising results. The planar structure of SSD not only enables the device to operate at high frequencies due to low intrinsic parasitic capacitance, but also allows the realization of the device using only a single lithography step. This makes the fabrication process of SSDs faster, more simple, and at lower cost when compared to other electronic devices such as Schottky diodes. The development and recent achievement of SSDs as terahertz detectors are also presented in this paper.

The problem of the technological quality of elements is one of the primary problems of modern machine production. In many cases, elements are made from new construction materials with specific properties considered to have poor machinability in cases where conventional technologies are applied. Thus, there is a need to identify the capabilities of new technologies, including the technology of cutting with a high-pressure abrasive water jet for the production of elements made of multi layered materials, while observing qualitative machining requirements. This paper presents the results of studies of the accuracy of production of elements with a complex shape made of Dibond composite board The measure of the accuracy of production, independent of dimensional accuracy, was assumed to be the size of chamferring on the side surface of the cut element caused by a specific mechanism of material decohesion occurring under the influence of water jet technology. In cases where composite boards are cut, depending on assumed conditions, it is possible to shape the side surface of an element with a positive, negative, or neutral (zero) wall inclination (side of the element). In the process of cutting, specific errors in the shape of the element occur and appear on curved fragments of the object or in discontinuous areas of the profile (e.g. transition from a straight fragment to an arc fragment); this is caused by a shift in the exit of the high-pressure abrasive water jet from the object relative to the point of entry. Consequently, selection of cutting parameters for the water jet method for elements with complex shapes is, in essence, a compromise between the obtained inclination of the wall of the processed element and the required surface coarseness, and between the required (acceptable) inclination of the wall of the element or lack thereof and the obtained coarseness of the element's surface. Thus, in the outlined problem, it is not possible to simultaneously obtain two satisfactory criterial quantities of element quality, that is, accuracy of shape and requisite coarseness of the surface of the machined element, if the water jet method is applied for the purpose of machining composite board. This article related to a paper at PCM-CMM-2019.

The main goal of this paper to evaluate the performance of the proposed long short-term memory (LSTM)- basis relative humidity (RH) prediction model. Computational physics learning theory is a subfield in artificial intelligence. In this paper, we use the real observed weather data of RH from synoptic station location as an important aspect and effect in weather and climate and using machine learning approach basis on the LSTM neural network, which is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN). We use a machine learning approach to compute the relative humidity basis on the LSTM model. The LSTM is trained by using two years of climate data (from January 2008 to December 2009). LSTM is capable of forecasting complex univariate relative humidity time series with strong no-stationarity. The result shows the usefulness of LSTM and out performs traditional forecasting methods in the challenging relative humidity record problem.

The general formula proposed by Landes and Begeley [1], which has been modified for years, among which more or less complicated approaches can be distinguished for determining the J-integral in laboratory conditions. One of them is the ASTM standard [2], according to which the energy required to calculate the J-integral should be decomposed into elastic and plastic parts, and thus the factor η depending on the shape of the specimen used in laboratory tests. Some approaches, e.g. the Polish standard [3], indicate that the J-integral should be calculated without decomposing into elastic and plastic parts. The normative documents mentioned do not usually mention the dependence of the η factor on the geometrical dimensions of the specimen (except for the shape of the specimen) or the dependence on the material characteristics. As shown in [4-7], the value of the coefficient η depends on the crack length and the material characteristics, however, the influence of material constants is usually discussed in a strictly defined range. It should be noted that papers [4-7] are based on the decomposition of the coefficient η value into elastic and plastic parts. The hybrid method presented in [8] for assessing selected parameters of fracture mechanics, referring to EPRI procedures [9], allows to evaluate them without the need for tedious numerical calculations, however, unlike EPRI procedures, it does not introduce the need to decompose these parameters into elastic and plastic components. In view of this fact, in this study it was decided to assess on the basis of numerical calculations carried out for the dominance of plane strain, the effect of crack length and material constants (expressed in yield strength and strain hardening exponent in R-O law) on the value of the coefficient η which is required to estimate the value of the J-integral in accordance with by Landes and Begeley [1]. The discussion presented in [10] was the inspiration to undertake this topic. In this paper, based on a comprehensive numerical analysis of SEN(B) specimens dominated by a plane strain state, for four different crack lengths and sixteen hypothetical elastic-plastic materials (characterized by different yield strength and different level of stain hardening exponent), the values of the J-integral were estimated, the impact of the crack length and material constants on the value of J-integral was assessed, an analysis of the P=f(u) curves and discussion on the effect of crack length and material constants on the value of the factor η were presented. Using the approach given in [4-7], simplification was made in the analysis and the value of the coefficient η was determined for each analysed specimen. The analysis showed a strong dependence of the coefficient η on the crack length and the strain hardening exponent n. It turned out that the coefficient η does not depend on the yield strength of the specimen material. The results were summarized in tabular form and approximated using the Table Curve 3D program. The measurable effect of the paper is a summary of numerical results – values of the coefficient η for 64 SEN(B) specimens and a new form of the function η=f(a/W, n) which was proposed, and which allowing to take into account in the process of determining the J-integral by the factor η the geometry of the specimen (relative crack length a/W) and material characteristics (n – strain hardening exponent in R-O law).

SiGe being one of the most diverse, emerging and richest material for MOSFETs is alluring the scientist due to its unique characteristics like high performance, high surface channel mobility and low threshold voltage as compare to that of silicon MOSFETs. In spite of so much cruciality, the performance of SiGe MOSFETs is being controlled by several factors like resistance and junction depth. These factors urged scientists to not relieve on the traditional methods of junction meteorology to utilize the actual potential and high performance of SiGe MOSFETs in terms of their application. Hence, a paradigm shift in junction engineering is being observed during last few years and discussed. The main focus of this paper is to highlight junction metrologies (ion implantation and annealing) that were tested on SiGe MOSFETs and to propose the most efficient and sustainable technique of junction engineering for high performance applications.SiGe being one of the most diverse, emerging and richest material for MOSFETs is alluring the scientist due to its unique characteristics like high performance, high surface channel mobility and low threshold voltage as compare to that of silicon MOSFETs. In spite of so much cruciality, the performance of SiGe MOSFETs is being controlled by several factors like resistance and junction depth. These factors urged scientists to not relieve on the traditional methods of junction meteorology to utilize the actual potential and high performance of SiGe MOSFETs in terms of their application. Hence, a paradigm shift in junction engineering is being observed during last few years and discussed. The main focus of this paper is to highlight junction metrologies (ion implantation and annealing) that were tested on SiGe MOSFETs and to propose the most efficient and sustainable technique of junction engineering for high performance applications.

The analytical description of the melt flow within the co-rotating twin screw extruder has been issued in various publications and it is an integral part of calculation models, software solutions for simulating polymer compounding processes such as SIGMA. Nevertheless, the accuracy of an analytical model depends on the defined simplifications. The more simplifications within the analytical description, the more deviation between the technical system and the calculation model. Analytical models for twin screw processes are no exception and are subject to simplifications and adaptations due to the complex geometry and the transient flow field. Therefore, the use of the kinematical inversion principle, the exchange of the original screw channel geometry and the consideration of an evenly distributed pressure gradient are commonly used simplifications for calculations models. In this paper a new analytical approach to calculate the melt flow is presented. The model is based on numerical simulations and with the use of the performance mapping method an analytical calculation method is derived. The advantage of the performance mapping method is that the original channel geometry and kinematical behavior of the twin screws are considered and the transient flow field in the system is used to generate a wide range of performance maps. Within the scope of this work, the performance maps of the melt conveyance and the pressure gradient in the fully filled screw channel are quantitatively examined with the aid of specially defined evaluation routines. Characteristic operating points are identified by the conveying characteristics of the melt which are displayed in the performance maps. The validation of this new analytical approach by using the performance mapping method with numerical data demonstrated that the two-dimensional description of the melt flow within the screw channel flow has a deviation of less than 10 % for varying flow law exponents geometry and process parameters.The analytical description of the melt flow within the co-rotating twin screw extruder has been issued in various publications and it is an integral part of calculation models, software solutions for simulating polymer compounding processes such as SIGMA. Nevertheless, the accuracy of an analytical model depends on the defined simplifications. The more simplifications within the analytical description, the more deviation between the technical system and the calculation model. Analytical models for twin screw processes are no exception and are subject to simplifications and adaptations due to the complex geometry and the transient flow field. Therefore, the use of the kinematical inversion principle, the exchange of the original screw channel geometry and the consideration of an evenly distributed pressure gradient are commonly used simplifications for calculations models. In this paper a new analytical approach to calculate the melt flow is presented. The model is based on numerical simulations and with t...

This paper presents the fabrication of Interdigitated Electrodes (IDEs) towards the detection of glucose. The transducer is constructed based on IDE because of its single layer electrode structure. Majority of IDE used metal such as gold and nickel as the electrodes because of their excellent electrical performances. However, in this paper, aluminium is applied as metal of electrodes not only because of its stable material but also trying to investigate the interaction between aluminium metal and Titanium dioxide, TiO2 with glucose detection. Titanium dioxide has been utilized as thin film on the deposited aluminium electrodes to increase the interaction between aluminium electrodes with different concentration of glucose solution. The designs of IDEs interdigitated array (IDBA) and interdigitated ring array (IDRA) are performed by using AUTOCAD and it is printed on a transparency paper as a mask. Customary photolithography methods with positive resist are applied to transfer the pattern on a silicon wafer in this fabrication process. Then, the fabricated IDEs are viewed and examined under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) to verify the surface morphology and topology. The electrochemical performance of IDEs is observed through cyclic voltammogram characteristics performed using potentiostat. In the nut shell, both IDBA and IDRA are tested within 0 to 100 mM range of glucose concentration.

Ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) plays an important role in high performance JET-ILW plasma discharges, both for keeping the heavy impurities away from the plasma centre as for increasing the core ion temperature to boost fusion performance. While the former is needed in all high-performance discharges for steady state operation, the latter will be particularly important in the next-coming JET Deuterium-Tritium campaign (DTE2). Currently, the workhorse for impurity control in high power D plasmas is fundamental H minority ICRH (with simultaneous ω=2ωc harmonic D heating), which leads to localized core electron heating that induces turbulence (flatter density profiles) as well as peaked electron temperatures. For fusion power enhancement, dominant bulk ion heating and RF acceleration of the NBI ions to appropriate energies would be preferable and theoretical predictions suggest that ion heating is also effective for core impurity screening. In this paper, we discuss the basic modeling results of different ICRF scenarios available for the DTE2 campaign in JET-ILW, highlighting their main properties in terms of the RF absorption of the various species, their slowing-down properties and their impact on high-Z impurity transport. Correctly modeling the wave absorption, slowing-down and collisional energy redistribution of the simultaneously RF-heated species in a DT plasma mix with important neutral-beam injection (NBI) is numerically challenging and is outside the scope of this paper. The simplified calculations presented here are rather intended to give the reader an overview of the ICRH options for JET-DTE2 with references to the state-of-the-art ICRH modeling given throughout the paper.

Fractional calculus appears to be a powerful tool of solid mechanics. In recent years several papers have been published including various forms of non-localities. Two basic fields can be distinguished, there are non-locality in space and in time. When term non-locality is used in its original meaning the value of some quantity in an internal point of the body is determined by the values of other quantities in a whole region around that location. The second one means to include hereditary effects like non-classical viscosity and study fractional visco-elasticity or visco-plasticity. In non-linear stability investigation the way of the loss of stability is studied and classified as a generic static or dynamic bifurcation. To do that step some kind of regular condition is necessary. This condition is connected with non-locality. Generally such behaviour is a result of viscous (time derivative) and gradient dependent terms in the constitutive equations. Such derivatives are not always of first order. There are materials where tests justify models with fractional order derivatives. Moreover, there are (for example Riemann-Liouville) type of fractional derivatives which are non-local itself. Thus by defining strain by fractional derivation of the displacement field a non-local quantity appears instead of the conventional (local) strain. In such a way various versions of non-localities are obtained by using various types of fractional derivatives. The paper studies how the selection of that fractional derivative effects the way of the loss of stability. Basically the study aims constitutive modelling via instability phenomena, that is, by observing the way of loss of stability of some material we can be informed about the form of fractional derivative in its mathematical model.

This paper presents application of the equilibrated residual method (ERM) of a posteriori error estimation to the elliptic problems of elasticity (elastostatics) and dielectricity (electrostatics), and to the coupled problem of (stationary) piezoelectricity as well. It has been shown in numerous works that the direct application of the method based on the linear equilibration may lead to unacceptable overestimation of the errors. In this preliminary work, we show how to tune the estimators in order to obtain reasonable results of the estimation. We address the approximation and total error estimation within the mentioned two uncoupled and one coupled problem. The modeling error is defined as a difference between the previous two errors for each of three problems. We focus on three issues in the paper. The first one is comparison of the existing methods of liner equilibration. The second one is the assessment of the application of the higher order equilibration. Finally, the third one is the effectivity assessment of the estimation for some chosen promising variants of the equilibration, which leads to the equilibrated residual methods tuned for particular applications.

An imaging system operated at millimeter (MM) waves and terahertz (THz) frequencies can be used in many applications such as safety monitoring, public security, medical, healthcare and manufacturing. Typically, these systems utilize rectifying antenna (rectenna) to convert electromagnetic radiation into usable DC power which will be used to generate images. One of the main components of rectenna is the rectifier. Hence, this paper explores the current review on several semiconductor rectifiers that have been significantly deployed for MM-wave/THz imaging systems. This includes Schottky diodes, metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diodes, self-switching diodes (SSDs) and ballistic rectifiers (BRs). The rectifying performance of these devices are discussed in terms of their voltage responsivity and noise-equivalent power (NEP). The standard fabrication process of each device is also presented in this paper as well as their recent development and achievement as high-frequency rectifiers for MM-wave/THz imaging systems.

This paper introduces a procedure to evaluate the wear state of non-return valves based on process and machine data of injection molding machines. In industry, non-return valves of injection molding machines are often replaced following specified maintenance intervals. Due to conservative lifetime estimations, the replacement of non-return valves is often carried out too early, since the current state of wear of the non-return valves is not known without elaborate disassembly and in case of failure other adjacent components can also be damaged. This paper shows an approach for an automated condition monitoring of non-return valves. During production, the corresponding wear state is evaluated without the use of additional sensors. By analyzing the curves of pressure, position signals etc. from process data with injection molding process monitoring tools, specific key figures were defined. These key figures allow wear-specific conclusions about the different signs of wear and thereby allow an estimation of the current wear state of the non-return valve. Based on the current state of wear, it is possible to predict the remaining service life of the non-return valve. The knowledge of the remaining service life leads to increased machine uptime while reducing storage and maintenance costs for plastic processing companies.

Proper description of large deformation of the continuum or the shell requires dealing with curved spaces and application of tensor analysis and distinguishing of covariant and contravariant basis.Thanks to symbolic computations and visualization capabilities of the Mathematica system, this task can be carried out straightfor- ward. It has been already discussed in [1] and [2]. This paper is a further extension of them.First it will be shown that the deformation is indeed changing of curvature of the considered space. Next, there will be shown how Cartesian basis of the flat undeformed space splits to the covariant and contravariant ones and that this basis changes in the space. It makes possible to explain why we have to introduce covariant derivatives and Christoffel symbols, for example. It is important in case of the optical analysis of large deformations of thin wall structures.Moreover it is possible to easily explain that strain tensor is defined with change of metric tensor. It also helps to show the idea of material (Lagrangian) and spatial (Eulerian) description of the deformation and the motion and avoid misunderstandings in this matter.Everything is visualised with 3D graphical capabilities and interactive maniputation of the plots provided within the Mathematica system.This paper can be also usefull inspiration both in teaching and learning of the Continuum Mechanics, the Theory of Shells and Thin-Wall Structures.The work has been presented at the conference Polish Congress of Mechanics, Computer Methods in Mechanics PCM-CMM-2019 in Krakow.

The paper aimed to investigate the thermal properties of Limestone rock by the Pulse Transient Technique. using Slab model. This technique helps to measure the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and additionally heat capacity of the heat source and the heat transfer coefficient between the plane heat source and sample surface in a single measurement. The experiment is done with dry contact condition in-between plane heat source, thermal sensor, and specimen interfaces. The results obtained from the slab model seem to agree better to the previously reported cuboid model usually used for measurements performed with contact thermal agent. In this paper, we have discussed the Uncertainty analysis of the estimation of the parameters by slab model, done for real measurements conducted for Limestone a rock sample that is derived from sensitivity coefficients theory. The thermophysical parameter of the rock motivates to understand the temperature distribution over time and depth, which also describes its thermal history. Hence the research on rock’s thermal property can be widely used in the geothermal heat flow and storage systems.

The paper outlines energy management concepts using PV panels for a grid. The necessity of considering energy management as a crucial innovation in load supplying to permit a more powerful penetration of renewable energy usage with the help of solar energy at a building and metropolis level. It also significantly points out the energy savings by the consumer and helps in reduction of CO2 emissions in the process [1-2] The driving factors to enhance the current power distribution are presented, and the benefits concerning grids are underlined. In the paper, energy management analysis is assessed by taking into account all the electrical value and the demand-side management. [3] In the paper, the evaluations of ecological benefits are reported, and a cost benefit analysis of the energy management system is performed. The need of energy management in distribution systems is necessary because it helps us determine the exact energy consumed by the load as well as different sectors of the load. It also gives us perspective on how much energy is needed and the sources it can be obtained from. The study being done in this paper is at a residential society in Chennai, Tamil Nadu comprising 2 buildings of 40 flats each equipped with standard lights, fans, air conditioners and heaters.

BATAN was proposing to design an experimental power reactor (RDE) that designed based on the technology of High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor. A carbon dust was found as particle impurities in a helium gas which use as a primary cooling system of the reactor. The carbon dust had a substantial effect on the safety operation of the RDE, thus a helium purification system (HPS) was needed to purify the helium to ensure the performance and safety of the reactor. The intake pipe of the HPS was proposed to be located at the bottom of the steam generator. In this paper, the effect of the helium purification system intake pipe of the experimental power reactor on the pressure drop of steam generator was evaluated with computational fluid dynamics method. The pressure drops in the steam generator with and without HPS intake pipe was compared. Also, a boundary condition of targeted mass flowrate was applied to check the pressure drop needed for the targeted mass flowrate. The pressure drop required for the HPS intake pipe to get 5% of the cooling gas mass flow rate is 7.73 kPa.BATAN was proposing to design an experimental power reactor (RDE) that designed based on the technology of High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor. A carbon dust was found as particle impurities in a helium gas which use as a primary cooling system of the reactor. The carbon dust had a substantial effect on the safety operation of the RDE, thus a helium purification system (HPS) was needed to purify the helium to ensure the performance and safety of the reactor. The intake pipe of the HPS was proposed to be located at the bottom of the steam generator. In this paper, the effect of the helium purification system intake pipe of the experimental power reactor on the pressure drop of steam generator was evaluated with computational fluid dynamics method. The pressure drops in the steam generator with and without HPS intake pipe was compared. Also, a boundary condition of targeted mass flowrate was applied to check the pressure drop needed for the targeted mass flowrate. The pressure drop required for the HPS inta...

The paper aims to numerically reflect mineral-asphalt mixture structure by a standard FEM software. Laboratory test results are presented due to bending tests of circular notched elements. The result scatter is relatively high. An attempt was made to form a random aggregate distribution in order to obtain various results corresponding to laboratory tests. The material structure calibration, its homogenization and finite element dimensioning are the issues decisive for the objective mixture description. The representative volume element (RVE) is investigated here, while it does not precisely reflect the material structure it displays relevant global material parameters. The simulation procedure applied here makes it possible to introduce the name of Monte Carlo simulation-based constitutive model.The paper aims to numerically reflect mineral-asphalt mixture structure by a standard FEM software. Laboratory test results are presented due to bending tests of circular notched elements. The result scatter is relatively high. An attempt was made to form a random aggregate distribution in order to obtain various results corresponding to laboratory tests. The material structure calibration, its homogenization and finite element dimensioning are the issues decisive for the objective mixture description. The representative volume element (RVE) is investigated here, while it does not precisely reflect the material structure it displays relevant global material parameters. The simulation procedure applied here makes it possible to introduce the name of Monte Carlo simulation-based constitutive model.

The multispectral imaging technique has been used for skin analysis, especially for distant mapping of in-vivo two major skin chromophores: melanin and blood. Previously, we have developed a new LED-based MSI system. Our MSI system captures only 11 monoband images of human skin which is too little for providing an accurate diagnostic information. We implemented artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to retrieve a hyperspectral reflectance cube between 380 and 880 nm with a 5 nm resolution. In this paper, we present the validation results our MSI’s performance in order to estimate melanin and blood content in human skin. Validation is done by comparing the estimation results captured by the MSI system and the spectrometer with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) technique. For validation, we used agar-based phantom as object. In addition, we also present the results of in vivo testing in uper human palm skin with 5 samples. The estimation results of melanin content by using MSI system and the spectrometer follows the equation y = 0.9565x with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9934. On the other hand, the estimation result of the blood content follows the equation y = 1.1881x with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9226. The average melanin content estimate results with the MSI system was 1.29% greater than the spectrometer, while the average blood content was 1.06% higher for the same in vivo skin data test. According the results, the LED-based MSI can be used for the direct and noninvasive skin assessment accurately. For example, measurement of melanin content in the skin is the most essential in the skin diagnosis process, especially in cases of hypo-pigmentation and hyper-pigmentation. In other cases, some cancers such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and the tumor can also be differentiated by measurement of melanin and blood content.The multispectral imaging technique has been used for skin analysis, especially for distant mapping of in-vivo two major skin chromophores: melanin and blood. Previously, we have developed a new LED-based MSI system. Our MSI system captures only 11 monoband images of human skin which is too little for providing an accurate diagnostic information. We implemented artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to retrieve a hyperspectral reflectance cube between 380 and 880 nm with a 5 nm resolution. In this paper, we present the validation results our MSI’s performance in order to estimate melanin and blood content in human skin. Validation is done by comparing the estimation results captured by the MSI system and the spectrometer with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) technique. For validation, we used agar-based phantom as object. In addition, we also present the results of in vivo testing in uper human palm skin with 5 samples. The estimation results of melanin content by using MSI system and the spectro...

Based on its superior characteristics and to provide core outlet temperature no less than 1000 °C for thermochemical hydrogen production, ZrC becomes a promising candidate to replace SiC coating layer of TRISO coated fuel particles. This paper aimed to study the neutronic effect of utilizing TRIZO coated fuel particles on core characteristics of experimental power reactor. A series of calculations were performed with MCNP6 code and ENDF/B-VII library. The calculation results show that replacement of SiC with ZrC will result in slightly decreased value in effective multiplication reactor (keff), slightly increased value in control rod worth and shutdown margin reactivity, and somewhat more negative value in temperature coefficient of reactivity. The effective delayed neutron fraction (βeff) in ZrC core presents lower values than in SiC core which cause a reduction in the ability to control the reactor. However, the reduced controllability via the lower βeff of ZrC core can be compensated by its favourable temperature coefficient and shutdown margin reactivity. These results conclude that replacing SiC with ZrC particles into experimental power reactor would have considerable impact and benefit from the viewpoint of reactor operational safety.Based on its superior characteristics and to provide core outlet temperature no less than 1000 °C for thermochemical hydrogen production, ZrC becomes a promising candidate to replace SiC coating layer of TRISO coated fuel particles. This paper aimed to study the neutronic effect of utilizing TRIZO coated fuel particles on core characteristics of experimental power reactor. A series of calculations were performed with MCNP6 code and ENDF/B-VII library. The calculation results show that replacement of SiC with ZrC will result in slightly decreased value in effective multiplication reactor (keff), slightly increased value in control rod worth and shutdown margin reactivity, and somewhat more negative value in temperature coefficient of reactivity. The effective delayed neutron fraction (βeff) in ZrC core presents lower values than in SiC core which cause a reduction in the ability to control the reactor. However, the reduced controllability via the lower βeff of ZrC core can be compensated by its favourable ...

Pattern analysis has been shown to have higher reliability for melanoma and nevus classification. The ABCD method, which is common to be used as a melanoma diagnosis method, has been shown to have inappropriate weighting for each parameter. In addition, pattern analysis has been shown to have a higher success for diagnosing melanoma. In this paper, we choose the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) as a texture parameter to represent the pattern of melanoma. We also choose Deep Neural Network (DNN) to retrieve information from the data set. DNN has the capability of analyzing data with a high level of abstraction. Therefore, we choose DNN as a method to classify melanoma and nevus. We use the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) archive database as our training and validation data. We use 773 nevi with 870 melanoma images as training data and separate 200 Nevus and 200 Melanoma images as validation data. We achieve 81.75% diagnostic accuracy, 75.5% sensitivity, and 88% specificityPattern analysis has been shown to have higher reliability for melanoma and nevus classification. The ABCD method, which is common to be used as a melanoma diagnosis method, has been shown to have inappropriate weighting for each parameter. In addition, pattern analysis has been shown to have a higher success for diagnosing melanoma. In this paper, we choose the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) as a texture parameter to represent the pattern of melanoma. We also choose Deep Neural Network (DNN) to retrieve information from the data set. DNN has the capability of analyzing data with a high level of abstraction. Therefore, we choose DNN as a method to classify melanoma and nevus. We use the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) archive database as our training and validation data. We use 773 nevi with 870 melanoma images as training data and separate 200 Nevus and 200 Melanoma images as validation data. We achieve 81.75% diagnostic accuracy, 75.5% sensitivity, and 88% specificity