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The article discusses the use of non-traditional types of organic waste in vermicomposting in the territory of the middle taiga forest zone of Western Siberia in greenhouses. The main objects of the study were brewer's grains, waste from the production of the Kristal brewing company in the city of Surgut and wastewater sludge from the treatment facilities of the Gorvodokanal in Surgut. Additionally, the composition of complex composts included sand, office waste paper, waste coffee, food waste, leaf and grass litter, bird droppings and the microbiological additive ''Tamir". The compost worms of the Eisenia foetida ''Prospector" species were used as vermiculture. In a series of experiments, individuals of immature worms were used. The resulting vermicomposting is more effective in quality than the original substrates. The use of the hybrid Prospector can be effectively used in the disposal of non-traditional organic waste. Complex composts mature more efficiently when microbiological additives are added. In the studied substrates, the content of heavy metals was reduced to maximum permissible levels of content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This article summary a comparative analysis of Hot Rolled Steel (HRS) Sections and Cold formed steel (CFS) Sections for Industrial Buildings based on a literature review. In this study the materials used are other than hot rolled for the analysis of the structure. CFS structures are becoming increasingly popular due to their numerous benefits, including light weight, quick construction, and so on. CFS analysis, design, and production processes are all being improved on a regular basis. This report is based on a recent study on HRS (HRS) and (CFS) that will aid future research and advances in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This study aims to determine the feasibility, improvement and differences in improving science process skills after the application of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) on the elasticity of solid state. This research used quasi experimental method with Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The study population was students of class XI SMAN Jatinangor, with a sample of two classes, namely XI MIPA 6 as the experimental class and XI MIPA 2 as the control class, each of class consist of 30 students who were selected using purposive sampling technique. The instruments used were CoRe, PaP-eRs, AABTLT with SAS and questions of science process skills. The average acquisition value of the CoRe instrument on the elasticity of solids is 91.7 with the PCK maturing category or level 3. The average N-Gain in the experimental class was 0.55 in.the medium category and the control class was 0.30 in.the moderate category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Fire-fighting robots are the human-established machines to keep people alive, as the accidents that occur during the procedure of stopping the fires are uncountable. This main function of the robot is to automatically sense fires and shift against the fires to finish it with water by keeping a safe distancing from it. A programmable raspberry pi can completely control the movement and actions of this device. This device must move right, east, front and back in the shape of a car to locate and quench the fires. An infra-red camera and thermal camera is used in this fire-fighter robot. The thermal camera attempts to monitor the flames, temperature and the infra-red camera, offering pictures of the view of the night, which record the whole extinction period directly. This live capture can be seen in a PC file which is also accompanied by a log from the computer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Welding of the two metal are become advance with technological innovation. Fusion method of the material is also incorporated in the welding of the aluminum, specially die casted aluminum A number of the experiment had been done to find out the best way to weld the aluminum and method come as the friction stir welding (FSW). The optimize condition were created for the welding and analyzed to check it the problem associated with the aluminum welding. the result for the condition is come out as optimum condition will have depended upon the down force of the plunge tool. During the analysis of the welding three different conditions have been notify as first condition was related with excess of the passing heat which results in the more flash mass and second one is produced when the proper heat is not passing to the work piece and formed a cavity and last one is cavity formation due to abnormal melting of the metal. The tool plunges down force effect is low for this aspect of defect, although the magnitude of the imperfection due to inadequate heat contribution decreases meaningfully as the down force increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the increasing engagement of the UK physics community with recruitment, career progression, and retention of women at all stages of their involvement with physics. The report by the UK country team for ICWIP 2014 (Canada) summarised the role of the Institute of Physics in promoting physics and supporting physicists from schools through universities to industry In this paper we present a broad picture, with particular highlights of the last 3 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The functioning of a smart city relies upon six key factors, which are smart governance, environment, living, people and mobility. This paper focuses on the smart mobility factor, within the context of a smart university which is a surrogate of a smart city. A proof of concept transport system will be developed. The transport system will consist of a third-generation bicycle-sharing platform, which will explore the usage of several technology paradigms such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology. The transportation system will consist of a permissioned Proof Of Authority (POA) blockchain network of docking stations, which users of the smart university campus will interact with through a mobile application to rent and dock bicycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Deforestation issues were increased dramatically every year especially in order for the production of paper. This was caused by the demand for making paper and furniture from wood sources. The supply of paper nowadays all depends on the wood. This experiment has been conducted to analyses the viability of magnetic pineapple leaves paper as a replacement for paper production and to analyses the morphology properties of pineapple leaves fiber. The introduction of filler in this research is to alter one or more paper properties such as texture, opacity, brightness, basis weight, dimensional stability, ink absorbency and overall printability. Commonly, most fillers are from clay, titanium dioxide or calcium carbonate. Thus, the ferrite magnet was used as the filler to ensure it has the same properties as the commercial filler. The pineapple leaves fiber then will be undertaking Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) which was used for characterization. Through the characterization under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the surface morphology of the magnetics pineapple leaves paper was changed due to the effect of the gamma radiation and by the degradation on the pineapple leaves fiber. Besides, for FTIR spectroscopy, the result indicated that pineapple leaves fiber was suitable for papermaking where the absorption peak is between 3400 - 2400 cm−1 and shows the presence of O-H and C-H bonds in polysaccharides for both magnetic and non-magnetic irradiated pineapple leaves paper. The magnetics pineapple leaves paper shows the good properties, as well as other commercial papers and this, will give many benefits to reduce the use of wood for making pulp and one of the efforts towards green technology and new invention on papermaking production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

At present is a demand to produce industrial steam turbines intended for factory applications. A very common requirement is to keep constant parameters in turbine extraction. Pressure in uncontrolled bleed depends on turbine load. Therefore, it is used nozzle with moveable leading edges to control pressure inside turbine extraction. Nozzle with movable leading edges can reduce mass flow to the condenser or district water heater and it causes pressure increase upstream the nozzle. There can be used internal extraction valve to control steam amount into rear part of turbine as an option. Steam from extraction is then used in other technologies such as a paper mill, sawmill etc. There is an effort to simplify balance of turbine and reduce price as low as possible. Therefore, an effort is to check the need of safety valve including pipeline discharge leading out of machine hall, supports and hangers. The safety valve is located at pipeline extraction to prevent pressure increase above design parameters in case of any system malfunction. This article deals with introduction to this issue and the discovery of possible solutions how determine the maximum pressure increase in controlled turbine extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The results of measurements of the main electrophysical characteristics of industrially manufactured electrical insulating paper and laboratory castings made of bamboo and pine cellulose, including the addition of bacterial cellulose with different concentrations (from 0% to 5%) are presented. In particular, the breakdown voltage and mechanical tensile strength of electrical insulating paper in the process of artificial thermal aging were determined. The change in the mechanical strength of the paper is compared with the change in degree of polymerisation of cellulose macromolecules. The sorption capacity of electrical insulation paper of different composition is compared. The explanation of the revealed regularities is given. The possibility of manufacturing high thermal stability electrical insulating paper from cellulose with an initially low degree of the macromolecules polymerisation, in particular, from bamboo cellulose, is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

A paper battery is a 6 cm × 4 cm × 1 mm dimension battery that uses CuCl as a cathode, magnesium as an anode, and urine as an electrolyte. CuCl2 dan CuSO4 as used to synthesis CuCl was analyzed. A simple and cheap sandwiched fabrication model has been identified using the low-cost CuCl synthesis process. This paper battery has passed experimental testing and delivers the best power generation at 169,588 mW and continuously up to 4 hours. Voltage also measured and provided a stable voltage at least for 6 hours at 582.667 mV. Method 2 of using CuSO4, which has price lower than CuCl2 showed better power generation and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: COVID-19 has become a global concern as it has ended the lives of lakhs of people. The study done by. Lin proposed the results of an analysis of a theoretical computational model of epidemiology taking into account the crucial components such as response of an individual behavior, measures taken by government, rapid transmission and emigration of fever virus to a huge extent of human population. Simple model framework has been used by them to examine the requirements of essential elements.Problem: We claim the perfect validation of the assumptions stated for the purpose of modeling and its analysis, however, the analytical solution of the presented model is not discussed. And thus have a poor potential to make computational estimates.Methodology adopted: We have tried to present and validate the mathematical/analytic solution of the developed model, considering their assumptions.Conclusion: We have reached to the outcome that the work presented by Q. Lin should be demonstrated adequately with a cautionary advice of not to consider the results and analysis of such numerical models.The current study proposed the results of an analysis of a theoretical computational model of epidemiology taking into account the crucial components such as response of an individual behavior, measures taken by government, rapid transmission and emigration of fever virus to a huge extent of human population. Simple model framework has been used by them to examine the requirements of essential elements. We claim the perfect validation of the assumptions stated for the purpose of modeling and its analysis, however, the analytical solution of the presented model is not discussed. The decision point of this work is to adequately demonstrate along with the cautionary advice of not to use the outcomes and analysis of such numerical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Robotic technologies are overgrowing with an improvement in their capabilities, such as "autonomy" and "mobility". The two main forces driving these advancements are economics and safety. Often referred to as the "three D's": Dirty, Dangerous and Dull, many tasks performed by humans are either dangerous, such as tactical reconnaissance, or highly repetitive, such as patrolling in an industrial factory. Autonomous Mobile Robots are often well suited to these tasks because they can be more consistent and relatively expendable. These robots have historically been designed to replace humans in these dangerous and dull tasks, which means they are designed with human-like capabilities. There is a growth in the development of intelligent systems based on mobile sensors due to increased demand for automated surveillance of indoor and outdoor environments, such as production plants, airports, warehouses, military etc. The fundamental optimization problems related to environmental map representation, localization, navigation, and surveillance tasks have been addressed entirely in most robotic surveillance schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Opportunistic networks (OpNets) are a collection of wireless nodes that communicate with others node opportunistically with store, carry and forward mechanism. When they interact with each other without the appropriate availablenetwork infrastructure then, this happens. Wireless technologies including Zigbee, bluetooth, Z-Wave WiMAX and wireless communication are used in an OpNets. There is the absence of end to end connectivity between source and destination nodes in an OpNets and the majority of nodes typically having high degree of mobility, low density and are frequently exposed to malicious node attacks. OpNets have major security concerns as a result of these properties and features because OpNets rely mainly on social interaction and the effectiveness of protecting these kinds of networks are dependent on mutual trust. This literature looks at security tactics employed in anOpNets as well as the techniques used fortrust management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Chitosan is natural polymer that has nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatibility material. Chitosan has been investigated as papermaking additive to improve properties of paper such as physical and optical properties. The objective of the research was to investigate the effectiveness chitosan in papermaking process and to determine the effect of chitosan on properties of paper. Chitosan was added in papermaking process with different dosage 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%. The efficiencies of Chitosan in papermaking can be obtained by measuring and analyzing of properties of paper, such as physical and optical properties. The increasing dosage of chitosan, will increase the physical properties of paper, such as tensile strength and decrease water absorption of paper, but will not influence the brightness of paper. The optimum concentration of chitosan used in paper in this study is 1.5%. The result shows that chitosan used in paper can improve the properties of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The influence of the electret effect on the filtering and separation properties of polymer nonwoven fabrics obtained by the Spanbond method with a density of 17 and 20 g / m², as well as in the combination of polymer nonwoven fabric and paper filter. It was revealed that the presence of an energy barrier caused by the presence of an electret charge leads to a decrease in the rate of filtration through polymer cloths. The purity of the resulting filtrate when using electret cloths is 20-22% higher compared to the original polypropylene webs. The use of two-layer filter materials allows increasing the separation capacity by 35-40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Penicillium oxalicum is the well-known major workhorse for cellulase production in industry. But the low β-glucosidase activity in P. oxalicum cellulase leads to inefficiency in biomass degradation and limits its further application, which is a major bottleneck in the efficient biomass conversion by cellulase. Previous study reported genetic transformations of P. oxalicum with homologous bgl genes. While, heterologously expressed beta-glucosidase by genetically modifying host strain could also be an effective tool in developing production of cellulases . In our study, the bgl1 gene of Aspergillus niger was heterologously overexpressed in Penicillium oxalicum. The resulted strain C3-1 showed 156.6- and 245.2-fold increased production of β-glucosidase relative to the parent strain PT3-1 and the wild-type (WT)strain 114-2, respectively. Besides, the filter paper assay of strain C3-1 increased at a factor of 8-folds compared to WT, resulting in levels of up to 3.2 U/ml. In summary, genetically engineering P. oxalicum signifcantly improves β-glucosidase activity, which will ultimately lead to a potent strategy to substantially boost the hydrolytic efficiency of the cellulase cocktail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The Covid-19 epidemic has negatively impacted many industries around the world; the fashion industry is no exception. However, the business activities of the high-end fashion field have found virtual solutions to maintain operations by new technology platforms, which help improve the customer's access to the fashion brand. This paper identifies digital fashion as the most optimal solution not only in the present time but also further in the future of the fashion industry, by collecting the methods, software and tools that many fashion brands have used since 2020 and predicting that the technology industry will explode in the following years. Through analyzing and synthesizing the effectiveness of the software applications that fashion designers have used, the study presents design trends that use technology as a platform to reality clothes on computer screens, clothes that look real without the use of sewing machines and fabrics. These results provide an overview of how top brands communicate, operate and control the fashion industry in the context of the Covid-19 epidemic. On the other side, it helps expand design knowledge and thinking for countries with a growing fashion industry. In general, digital fashion is a fast, convenient, useful and effective transformation and connection between many fashion departments, design and business in the era of industry 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this paper the utilization of hypo sludge in bricks and its characteristics have been tested. Hypo sludge is a byproduct obtained in huge quantity from paper industry. The reference bricks are manufactured with the ingredients of cement, fly ash, quarry dust and lime. Hypo sludge contains high value of CaO, so that the study on hypo sludge partially replaced on lime in reference to bricks. Hypo sludge is traditional material used on lime in various percentages of 10%, 15% and 20%. The preliminary test conducted was compression and water absorption and the experimental results indicate with sustainability on environmental and also prevent the wastages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The Fourier Transform Raman and infrared spectra of cheque paper document have been recorded and analyzed. The wavenumbers corresponding to normal modes of vibration of cellulose were calculated at HF/6-31G(d) level for comparison with the cheque paper sample. The appearance of a carbonyl stretching band at 1654 cm-1 clearly shows that the cheque paper is subjected to ageing. The broadening of O[Single_Bond]H stretching wavenumber confirms the presence of inter and intra molecular O[Single_Bond]H...O Hydrogen bonds. Also the presence of Kaolin and Rosin are unambiguously identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Nicotine is a class of alkaloids that are found in plants with the family name Solanaceae, such as tobacco (Nicotiana). This plant is widely used as a raw material for making cigarettes. The separation of nicotine in the urine of active smokers has a very important role in forensic chemistry. A purification technique using column chromatography was developed to separate impurities from the extracted nicotine. Moringa leaves have high adsorption properties so that they can be used as a filler in chromatography columns. This study aims to separate nicotine from the urine of active smokers using Moringa leaves as a filler in the chromatography column. Experimental methods have been developed in this work. The preparation and extraction process begins with collecting Moringa leaves, cleaning, drying, then activating at 5000C for 4 hours. The urine preparation of active smokers is done by taking 50 ml of urine and then adding 50 ml of chloroform solvent. The process of separating nicotine from urine was carried out by column chromatography using active moringa leaves as fillers in the chromatography column as much as 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, and 50 g. The separation was followed by maceration of the electrosynthetic coupling for 120 minutes for further separation. The pH is maintained at 9 in order to obtain optimal results. The extracted nicotine was tested using Cyanogen bromide to produce an orange precipitate, paper chromatography was developed and produced Rf values in the range 0.45 - 0.46. Nicotine analysis was continued using UV spectroscopy and resulted in nicotine levels in the variation of 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, and 50 g moringa leaves, respectively 0.55 ppm, 1.75 ppm, 3.82 ppm, 3.34 ppm, and 2.59 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Due to the imposing of the lockdown in India because of Covid-19, the boiler units in industries and power plants get shutdown. It leads to chances of occurrence of downtime corrosion in boilers. Generally, the downtime corrosion is said to be negligible as compare to corrosion that occurred during the working of boilers. However, if the shut down is longer than some weeks then this corrosion cannot be negligible at that level. It results in the loss of life of the material of the boiler and its parts. Thus this paper aims to point out the types of corrosion that can occur and preventive measures needed to be taken for the different types of downtime corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Protective factors are the features within the person or circumstances within the family, school or community that aid someone to handle life challenges successfully. This conceptual paper will focus on the roles of several protective factors which are locus of control, self-esteem, resilience, and religion towards the intention of drug use among young people. Referring to the proposed model, the following hypotheses have been formulated, that there are significant relationships between protective factors and the reduced intention of drug use, locus of control, self-esteem, resilience, as well as religion factor will all positively influence reduced intention of drug use. A quantitative approach will be undertaken, which is a survey. In the context of this study, the population will be group of young people who are in primary or secondary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this research, the cellulose has been successfully extracted from different type of wastes such as paper waste (empty tissue roll (ETR) & egg tray (ET) and fruit waste (jack fruit rind (JR)). From the extracted cellulose, the cellulose had been modified to Cellulose Acetate (CA). Modification of cellulose to CA involved acetylation process that used sulphuric acid (H2SO4) as catalyst. FTIR results showed that some of the peak disappeared after extraction process at certain wavelength (1700 – 1600 cm−1, ∼1500 cm−1). The intensity of few peaks at 3500 – 3000 cm-1 and 3000 – 2800 cm-1 also decreased after extraction process. All samples (ETR, ET and JR) for CA24 exhibit lowest intensity compared to other contact time. This might be due to the increasing of acetyl group in cellulose backbone and hydrophobicity of the film. This is due to the removal of certain compounds such as lignin and hemicellulose in all raw sample. The effect of contact time (1 to 24 hours) to the acetyl content and degree of substitution (DS) had been studied. It found that, for all wastes exhibited high acetyl content and high of degree of substitution when the contact was 24 hours. In mechanical properties, all CA24 film exhibit slightly higher tensile strain compare to cellulose film for both samples (ET, ETR and JR). Young's Modulus and tensile stress for CA24 film is also higher compare to cellulose film. This is due to the elimination of OH- groups which reduce the water sensitivity of cellulose and due to the internal plasticization of CH3CO- groups. Moreover, acetylation process increase the mechanical properties of the film produced. It can also be seen that Young's modulus increase with increase in CA contact time. This is expected, as addition of CA give a dense structure to film resulting in higher modulus values than porous structure. CA-24 film has the lowest moisture uptake. This is because CA-24 has lower OH- group presence in it. Therefore, ca-24 film shows better hydrophobicity. CA-24 film has lowest solubility most likely due to the replacement of OH- groups to CH3CO- groups. The replacement of OH- groups in cellulose with CH3CO- groups reduced its solubility in water but enhance its solubility in organic solvents. DSC results revealed that the CA24 for all samples (ETRP, ETR and JR) exhibit low Tg. This is due to the fact that, the increasing of contact of time, will increase the number of acetyl group. Hence, when the number of acetyl group increased, the hydrophobicity of the film also increased. Therefore, the ability of CA to form hydrogen bonding with water molecules also decrease. Hence, the segmental molecular ability increase due to the decreasing of hydrogen bonding in CA film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The coating process on food packaging paper is carried out to improve the food safety aspect from dangerous substance migration from food packaging into food. It can facilitate to increase its function and wide the potency of utilization. The coating materials commonly used are plastic and wax coatings. Chitosan as a natural polymer that has the binding properties both water and oil. Chitosan has polar and non-polar groups thus it is potential to be developed as a coating material for food packaging paper. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical-mechanical and antimicrobial properties of food packaging paper from oil palm empty fruit bunches pulp coated with chitosan. The parameters used were chitosan and pulp weight. The oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp was fibrillated with high speed blender then mixed with chitosan solution. The mixed solution was poured in the mold and dried in an oven at 60°C for 24 hours. The results showed that increasing of chitosan content was coated paper increased physical and mechanical properties values. The more pulp content the higher the physical properties value, however the mechanical properties value tend to decrease. The antimicrobial activity of chitosan coated paper was evaluated by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. The results revealed that all tested samples showed growth inhibition zone againts to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus after 24 h incubation compared to commercial food packaging paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Bioethanol seems very potential to be an alternative energy substituting the fossil-based energy due to its renewable sources. Any sources containing carbohydrate (poly or mono) may be fermented into ethanol (bioethanol). This study aims to investigate the optimum conditions in the fermentation of used paper HVS hydrolysate to yield ethanol. The used paper HVS hydrolysate, produced from the hydrolysis of used paper HVS, was initially treated with a so-called detoxification stage to remove compounds hindering the fermentation process. The detoxification stage employed adsorptive separation with the aid of carbon (charcoal) activated with KOH and K2CO3 solution. The fermentation varied the types of microbes or yeast (i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus oligosporus) and its concentration. Within the ranges of studied parameters, the optimum conditions to yield highest level of ethanol (0.436%) were activated carbon with KOH, yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and concentration of 3 g yeast/70 mL hydrolysate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Recent standard ripeness classification for mango is via manual inspection by human naked eyes. However, the manual mango ripeness classification in agricultural setting has several drawbacks which need labor intensive, inconsistent, prone to error and it is also a time consuming process. Based on an extensive literature search, study to extract data patterns from mango images has never been conducted. Data pattern extraction or generally known as discretization, is one of data pre-processing method that stimulates classification. This paper presents the work on discretization that promotes classification process of mango (Mangifera Indica L.) dataset. Comparison between existing swarm-based discretization algorithms on mango dataset is studied throughout this paper in order to avoid inefficient manual effort and provide an improvement for future research in agricultural industry. The swarm-based discretization algorithm implemented on extracted features from mango images has reduced both discretization time and error rate concurrently. Hence, it generates good generalization of the data pattern to the extracted mango features. As a consequence, determining discretized data patterns from the extracted mango images may improve the entire classification process in terms of accuracy and learning time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The concept of this paper focuses on the area of testing university students while using tools of artificial intelligence. The sample set of students were students of the third year of bachelor studies of Applied Informatics and the test was focused on testing English: grammar, vocabulary, IT English. The introductory part describes current possible ways of testing students, mainly in paper- or computer-based tests. The paper-based method is the traditional one while the computer-based one can take advantage of modern tools of artificial intelligence, such as expert systems and neural networks. The core of this paper lies in the comparison of the results that are acquired from paper-based and computer-based testing which uses artificial intelligence tools. The final part envisages the most optimal ways of testing university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In order to increase energy security or to reduce diesel engine exhaust emissions, the use of biodiesel fuel is continuously increased. This effort is carried out by increasing the composition of biodiesel in the biodiesel blends. One of other considerations regarding the use high composition biodiesel blends above 20% (B20) is the concern of fuel filter blockage or shorten the life time. Various efforts have been done to overcome filter blocking problems due to the use of biodiesel, so that mitigation can be carried out. One of the evaluations of the effect of using palm oil biodiesel with a high composition above 20% has been carried out by acceleration testing in a test rig with additional dust contaminants. The test used fuel filter paper with a porosity of 30 micron with variations in the composition of the test fuel, namely pure diesel/B0 (Pertadex), B30, B50 and B70. The test was carried out by flowing the test fuels through filter paper in a DENSO standard test rig in temperature ambient (around 29°C). Filter blocking was recorded by the differential pressure (delta pressure) between before and after of the test filter paper. The results show that for the pure diesel and biodiesel blends without any contaminants, there is no increase in the differential pressure. Otherwise, for the addition of 3 grams of contaminants per 15 liters of test fuels, a higher biodiesel composition will result in a faster increase in the filter differential pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Production of lipase enzyme from Rhizopus oryzae was developed by solid state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF) method in order to yield high amount of lipase enzyme using wheat bran as the substrate. The objective of this research is to obtain the crude lipase enzyme from Rhizopus oryzae by optimizing the operating condition of submerged fermentation method, compare the unit activity of lipase enzyme produced by SSF and SmF, and synthesize the biodiesel via non-alcohol route using lipase enzyme as the catalyst. The optimum condition for the production of lipase is discovered by varying the fermentation time, substrate concentration, and inducer concentration. The fermentation time was varied at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days with substrate concentration was varied at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%, and inducer concentration was varied at 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%. The extraction of lipase enzyme was done by squeezing the suspension through muslin cloth, centrifugation, and then filtered by filter paper. Titration was done as the enzymatic assay for the lipase activity. Based on results, optimum condition of submerged fermentation has been achieved with inducer concentration of 6.9%, substrate concentration of 1.9%, and fermentation time of 3.5 days. This condition results the unit activity of lipase of 62.67 U/ml and 50 U/ml, for SmF and SSF, respectively. Furthermore, for biodiesel synthesis through non-alcohol route, lipase enzyme from Rhizopus oryzae was able to yield 38.11% of biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Owed to the enormous advantages like easy disposable, flexible and low cost, eco-friendly performance of paper substrate, microfluidics has expanded a new attention on the flexible substrate in the research field of environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis and food safety analysis applications. Diverse properties of paper and fluid transport mechanism on paper substrate are some crucial facilitating parameters which are used on the fabrication of functional flexible microfluidic device applications in an effectual and analytical way. Transport of any fluids on paper substrate does not require any external force because of the capillary action behavior on paper surface. When drops of fluid at the first time touch the paper substrate surface, it penetrates the paper surface radially. Radial capillary transport used in our daily life using different circumstances such as when ink, water and wine spreads in paper or cloths, rain drops in soil, and dye into yarn. Here, the attention/foundation of work is fluid transport on the texture of WhatmanTM grade 1 filter paper which is commonly used in microfluidic applications as claimed by the previously published articles. In this work, an experimental study is presented on capillary transport in radial direction to understand the texture of the WhatmanTM grade 1 filter paper substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...