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The automotive wheel is an indispensable part of a motor vehicle as it is the first part that receives loads in various forms from applications such as falls, heavy cargo and cornering, etc. This paper presents the effectiveness of the analysis process using a finite element method to simulate the dynamic cornering fatigue test by comparing the experimental results with the finite element analysis (FEA) results obtained from three methods: full transient, modal transient and static structural methods. The static structural method was found to have the highest accuracy, with less than 2% error, and also the least computational time. It takes 97% less computational time than the full transient method. Therefore, this paper demonstrates that the static structural method is most effective in using the fatigue life analysis to improve design prior to actual testing to help reduce the cost and time of launching new products in the alloy manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate analytical model of the physical assembled structure is predominantly importance for engineers and designers to be used in predicting the dynamic behaviour of the structure. Powerful tools such as finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental modal analysis (EMA) can be used to determine the dynamic behaviour of the assembled structure. The assembled structure such as automotive structure is normally joined by a number of jointing types such as spot welds, bolts, and adhesive. However due to advancement of the jointing method, the laser jointing method have been significantly used in the automotive industries. However, it is challenging and cumbersome to accurately model a structure that are assembled by a combination of complex types of joints such as laser stitch welds. This is because stitch welds have been discovered as joining method that tends to present the local effect such as structure geometrical irregularities, heat affected zone (HAZ) on the welded areas and also the residual stress that occurs from the laser welding process. In addition, it is challenging to only rely on the prediction of the dynamic behaviour using FE method because predicted results are often found inconsistent with the experimental data. The inconsistencies of the results due to invalid assumptions of laser stitch welds are the significant motivation to the main goal of this paper by investigating the accuracy of the finite element model of the laser stitch welded structure. In this paper, the prediction of the dynamic behaviour of the structure are merely to address the local effects due to the laser stitch welds such as geometrical irregularities, HAZ and residual stress that influence the initial prediction of the laser stitch welded structure by producing highly accurate prediction model as close to experimental data. The inclusion of the local effects to the initial FE model are performed in the sensitivity analysis to identify the most sensitive parameters of the laser stitch welded structure. The FE model updating method was employed with corresponding to the measured result for reconciliation purpose. The results revealed that the inclusion of the local effects due to the welding process can significantly improve the prediction of the dynamic behaviour of the laser stitch welded structure and the implementation of the sensitivity analysis was successful in correcting the source of error by improving the correlation of the predicted results with experimental counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose using the wave finite element method and genetic algorithms to design periodic waveguide structures with optimal stop-bands. Instead of modelling waveguides using the standard finite element method, we use the wave finite element method to model the waveguides. The wave and finite element method is based on using periodic structure theory and the finite element model of a unit cell of the waveguide to describe the waveguide's motion in terms of wave amplitudes rather than in terms of physical degrees of freedom. This results in a numerically efficient model of the waveguide which can be used in optimisation studies. In particular, the focus of this paper is on the optimisation of stop-bands in the waveguides which leverage this property of periodic structures. Genetic algorithms will be used to optimise the stop-bands. A numerical example where analytical models can be obtained will be used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach and its potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the study was to replace traditional steel leaf springs with composite materials while maintaining their size and geometry. This paper represents the design and static analysis of the mono leaf-spring. A Metal Matrix composite P100 Gr/6061 Al has been used to compare the existing leaf spring made up of stainless steel. This paper aims to design and perform static structural analysis comparison between mono leaf spring made up of metal matrix composite (MMC) and existing material steel. The structural modeling and finite element analysis [FAE] of mono leaf spring has been performed in Catia v5 R20 software and then imported to the ANSYS 2022 R1 workbench resulting in the improvement of the design of mono leaf spring along with weight reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosthesis has been advancing since the day of its introduction, having a tremendous degree of advancement and examination in clinical field as well as in robotics. This has been an influence for researchers who made it conceivable with various types of prosthetics that are accessible these days in the market both commercially and uniquely crafted. This paper throws light on numerical simulation and design of a prosthetic leg. The work focuses on the optimization and simulation of a prosthetic leg, improving its strength and making it cost effective. The paper has described the design and analysis of two early-existed models of prosthetic leg, comparing their strength and durability through different material analysis and thereafter designing a new model with better strength, having a high deformation rate or durability, and having much cost-efficient design and material. The Finite element analysis (FEA) was done in Ansys software, the material properties and cost efficiency were kept in mind during the analysis as well as during selection of material. Prosthetics are modified for every person, remembering the utilization and actual properties. In any case, the conventional prosthetics are heavier, and the production is costly andtedious. The current study resolves this issue and proposes an elective plan for prosthetic legs. The designed prosthetic was simulated properly and has been compared with earlier existed models. The study concludes that the new design is much more efficient and user friendly that the wearer will feel comfortable, to live a normal life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformer constant losses are dependent on the core material. The transformer core material with reduced losses not only saves power but also extend the transformer life. About 2 to 4% of the power passing through a distribution transformer is recorded as losses. Reducing no-load losses in a distribution transformer without compromising the performance is the objective during the design. The development of amorphous alloys and their use as a core material has been a boon to the utilities that had been relentlessly working on the reduction of operating costs and losses. Use of an amorphous alloy core in a transformer has the potential to reduce the no-load core losses. The Finite Element Method is a prominent numerical technique for dealing with complexity in a variety of ways for low-frequency magnetic circuits. In this paper, a three-phase distribution transformer 3D-CAD model is examined by the finite element method to compute and compare the no-load loss. The comparison has been done for a distribution transformer core made of amorphous alloy to that of the conventional cold-rolled grain-oriented steel. Also, the percentage reduction in each type of no-load loss is assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A passenger-bus represents one of the vehicle types that can cause serious damage during the accident. Its frontal crashworthiness may threaten substantial damage to life and property. This is because the design of a bus structure does not meet frontal crashworthiness standards and regulations. Currently, the design of a bus structure and manufacturing in Thailand only focuses on the overturned test. The front crash standard have not been yet considered as structural requirements. This paper introduces a novel design of a passenger-bus considering the frontal crash based on the standard of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Regulation No. 29 (UN ECE-R29). A simulation model was done to determine the structural strength against the produced load considering a full-frontal impact. Finite element analysis was applied to evaluate frontal impacts. As a result, the energy absorption corresponding to the UN ECE-R29 regulation is 55 kJ, while the test model structure could absorb about 52.4 kJ of energy. In fact, the total deformation from the UN ECE-R29 signifies the severe deformation in the frontal structures, which caused the significant damage to the driver dummy. Clearly, reinforcement of the thin-walled tubular construction could improve a bus's structural strength. Consequently, the driver dummy is not affected by the structure's distortion, enhancing the safety and reliability standards for passenger-buses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the widespread development of numerical methods for solving complex mathematical problems with the help of modern computer technologies, there is a real opportunity to obtain specific qualitative and quantitative characteristics of various complex dynamic processes. In this paper, when modeling the unsteady movement of water flow in water management facilities, the two-dimensional flow 5 in space is taken into account, which ensures the improvement of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of objects, as well as the choice of their best parameters of objects for design and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformers are among the most expensive items among power system apparatus, and they plays a crucial role in the resulting power systems. Oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushings form a key part of many transformers, and the status of these bushings may thus affect transformer performance. Monitoring OIP bushings is thus important for the safe operation of transformers, and one of the factors that can negatively affect OIP bushings is moisture. Effective evaluation of moisture in OIP bushings is thus required to ensure the safe operation of power systems. The dielectric frequency response (DFR) method has been commonly used in the last decade to study moisture impacts on OIP bushings. In this study, however, the moisture level in OIP bushings was evaluated using a neural network trained on a database formed from previous DFR results for various OIP bushings. Using the finite element method (FEM), a 96 kV OIP bushing was simulated under six different moisture content levels. Statistical indices were then used to extract features from the obtained tanδ-f curves of the simulated bushing under these different moisture contents, with, fitting analysis used to generate additional data. A database was then established using the generated data, and a neural network proposed to categorise the database into three groups based on moisture levels. The results revealed that the neural network effectively categorised 99.5% of data correctly by moisture level, suggesting that an adequately tuned neural network can be used to evaluate the moisture level of OIP bushings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) is a radio telescope consisting of two types of antenna arrays – for low and high frequency. In this paper we discuss the High Band Array – HBA and represent option to better its accuracy, using the FEM (Finite element method), that can help us increase the precision of the modeling of antenna elements in large antenna arrays, which is the case of the HBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlocal theories are widely used in the mathematical modeling and analysis of solid structures and materials, particularly in micro-nano/structural studies, including fatigue assessment and crack analysis of these structures. Hence, contrasting the outcomes of these theories can significantly help in the selection of a more appropriate and practical model. In this paper, two nonlocal theories, the nonlocal elasticity model, and the stress intensity factor model were employed to analyze an elastic plate with a tip crack. An elastic plate with a tip crack under the impact of axial tension was examined and the results of maximum stress component along the crack line for various crack sizes were compared. Also, the effect of characteristic length in nonlocal models was investigated. Furthermore, ABAQUS CAE software was utilized for finite element modeling by applying the mechanical properties of an elastic steel plate to numerically investigate the elastic plate with a tip crack. The results illustrate the mesh sensitivity of finite element modeling and its compatibility with the stress intensity factor model; however, the numerical study cannot demonstrate the characteristic length effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological hazard such as slope failure poses a great threat to human life and properties all around the world. Slope stability analysis is conducted to identify the critical slip surface and the factor of safety of the slope. It may be induced by many factors such as the infiltration of rainwater and surcharge loading including the groundwater movement where all the possible causes may reduce the strength of residual soil that is tremendously influenced by weathering condition. Commonly, the stability analysis is conducted by using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) utilising analysis by using various method of slices. Alongside the innovation of technology and the development of knowledge, the Finite Element Method (FEM) has come to its function as a quick and robust tool for slope analysis. The main objective of this paper is to determine the stability of a slope in Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) campus based on finite element utilizing strength reduction method (SRM) using Plaxis software. The new slope construction on granitic residual soil in UPNM campus requires a study concerning the stability of slope as high groundwater table in this area had been discovered with spring water that seeps through soil and fractured rock at several locations particular at slope section greater than 45˚. From the result, it is observed that the safety factor for slope angle reduced from 2.254 to 1.188 when the inclination angle increased form 15˚to 45˚ respectively by limiting the height up to 10 m at the uphill section. The results of this study had shown that FEM software such as Plaxis can be practically used to accessed stability of existing slope by utilising strength reduction method approach. In comparison, the slope with greater angle of 45˚ exhibits the least value of safety factor and smaller slip surface compared to that of more gradual slope in this study. This could help us identify the potential failure zone and implement possible remedial measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a finite element model for the amphibious aircraft spreader bar using a composite structure will be presented. The initial spreader bar cross-section is an ellipse with an overall thickness of 3.8 mm and an additional thickness on the minor axis. The spreader bar using a composite structure is proposed to replace the initial spreader bar using aluminium. Composite Toray-TCA T700S-12K-50C#2510 Plain Weave Fabric will be used to replace aluminium 6061-T6. The composite spreader bar cross-section is similar to the initial design by applying ply drop-off to vary the thickness of its cross-section. There are 44 plies for the thick zone and 18 for the thin zone. For stacking sequences, all zones use symmetric layers. Model verification has been performed by comparing the spreader bar cross-section from the computer-aided design and finite element model. The spreader bar is modeled with a 2D shell element to obtain the failure index and margin of safety using Tsai-Wu failure criteria. The side load while landing will be used in this paper because it is a critical load during the flight. The side load generates tension, compression, shear, roll moment, yaw moment, and torsion in the spreader bar structure. The spreader bar structure using composite material is 42.8% lighter than using aluminium. The margin of safety of spreader bar structure using aluminium and composite material are -0.37 and 1.54, respectively. This results mean that composite structure can be used as an amphibious aircraft spreader bar, which is safer than aluminium in terms of strength, but not better in terms of stiffness due to its lower elastic modulus than aluminium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gear transmissions are widely used in modern machines due to the high efficiency, invariability of gear ratio, large power range and compactness of construction. The design process of such machine parts is rather complex since multiple factors such as geometrical, technological, exploitation and material features has an impact on the obtained results. In this paper, the influence of the parameters of the zero-backlash spur gear wheel on the stress distribution is presented with using finite element analysis performed in ABAQUS. The obtained results shows the importance of proper shaping of the geometrical features of the gear wheel. The methodology presented in this paper can be used to improve the design process of zero-backlash gear transmissions as well as to analyze the existing designs in order to verify its exploitation properties. Additionally, the presented research has a didactic purpose to highlight main risks and problems with using dynamic FEM analysis for analyzing gear transmissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To calculate analytical model of buildings and receive stress-strain state results, triangulation of structural elements is required. Great attention should be paid to reinforced concrete multi-span floor slabs at the joints with vertical elements. Due to unevenness and complexity in form, the finite element mesh of slab in such places can become more concentrated, which leads to an increase in stress values and inadequately elements design. To prevent such negative consequences and create an even mesh all over the slab, additional mesh generation in such places is required. To simplify such problem and reduce human costs, adjustment of finite element (FE) mesh can be obtained by means of visual programming. The purpose of this paper is to obtain and compare the results of finite element analysis (FEA) of reinforced concrete floor slab in residential building and to adjust generated mesh at the joints with vertical elements by means of visual programming in SAPFIR-3D. The scientific and practical importance of the work stands in the describing of the method of adjustment of FE mesh generation of floor slabs at the joints with vertical elements by means of visual programming. The results of the research are based on the results of calculation in programming complexes SAPFIR-3D and LIRA-SAPR, also analysis of literary sources and practical experience of the authors. The article revealed the possibility usage of visual programming to adjust FE mesh of floor slab with aim to simplify its shape at the joints with vertical structural elements. There is considered method and options for visual programming in the SAPFIR-3D. In this paper, results of the 8-storey skeleton reinforced concrete residential building with basement, have been analyzed and compared. The practical importance of the results of this paper lies in the presentation of the proposed method to adjust FE mesh of floor slab by means of visual programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stents are used in Angio-plasticity (to make the blood flow through it, as an alternative for veins). Reason for choosing material to be shape memory alloy (SMA) is that It should be flexible and resilient. Along with it, it should expand on heating and contract on cooling. A study like this will help to understand more about the behavior of the stent and provide designers with valuable information on how to improve the quality of the stent for different biological loading conditions using FEA. Research and development of new products in biomaterial can be made more cost-effective by implementing this technology. This paper with the help of this FE analysis, two cardiovascular stents made of Aluminum and Nitinol alloy have been thoroughly examined. Comparative results are validated for the different shape memory alloy (SMA) material to know their nonlinear behavior during excessive blood pressure conditions. The outcome of this paper is to determine the FOS and which material is reliable amongst the material. The total deformation of aluminum alloy obtained from the FEA analysis was 1.9174 mm, this total deformation value is greater than the nitinol material. Hence from the analysis its concluded that the nitinol is better than the aluminum alloy when designing a cardiovascular self-expanding stent with more life, less deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Main Spillway and Diversion Tunnel construction at the Manikin Dam, Nusa Tenggara Timur, is constructed in a claystone Bobonaro Formation. Alongside the construction process, this paper aims to evaluate the engineering geological condition and tunnel excavation method that is expected to provide technical consideration in the process of selecting the fieldwork method. Field investigations were carried out in evaluation of rock mass quality for tunnel boring log. The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) method determines rock mass quality. Subsurface samples were laboratory tested for soil/rock parameters in numerical modeling using the finite element method with numerical evaluation by Phase2 (Rocscience) software. The results of tunnel modeling are in the form of displacement with additional effect earthquake analysis and without earthquake analysis (static load). As a result of subsurface geological mapping, the dominant lithology which passes through the tunnel is scaly clay with the category of rock mass quality as Poor Rock and Fair Rock. Based on the Bieaniawski (1989), the excavation method can be multi drift, benching, or full face. The multi drift excavation method is estimated to earn a lower displacement value than other methods. It produces an estimated roof strength factor value of >1.25, which indicates the tunnel construction is in stable condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission towers are vital channels for distributing high-voltage electrical power from power plants to substations. This infrastructure is the backbone of a productive modern society. However, a number of these towers may fail due to earthquakes. This failure may disrupt the electrical network, yield a substantial amount of replacement cost, and, more importantly, interrupt recovery efforts and business operations. This paper presents attempts to analyze the seismic risk of the transmission tower by developing its fragility curve. Fragility is defined as the probability of damage exceeding a certain level, given an extensive range of seismic intensity. A finite element computational model was analyzed under a nonlinear static procedure (pushover) to obtain a nonlinear response, specifically a capacity curve. Then the fragility analysis was performed by determining certain damage states in the capacity curve. The inter-segment drift ratio (ISDR) was employed for the damage states. The result is expressed as a fragility curve that provides fundamental and rational insights into the mechanical and probabilistic performance of transmission towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 10th, 2021, 3296 houses suffered light damage, 1964 houses suffered moderate damage, and 1552 houses suffered severe damage due to the earthquake that occurred in Malang, Indonesia. The iMPact on public facilities included 203 damaged schools, 16 damaged health facilities, 171 damaged places of worship, and 40 other damaged public facilities. Most of the damaged buildings were non-engineering buildings with various types of damage. In Pacitan Regency, there are many low-rise to medium-rise non-engineering buildings. In addition, Pacitan Regency has a coastline that is part of the Indonesian Ocean and is located very close to the subduction zone between the Indo-Australia plate and the Eurasian plate. The main potential sources of earthquake and tsunami events in this region are thrust systems. Seismic fragility curves play a pivotal role in the assessment of the comprehensive vulnerability of civil infrastructure to prospective seismic events, as well as in the anticipation of the consequential socioeconomic repercussions. This paper presents an analysis of the fragility of non-engineering buildings and estimates of their collapse using the finite element method. Seismic fragility analysis produces fragility curves that show the probability of structure damage under various damage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world of technology, where technology helps to explore almost everything, including outer space, planets, etc. However, due to the unknown extreme conditions at unexplored places, there is an interest and need to develop a technology which helps explore more about space. Here, we attempted to develop the Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled rover model to be used for such space exploration scenarios. In this paper, firstly, finite element method (FEM) based design and analysis of the rover model are discussed. The operational and constructive features are explained, such as the real-time camera feed feature, measuring the temperature and humidity values, and detecting the object while measuring the obstacle distance. The AI-enabled rover model uses a real-time object detection algorithm which helps to analyze the object in a real-time manner. The rover model is designed in such a way that it can easily climb on different surfaces having obstacles. The rover model is then fabricated, where wheels are made from a buoyant substance such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). A special suspension frame based on a modified rocker-bogie system is created to adapt the walker to uneven ground. This means that even in hostile surroundings, the rover can explore independently. The proposed model has a comparable cost as compared with published literature work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind turbines are considered one of the tallest buildings vulnerable to lightning strikes as they lack a protection system for large-scale carbon-fibre epoxy composite structures. Blades are more affected by lightning due to their large scale, which is the highest point in wind turbine structure. Knowledge of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, lightning protection system (LPS), electrical field relation and receptor configuration are explained. A design from an actual wind turbine blade is used to study the effect of lightning. The receptor plays an essential role in determining the efficiency of (LPS). To investigate the impact of receptors with different shapes and sizes, two different types of lightning protection receptors are used to perform their effect on lightning. Three different radius of lightning copper receptor disks, 0.1m, 0.2m and 0.4m, have been tested. A triangle with a head to the downside simulates the lightning terminal. This paper is aimed to study and analyze the most suitable lightning protection for wind turbine blades to suggest the best parameters for receptor type and size. The electromagnetic Finite Element Method simulation recommends the minimum and maximum electric field that builds up around receptors, which has been used to determine the correct size and forms of receptors. Results from the lighting strike Simulation 0.1m receptor gives the highest value of electrical field interception 56.3MV/m compared with larger size receptor 0.4m with 18.7MV/m. This research revealed the effectiveness of different types of lightning receptors and the effect of the receptor's radius, which will offer better protection to the wind turbine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic behaviour prediction scheme of contact surface of bolt joints has found to be extremely difficult to model due the complex behaviour of the structural joints. In this paper, the bolted structure was used with aim to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the bolted structure using practical modelling scheme via finite element modelling and updating method. A simplified FE model of the bolted structure was developed using CBEAM element to represent geometrical shape of the bolt and Thin Layer Element (TLE) was used to represent the contact surface of the bolted structure. Subsequently, the normal mode analysis using NASTRAN103 was used to predict the dynamic behaviour of the FE model. Potential updating parameters of the FE model was analysed by implemented sensitivity analysis formulated in Nastran SOL200. The model updating method is then used to update the initial FE model of the bolted structure based on the experimental modal analysis (EMA) result. The comparison of the results is used in verifying the accuracy of the updated FE model of the bolted joint structure. The result suggested that the CBEAM and TLE can be used efficiently to represent the bolted joints and the contact surface of the bolted joint of the assembled structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the Ritz method to find approximate solutions to boundary-value problems for ordinary differential equations. We present the approximate finite element solution by a linear combination of the basis functions. Here we get co-efficients of the optimal interpolation formula in W 2 (1 , 0) space as basis functions. The difference obtained in numerical results and exact solutions illustrates graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper algorithms for constructing a finite element mesh of compound domains and minimizing the ribbon width of the system of resolving equations by the finite element method (FEM) are considered. A technology for constructing a finite element mesh by connecting elementary subdomains, a semi-automatic method for partitioning a two-dimensional multiply connected domain with a curvilinear boundary, and ordering the node numbers of a finite element mesh is described. In this case, the algorithms allow, by ordering the numbering of nodes, to determine such a sequence in which the ribbon width of non-zero coefficients of the system of resolving equations by the FEM will be locally minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a simple and compact ultra-wide band (UWB) microstrip planar antennawhich is fed by a co-planar waveguide (CPW) is developed and analyzed. The proposed design is setup on a FR-4 substrate with a dimensionof 31 x 34 x 1.6 mm3 with a di-electric constant (εr) of 4.4. The patch is a combination of two elliptical shaped structures with two slots etched on it. The proposed antenna operates at frequencies ranging from3 – 12.53 GHz with resonance frequencies at 3.95 GHz and 9.2 GHzhavingreturn loss of -22.21 dB and -32.97 dB respectively. The variation of the slot area and the length of ground is analyzed. The proposed antenna can be best suited for the applications where ultra-wideband is preferred which include WLAN, WiMAX, ISM, satellite frequency bands that include S-band, C-band, X-band and also ITU band. The design and simulation are carried out using the Ansys HFSS Tool version 2021.2, which is based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents modelling of small-scale axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generators that could be utilized for extracting the hydropower from wastewater treatment plants. Cored and coreless axial flux synchronous generators are analytically designed based on sizing equations. For validation, finite element-based models of different topologies are established and a comparison is held between the analytical design and finite element model results. To overcome the drawbacks of cored and coreless models, a new hybrid half cored half core less model is suggested by decreasing the stacking factor ratio, which saves more than 50% of steel in yokes but at the cost of lowering the output phase voltages. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis tool based in the finite element software is used to enhance the electrical performance and fulfill the required generator specifications. Lastly, a comparison is held between the different models; highlighting the promising outcomes of the proposed hybrid half cored half coreless generator relating to the enhanced performance at reduced active material requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of externally bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) systems is becoming more relevant due to their superior performance in many structural applications. However, fire or elevated temperature exposure is a major concern for FRP systems due to the deterioration of the epoxy adhesive. This paper investigates the fire performance of unstrengthened and Carbon FRP (CFRP) strengthened Reinforced Concrete (RC) columns with and without fireproofing insulation. Four columns were modeled using the finite element software package ABAQUS to carry out the heat transfer analysis. All four columns were exposed to fire according to the ASTM E119 standard fire curve with an exposure period of three hours. The temperature-time curves were plotted 50 mm deep into the concrete, and 100 mm deep into the concrete, and at the longitudinal reinforcement. The results showed no noticeable improvement in the fire performance of RC columns with the addition of CFRP layers, where the temperature readings were almost the same. However, the use of the fireproofing insulation significantly affected the fire performance where the temperature at different times was significantly lower for the insulated columns compared to the uninsulated columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the convergence of a mixed finite element formulation in 3D for a nonlinear eddy current problem encountered in the modelling of Type II superconductors. The eddy current problem models the magnetic field in a material with a power law magnetic resistivity which makes it an analogue of the p-Laplacian. Yet in contrast to the p-Laplacian, the resulting time-transient degenerate parabolic problem includes a divergence constraint and requires non-conforming elements. Numerical discretizations of this problem, sometimes referred to as the p-curl, have been studied by many, but the well-posedness of mixed formulations has only been established in 2D by Prigozhin and Barrett. This research extends earlier work of Farhloul on the p-Laplacian and discusses well-posedness both for the continuous and the discrete formulation using first-order Nédélec elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a slat chain conveyor for the transport of rock materials in very severe abrasive conditions. An actual case from practice is discussed and analysed. To clarify the fatigue damage of the chain link material, the finite element method (FEM) is applied. For the experimentally recorded cycle of chain loading, numerical analysis has been performed and data for the damage of the link material are presented. Fatigue analysis is performed by ANSYS nCode DesignLife under different loading cases. FEM results show, that the fatigue crack of the link starts from region with high values of the stresses, established by experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf springs are utilized in vehicle suspension systems, these springs assist to support the complete weight and it offers comfort to passengers and language by minimizing the vertical vibration because of road. Leaf spring was invented by "Obadiah Elliott" leaf spring consists of two ends they are known as eye ends. With the help of these eye ends the leaf spring is attached to the body of vehicle. In this paper we have taken parameters from Mahindra commander 650 Di jeep and we have done comparison of a multi-leaf spring with EN45 steel material and Structural steel material. The 3-D design of multi leaf spring is performed in CREO Parametric after that we imported the design into ANSYS Work bench. We have performed the Structural analysis and Fatigue and Harmonic Response in ANSYS work bench. When we apply the P1 load(9000N) on EN45 Steel the results are the maximum deformation was 4664.2 and maximum Stress was 1.0741 and maximum Strain was 0.49166 and FatigueLife was 1e^6 and Safety Factor was 15 Max and Harmonic Response was 6.0252e^-2. When we applied P1 load(9000N) on Structural Steel the results are as follows the maximum deformation was 7304 and maximum Stress was 1.0815 and maximum Strain was 0.77387 and Fatigue Life was 1e^6 and Safety Factor was 15 Max and Harmonic Response was 6.1457e^-2. When we apply the P2 load on EN45 Steel the results are the maximum deformation was 3627.7 and maximum Stress was 1.0111 and maximum Strain was 0.3824 and Fatigue Life was 1e^6 and Safety Factor was 15 Max and Harmonic Response was 4.6853e^-3. When we applied P2 load on Structural Steel the results are as follows the maximum deformation was 5680.9 and maximum Stress was 1.0181 and maximum Strain was 0.06019 and FatigueLife was 1e^6 and Safety Factor was 15 Max and Harmonic Response was 4.78e^-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A finite element analysis on crash box of an automotive bumper system is presented in the paper to investigate the energy absorption of the component with and without foam-filled steel sheet metal tubes of different thicknesses for crashing or low-velocity impact analysis. The energy absorption capacity of the crash box for crashing is evaluated for different design changes of the foams-tube structure and compared the results without foam. By changing the different foam materials, various designs are proposed and simulated for maximum energy absorption. Altair Hyperworks is used for preprocessing and post-processing and Radios solver is used to run the analysis. A reasonable agreement is obtained in the results of the analytical and numerical methods. The results indicate that the energy absorption of a foam-filled crash box structure is superior to the crash box without foam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric insulators are among the most crucial components in a power transmission system. The electric field (EF) distribution and voltage on the insulators' surface affect the insulators' performance and service life. Several experimental and numerical methods for calculating and studying the EF. This paper utilized corona rings at both ends to minimize the value of the EF and improve potential distribution along the surface of the 765-kilo Volt polymer insulator-based two-dimensional finite element method (FEM). At first, the mathematical relationship linking the EF to the parameters of the corona rings (corona ring radius, ring tube thickness, and vertical location of the ring) was established to calculate the EF strength and influence of the corona ring parameters. Then, optimization techniques within the COMSOL Multiphysics are utilized to optimize the position and diameters of the corona rings and lower the EF at the insulator's surface. According to the results, the optimization procedures utilizing the Nelder-Mead technique reduced the high value of the EF by 70% compared to the EF value with the original corona rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will focus on the analysis and calculation of the Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) for a 10 MWt HTGR reactor that had been studied in previous research before. It got some data like the thickness of the reactor pressure vessel on the upper– bottom and the stress of the material structure, but there is no data on how to get it. This research will use other methods like Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and ASME code for safety standards. The maximum stress on the geometry exceeded the allowable stress, but the average was still below the allowable stress. These phenomena are due to the surface of the reactor pressure vessel given a load simulation like pressure and temperature on the support lug will be restrained so that the stress will be more significant. Therefore, it needs to modify to get below the allowable stress. The modification of the RPV support lug should refer to some type of reactor. After it, the stress shows the support lug is closer to the safety standard of ASME code section III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an equivalent dynamic modeling method of honeycomb sandwich structure is presented. An equivalent model is proposed depending on three equivalent dynamic methodologies for honeycomb panel modeling, a method depending on server panel theory, a method depending on Hoff's theory (1948), and Gibson's method. The dynamic analysis is performed based on finite element models, which are compared with the three developed methods and the empirical test presented in the previous model analysis. The optimal method for dynamic were echometric modeling of honeycomb-shaped buffer plates was verified. Hence, the differences in the results are promising because the proposed models are compatible with the theoretical analysis and the experimental structure used in the previous research. The dynamic results showed that the geometric variables and material properties have significant effects on the dynamic behavior of the honeycomb panel, which proved the validity of the equivalent method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite material combines two or more materials into one combined material to get the desired characteristics of each material. Functionally Graded Material (FGM) is a type of composite material that combines two materials in the form of gradation of materials that is being developed as an alternative to the conventional composite material. To support this material, numerical simulation by the Finite Element Method (FEM) is very interesting. In this paper, the Discrete Shear Beam Element (DSB) element is used to evaluate the effect of the shear correction factor in FGM beam structures. In much of the literature, the shear correction factor is assumed to be constant. This assumption is correct for isotropic structures, but in FGM structures, this factor is not constant. A simply supported beam with various boundary conditions and thickness length ratio is evaluated to understand the effect of this factor. The results show that by using the true shear correction factor, the results will be close to the reference solution. Moreover, for the FGM beam with the significant ratio of modulus elasticity, the use of the true shear correction factor is a must to get a solution as close as possible to the reference solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivator is a tractor operated cultivating tool that plough the land by using shovels. In a cultivator shovels are the main critical parts that are used to make the land. Shovels interact with land in such a way that, they are subjected to impact and high friction that causes wear. Hence, it is important to design and optimize the shovel so that its durability is improved. The depth of theshovel depends on the geometry of the blade. This paper presents the use of CREO in designing and optimizing of shovel on the basis of finite element method. The working in present work was done based on geometric parameters such as angle with horizontal axis, tip length, width and radius of the shovel. The results reveals that shovel depth can be increased by increase in the tip length, angle with horizontal axis, radius of shovel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper aims to provide a detailed analysis of the effect of different cutting speeds in the face milling of AISI 1045 steel using coated tool. Simulations would aid in solving problems associated with experiments, leading to reduced costs and risks. DEFORM 3D is a commercially used simulation software capable of implementing machining simulations using the theory of finite element modelling. A conventional DEFORM 3D milling model has been prepared for the analysis of cutting forces and chip formation and the simulation has been carried out for two conditions. The temperature and force parameters were analyzed after carrying out the experiment and simulation under the influence of different machining and environmental conditions. The results of the simulation revealed that the predicted values of FEA possess good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical optimization technique in tribo-contacts is becoming crucial area of investigation during the last few years. This article illustrates the use of genetic algorithm optimization technique in textured hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system. In this paper, the texture surface parameters are optimized by multi-objective genetic algorithm to developed modified Reynolds equation. The modified Reynolds equation has been solved by finite element model for obtaining the bearing performance parameters. The static and dynamic performance parameters of hole-entry hybrid journal bearing have been simulated for non-textured, textured without GA and textured with GA surfaces. Based on the simulated results, the study indicates that the textured hole-entry journal bearing with genetic algorithm technique significantly enhanced the bearing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerical study presents the effect of heat generation and chemical reaction on the problem of magnetohydrodynamics mixed convective flow of power-law nanofluid using Buongiorno's model. Adiabatic non-conducting solid square block is located at the center of the cavity and both vertical walls are moving with uniform velocity. The governing dimensional equations in vector form are transformed into non-dimensional form. Then, the dimensionless equations are solved numerically by finite element method (FEM) using automated solution technique which is FEniCS. The effects of different parameters such as Richardson number, power-law index, magnetic field, heat generation/absorption, chemical reaction and size of square block on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are performed and discussed in this paper. It is found that rising both Richardson number and power-law index lead to increase the velocity and temperature profiles (right side of cavity). Besides, rising both magnetic parameter and size of square block lead to decrease the velocity and temperature profiles (right side of cavity). Adding the heat generation/absorption parameter has increased the temperature profile. In addition, increasing chemical reaction parameter has reduced the concentration profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a nonlinear 3D model analysis of composite steel-concrete beams with web openings using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The core of the study forms the fundamental procedure of finite element (FE) model building focused on the behavior and structural performance of concrete. Results from various finite element models are compared in the study. The study objective is to define different constitutive models and observe their influence on the structural performance of numerical models of the composite beams at particular load stages. The corresponding deformations, stresses, strains, and fracture patterns were determined. The results show how load-bearing elements consisting of concrete parts can be analyzed using FEM software with various options in order to create the most suitable numerical model. The paper demonstrates the versatility of ANSYS software usage for structural simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, some features confronted in finite element analysis of combined clinching and pull-force testing process for process optimal design are investigated to suggest an engineering approach to solve the problems occurring in conducting finite element analysis and clinching process optimal design. An optimized finite element analysis model with appropriate blank size and number of finite elements, based on elasto-plasticity, is proposed in terms of reliable prediction of pull-force. The optimized finite element mesh system in terms of good mesh regularity at the material-die interface is emphasized to obtain steady predictions of pull-force for clinching process design optimization. Rigid-plastic finite element method is criticized from the standpoint of pull-force prediction while implicit elasto-plastic finite element analysis is strongly recommended especially for clinching process design optimization. An optimal process design is conducted using the proposed schemes. The engineering insights obtained from this paper can help gain a better understanding of the deformation history and can pave the way for a more realistic optimal process design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spring clip are widely used in modern rail fastening systems. Cyclically varying stress appear in the spring clip when the railway vehicle passes. This leads to fatigue cracks in the spring clip and their subsequent destruction. Thus, increasing the fatigue strength of spring clips is an urgent task in the development of railway transport. The paper considers a spring clip in the fastening of a rail with reinforced concrete sleepers (fastening ZhBR-65). The finite element modeling of the loading process of the ZhBR-65 spring clip has been carried out. The maximum stress intensity σi was 411 MPa. A new design of a spring clip has been developed, in which the arc sleeper sections (adjacent to the sleepers) are made with a barrel-shaped cross-section. The safety factor of the resulting structure is 1.22 times higher than that of the standard ZhBR-65 spring clip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the resolution of digital images increases significantly, the process of images becomes more challenging in terms of accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, we consider image segmentation by solving a partial differential equation (PDE) model based on the Mumford-Shah functional. We develop a new algorithm by combining anisotropic mesh adaptation for image representation and finite element method for solving the PDE model. Compared to traditional algorithms solved by the finite difference method, our algorithm provides more efficient results without the need to downsample the image to a lower resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses numerical simulation to examine how coil turns affect the parameters (characteristics) of argon discharges in a 2D axisymmetric inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch operating at 0.02 torr pressure. In this paper we us different number of coils turns (3-6) and a steady power 1500 w. Inductively coupled plasma is a type of radio frequency discharge (RF discharge) In order to optimize the ICP torch, this study develops a mathematical model of balanced discharge by COMSOL using finite element method (FEM) and investigates the number of coil turns' effect on plasma torch characteristics. In this simulation, argon gas was used and a radio frequency of 13.56 x 106Hz on the ICP chamber. The goal of this work is to get a better understanding of the effect of coil on the ICP parameters (number of electron density, electron temperature, number of ion density, number of excited argon density) in a ICP chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel coupling beam is a substantial member in hybrid coupled walls system that greatly enhance the strength and the energy dissipation capacity of the system compared to coupled walls linked by convention reinforced coupling beams and diagonally reinforced coupling beams. To enhance these characteristics even more, a corrugated web may be used instead of the traditional flat web. This paper presents a numerical analysis using finite elements software (ABAQUS) to investigate the nonlinear behavior of both types of steel coupling beams (with flat web and with corrugated web). The effect of initial imperfection on the nonlinear behavior of steel coupling beams was taken into account. The results were compared with the available experimental data of steel coupling beams with the flat web. Good agreement was noticed between the experimental and the numerical results. Among the conclusions drawn in this study is that using a corrugated web as an alternative to a flat web may increase both the strength and the energy dissipation of the steel coupling beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important main characteristics of wireless transmission system transformers (WPT) are coupling coefficient, self-inductance, and mutual inductance, which directly affect the efficiency of the system. Due to the unique and complex nature of transformers, a finite element method (FEM) calculation was used to determine these parameters using the Ansys Maxwell software. This paper introduces and discusses the characteristics and shapes of pads with emphasis on round pads, and the effect of ferrite quantity on the coupling modulus. The system results showed that the coupling coefficient is significantly affected by increasing the amount of ferrite and lesser by changing the shape of the ferrite. Also proved that it is affected by increasing the amount of overlapping space for the files by changing the shapes of the files to flat, concave and convex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) plays an important role in industrial applications thanks to its hardness, durability, and ease of design. With all these advantage researches are still being conducted to improve the performance of the induction motor because it suffers from problems such as low power factor as well as ripple torque and low efficiency. the main objective of this paper is to discuss the increasing of the starting torque and decreasing the ripple torque as well as increasing the efficiency of the squirrel cage induction motor based on specific methodologies carried out on the rotor bar by changing its position in the horizontal and vertical direction as well as implementing the skewing effect on rotor bar and analyzing the impact of each of these changes on the performance and efficiency by using finite element method (FEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of testing popular composite materials used for FDM printing. The copolymers used for the analysis were acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polylactide (PLA). A 3D printer placed in a transparent chamber equipped with electronic probes to record the temperature within the print head, work table, and volume was used to prepare the prints. The 3D model for the study was designed in Autodesk's Inventor software and a preliminary dynamic simulation of uniaxial tension was performed using the finite element method (FEM). The simulation was used to predict von Mises stresses and strains in the test specimens. The specimens were subjected to static tensile testing on a testing machine and the simulation results were compared with the results of laboratory tests of the printed parts. The research aimed to obtain information on the mechanical properties of selected composite materials intended for use in the construction of components of laboratory bioreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibious aircraft are needed in many areas in Indonesia that are difficult to reach by air transportation. With this amphibious aircraft, an amphiport is needed for aircraft to land on water. This amphiport requires a lower cost when compared to airport infrastructure. Due to the different landing sites, the load response that occurs on the seaplane structure at the time of landing will be different. In this paper, we will try to predict the pressure that occurs on the surface of the float when the aircraft lands on the water. The prediction is carried out by numerical simulation using software. Numerical simulations were carried out with several variations of angle of attack and several heeling conditions, namely 0, 5, and 10 degrees for trim by bow and trim by stern and 0, 5, 10, and 18 degrees for heeling conditions. This modeling has been verified by sensitivity meshing analysis. From the results of this study, it is obtained that the greater the angle of trim, the greater the maximum pressure that occurs on the surface of the float. Likewise with the heeling condition, the greater the angle of heeling, the greater the maximum pressure that occurs on the surface of the float. A structural assessment using the Finite Element Method (FEM) is recommended to determine whether the float structures are strong enough. The load or pressure obtained from the above research will be applied to the FEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existence of defects (such as cracks, pores, inclusions etc.) in steel structures is nearly unavoidable and therefore, investigations on their behaviour and the structural integrity of the structure are necessary. Additionally, it is observed that such defects can interact with corrosion pits, which are important consequences of the other phenomenon related to steel structures. Therefore, this paper is devoted to a study on the influence of the corrosion pit on fatigue crack propagation under mixed-mode I/II loading conditions. A rectangular bar subjected to remote tensile loading is modelled numerically by means of the finite element method and principles of the linear elastic fracture mechanics are applied. Several conclusions are stated on the effect of individual parameters varied within the study on the crack propagation. More extensive studies are intended in the field of crack deflection etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]