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The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of three protein source leaves, i.e., cassava (M. esculanta), leucaena (L. leucocephala), and indigofera (I. zollingeriana) in terms of in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Rumen fluid as a source of microbial inoculum was collected five times from each of two sheeps (a total of 10 sheeps were used). The experimental design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments and five replicates (groups). The treatments used were the leaves of cassava (P1, CP 23%), leucaena (P2, CP 25.86%), indigofera (P3, CP 27.76%) and concentrate (P4 as control, CP 16.42%), and the grouping was based on the time of rumen fluid taken. The results showed that the provision of leaves of different protein sources had a significant effect (P<0.05) on ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) with the highest value shown in treatment P3 and the values decreased in P1, P2 and P4 treatments. However, the concentration of acetate showed the higher value (P<0.05) in the P2 treatment and the lower in the P4, while the higher value (P<0.05) for propionat was in the P4 treatment and the lower in the P3. Methane emission showed the higher value (P<0.05) in treatment P2 and the lower in P4. There was no significant effect on rumen pH and microbial protein synthesis. It could be concluded that protein source leaves provide better rumen fermentation profiles than that of concentrate diet, and Indigofera zollingeriana leaf was the best among the three leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cowpea is an important legume crop that grows throughout the world, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, and has a high potential for food and nutritional security. The study aims to identify the performance and the relationship between agronomic traits, and the superior character of Indonesian cowpea varieties using Genotype by Yield Trait (GYT) biplot analysis. This research used 75 Indonesian cowpea local varieties collected from the exploration study from 2017 to 2018. The evaluation of the 25 agronomic traits of the cowpea local varieties was conducted from March to July 2019. The research was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for agronomic traits revealed that there was a significant difference between cowpea local varieties in almost all traits, except for the number of flower buds per raceme and the number of buds per node. Cowpea seed yield was strongly influenced by seed thickness, number of pods, 100 seed weight, pod width, and number of racemes/plant. The GYT biplot analysis successfully identified the VU50 and VU38 as the best yield-trait combinations for number of pods/plant*seed yield and number of racemes per plant*seed yield, and the VU36 as the best for pod width*seed yield, seed thickness*seed yield, and seed size*seed yield. These genotypes could be used for genetic improvement in the cowpea breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power quality of distributed power generation systems is a growing, challenging, and fascinating field in modern times. Power quality refers to assessing and maintaining optimal power quality during generation, transmission, and distribution. The power quality gets degraded due to voltage sag/swell, flickers, voltage spikes, harmonic distortions, etc. These issues are usually caused by non-linear loads in welding machines, arc furnaces, and other heavy types of machinery. In the present study, the Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) helped in compensating the harmonics and the reactive power demanded by the non-linear loads. The reference current for D-STATCOM is derived using the Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRFT). The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) percentage is calculated by designing the simulation block diagrams in the Matlab/Simulink. As a result, the source's power factor (PF) is improved, and the Total Harmonic Distortion in the source currents is analyzed as 4.76%, its considered satisfactory as per the IEEE-519 standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted in Babylon, Iraq to improve mungbean yield by spraying three levels of each amino acids (control, 4 and 8 ml L−1) and potassium silicate (control, 5 and 10 ml L−1) in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Two times of spraying was done (at 30 and 45 days after planting). The results showed that spraying of amino acids at 8 ml L-1 increased plant pods number (23.05 pods), pod seed number (6.50), 500 seeds weight (19.2 g), and seed yield (954 kg ha-1), significantly. Spraying of potassium silicate at the level of 10 ml l−1 caused a significant increase in plant pods number (22.04) and seed yield (853.6 kg ha−1). The factors caused a significant interaction effect and spraying 8 mg l−1 amino acids +10 ml l−1 of potassium silicate achieved the highest plant pods number (23.48), pod seed number (6.68), 500 seeds weight (19.3 g), and seed yield (1005.0 kg ha−1) significantly compared to control treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The one problem faced in mung bean cultivation is the attack of Maruca testulalis which can reduce productivity. The aim of this research was to assess the resistance of mung bean genotypes against M. testulalis. Three replicates of the experiment were run using a randomized block design in the ILETRI screen house. 27 different genotypes in all were treated. The planting dates were planned to coincide with the genotypes' flowering dates. Each plant received a two-day infestation of a pair of adult M. testulalis on the flowering date. The outcome demonstrated that seed weight and seed damage intensity were strongly impacted by genotype differences. Damage levels for the pod and seed were, respectively, 2.9-38.5% and 0.7-13.9%. The lowest was found on MMC 672-3c-Gt-1/Vima 2-42 and the highest was found on Vima 1. Based on the choice method, there were found five genotypes (MMC672-3c-Gt-1/Sampeong-2, MMC672-3c-Gt-1/Sampeong-4, MMC672-3c-Gt-1/Vima 2-42, MLG 1065/Vima 2-50, and Nuri) categorized as resistant against M. testulalis. This resistance was non-preference for oviposit and feeding. These four genotypes could be used as gen source for resistant to M. testulalis in the next mung bean breeding program as well as considered to be released as resistant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In reinforced concrete (RC) design, hollow concrete blocks (HCBs) are gaining popularity. This abstract covers the advantages, structural features, design concerns, and building methods of HCBs in RC design. Hollow-core precast concrete blocks (HCBs) are lighter, more thermally insulated, more fire-resistant than solid concrete blocks. RC structural applications benefit from HCBs' unique properties. HCBs in RC design increase load-bearing capacity, dead load reduction, seismic performance, and energy efficiency. HCB hollow cores insulate walls, saving energy and improving occupant comfort. Hollow cores simplify construction and save material and labour costs by running electrical and plumbing utilities. HCBs' compressive, tensile, and shear strengths are assessed for RC design. HCB design issues include block size, reinforcing details, and grouting. RC design HCB building methods are also examined. Installation, mortar selection, and hollow core reinforcement are included. The abstract stresses quality management throughout construction to maintain the structural integrity and endurance of HCB-based RC constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main obstacle in dragon fruit cultivation in Indonesia and abroad is stem canker caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum. So far, no adequate control techniques have been found against this pathogen. The most effective and efficient control of plant diseases is resistant clones/varieties. This study aims to determine the resistance of clones/types of dragon fruit Hylocereus costaricensis 01 against stem canker. The study was conducted in disease-endemic areas in Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra, from July 2016 to March 2018. The experiment was arranged in paired blocks design with five replicates and a susceptible clone, H. polyrhizus as the control plant. The percentage of the disease attack and disease severity index were measured every two weeks. The results showed that dragon fruit clone H. costaricensis 01 had high resistance to stem canker. At six months, the percentage of the disease attack and disease severity index in the test plants were 7.81±1.99% and 0.08±0.13 and were significantly different from the control plant with a value of 98.44%±1.99 and 2.23±0.39. Resistance of H. costaricensis 01 to stem canker remained stable when the plant was 20 months old, with the percentage of the disease attack and disease severity index was 6.25% and 0.07±0.13, while the control plant was 100% and 2.48±0.57. The clone of H. costaricensis 01 has high resistance to the pathogen N. dimidiatum. However, the fruit size is small and requires assistance in pollination, so these clones can be used as parents in crosses to produce stem cancer-resistant plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the ability of inbred lines to form cross combinations and its contribution to significantly increase yield is the main objective of performing diallel analysis. The heterotic effect caused by different genetic backgrounds and distant genetic relationships is what makes single cross-hybrid varieties possess higher grain outcomes relative to open-pollinated varieties. The research was conducted to study agro-morphological and yield performances of waxy corn lines derived from Indonesian cultivar, which was set in partial diallel Griffing's method 2 consisting of 10 inbred parent lines. The total genotypes evaluated were 45 single crosses and 10 parent lines, arranged in complete block design with two replications of 1 row in 5 m per plot. Results of the study obtained significant diversity of grain yield and morphological traits, indicating a high genetic difference in parent lines used. Heterosis in grain yield of single cross due to Specific Combining Ability ((SCA) was highest in P2/P10 at 1.44 and heterosis percentage at 152.93%. In line with the highest grain yield obtained from single cross P2/P10 at 5.63 t/ha followed by P7/P8 at 5.34 t/ha. Specific Combining Ability significantly caused the heterosis percentage to rise up to 198.34% at its highest, compared to the parental yield average. Even though General Combining Ability (GCA) was not able to find significant values of 10 parental lines. Hybrid performances will be used to determine potential single cross for further grain yield evaluation, and a selection of parent lines for further breeding objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean cultivar with high pod-shatter resistance and good agronomic performances is essential for reducing yield loss in soybeans. The research aimed to evaluate the pod-shattering resistance and agronomic performance of soybean genotypes in the dry season. The experimental research was conducted in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia, from March to June 2019. The experiment used 150 genotypes and laid in a randomized block design with three replicates. Three sample plants were randomly taken after the R8 phase, and thirty pods were randomly taken for shattering evaluation using the sun-drying method. The result showed that the dry environment exacerbated the increase in pod shattering in soybeans climate. The screening for pod-shattering using the sun-drying method on the first day showed that 17 genotypes were resistant to pod-shattering, and 46 were resistant. The third day of sun drying revealed no very resistant genotype. On the fourth day of screening, it obtained six resistant genotypes (Anjas/IAC 100-1-183, Grobogan/G100H-8-342, Mahameru/IAC100-3-427, Mahameru/IAC100-3-937, G100H/Anjasmoro-3-181, and Mahameru/IAC100-2-426). Harvesting could be delayed by 4-5 days for resistant or very resistant genotypes in the dry season or dry climate environment. The number of nodes, number of branches, and number of filled pods were all significantly positively correlated with seed yield. The plant height has a significant positive correlation with the number of nodes and the number of filled pods. The GYT-biplot indicates two genotypes with the best performance for YLD*PS (Mahameru/IAC100-2-426 and Mahameru/IAC100-3-427). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly known that agronomic traits and their impact on yields in Indonesian inbred rice correlate, but research has yet to be done in this area. Therefore, utilizing Indonesian inbred rice for irrigated (Inpari) and highland (Inpago) locations, a study was conducted to ascertain the link between agronomic features and their direct and indirect effects on grain yields. As research materials, six new superior inbred rice varieties (Inpari 7, Inpari 10, Inpari 11, Inpari 19, Inpago 5, and Inpago 8) as well as one well-known vintage variety, Ciherang, were used. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The evaluation's results indicate that Inpari 19 had the highest grain production, reaching a maximum of 7.20 t/ha. Inpari 7, Inpari 10, Inpago 8, Inpari 11, Inpago 5, and Ciherang, on the other hand, had grain yields of 5.50 t/ha, 5.16 t/ha, 4.90 t/ha, 4.47 t/ha, and 4.64 t/ha, respectively. The correlation study showed a significant and positive relationship between the inbred rice grain yield and the agronomic parameters (number of whole grains, weight of 1000 seeds, and panicle length). The most significant direct influence was the proportion of whole grains per panicle. Additionally, it indirectly altered the length, weight, and quantity of panicles in a clump or panicle. Furthermore, the 1000 seeds' weight and panicle length indirectly affected the number of whole grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high potency of palm kernel cake (PKC) utilization for poultry diets is still constrained by high lignin and structural fiber content. The research aimed to evaluate PKC's physical and chemical properties after its shell separation by screening and blowing technology. The treatment was arranged on a factorial randomized block design (3x2x3) with five block days. The first factor was screen diameter size (16 mesh, 30 mesh and 50 mesh), the second factor was blower speed (862-1053 rpm and 1020-1246 rpm), and the third factor was fall distance (0-0.5m, 0.51-1m and >1m). Data from physical properties were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tested further using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT), while data from chemical properties were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Physical properties' data from the control (un-screening), screening technology and a combination of screening and blowing technology were compared by independent Samples T-Test analysis. The result showed that the interaction between screen diameter size and fall distance significantly (P<0.05) affected the physical properties of PKC, except for specific gravity. Screening technology and a combination of screening and blowing technology significantly (P<0.01) affected the physical properties of PKC compared to the control. Shell separation of PKC by screening and blowing technology reduced dry matter and crude fiber content and had no negative effect on gross energy content. It is concluded that combining screening and blowing technology reduced shell contain PKC and could decrease crude fibre content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus niruri L. is one of the wild species originated-medicinal plant. It is widely used for various purposes, such as immunostimulant, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-HIV, anti-lithic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-hepatitis B. One of its significant phytochemicals contents is a flavonoid. Cultivation method, harvesting time, and flavonoid extraction time were estimated to have different responses on P. niruri L. flavonoid content. Therefore, this research was carried out to investigate the effect of cultivation, harvesting time, and extraction time on total flavonoid content by colorimetric method using AlCl3 reagent and to obtain the optimum harvesting time and extraction time for the highest total flavonoid content of P. niruri L. The experiment was conducted at South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia, and designed in 3 factors of completely randomized block design with four replications. The first factor was cultivation type (seeding on an organic tray, seeding on a plastic tray, direct seeding on the field with mulch, and direct seeding on the field without mulch). The second factor was harvesting time (7, 8, and 9 Weeks After Planting-WAP), and the third factor was P. niruri L. methanol extracted time (1 hour, one week, two weeks, three weeks, and four weeks). The results showed that the cultivation, harvesting, and extraction time significantly affected the total flavonoid content. No significant interaction was revealed in this experiment. The highest flavonoid content was shown by direct seeding on the field with mulch, harvesting time at 8 WAP, and two weeks flavonoid extraction period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arugula (Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa) is a leaf vegetable plant from the Brassicaceae family. The high calcium content in Arugula tissue made it one of the recommended sources of nutrients. However, the dynamics of tissue formation and calcium content in Arugula plants depend on the cultivation practices. To intensify Arugula cultivation, hydroponic techniques can be an option. Plant inputs according to the need is beneficial for nutritional efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CaCl2 application on the growth and yield of Arugula plants in a static hydroponic system. The research was conducted between April – July 2021 at Jakarta AIAT greenhouse. Five levels of CaCl2 application, namely:1) 0 ppm as control, 2) 350 ppm, 3) 450 ppm, 4) 550 ppm, and 5) 650 ppm, were tested in a completely randomized block design with 5 replications. AB Mix 750 ppm solution was given as the essential treatment in this study. The results showed that the CaCl2 application was not affected significantly either on plant height or wet weight. AB Mix solutions application without the addition of CaCl2 was sufficient to increase plant height, number of leaves, total weight, as well as root weight. In conclusion, the CaCl2 application did not improve the Arugula's growth and yield. However, application of 450 ppm CaCl2 gave the lowest risk of crop failure (5%) compared to other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofertilizers can increase the growth and yield of potatoes. However, each cultivar's response to biofertilizers' application varies greatly. This study aimed to examine the response of cultivars to the application of biofertilizers. The study was conducted at the plastic house of Cikole Village, Lembang District, West Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia from September 2020 to January 2021. The study used a randomized block design with two treatment factors and three replications. The first treatment factor was processed potato cultivars, namely Papita Agrihorti, Spudy Agrihorti, AR 08 Agrihorti, and Medians. The second factor was five types of biofertilizers: Trichoderma, Gliocompost, and Mycorrhizae, a single treatment of each biofertilizer, and control. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and if there was a significant difference, continued with Duncan's and correlation test. The results showed that the cultivar treatment had a significant effect, while the biofertilizer treatment had no significant effect on plant height and tuber weight per plant. The best cultivar treatment for plant height and tuber weight per plant was Papita Agrihorti. The types of biofertilizer on four potato cultivars gave various effects on the yield components of the number of small, medium, and large tubers, the total number of tubers per plant, and tuber weight per plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good land preparation can be in the form of a combination of Trichoderma sp. and mulch. This study aimed to determine the effect of Trichoderma sp. and the application of mulch on potato yields. This research was conducted from October to December 2021 in Sindang Jaya village, Cipanas subdistrict, Cianjur Regency, West Java. The study used a randomized block design with two factorial treatments and four replications. The first factor was the application of local and commercial Trichoderma products in the planting holes and the beds. The second factor was mulch and no mulch. Mulch application was divided into two treatments, planting immediately after mulch installation and two weeks after. The parameters were analyzed by F-test followed by an orthogonal contrast test at a 95% confidence level. The results showed no interaction effect between Trichoderma sp. and mulch on potato growth and yield parameters. The use of mulch either immediately planted or after two weeks of installation increased the yield per hectare. Direct planting could increase the total tubers and the number of medium tubers compared to planting two weeks later. Treatment without Trichoderma had a higher yield than the treatment with Trichoderma, but it also had a high percentage of rot. Spraying Trichoderma onto the beds had a higher weight per tuber than planting holes. Local Trichoderma products had a higher number of small and total tubers than commercial Trichoderma products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the productivity of rainfed lands can be done through increase productivity per unit area by arranging cropping patterns. The low productivity and cropping intensity in rainfed land is because water sources only depend on rainfall. The purpose of this study was to increase land productivity and cropping index in rainfed land. The research was carried out in Sambas Regency, Tangaran District, West Kalimantan from March to December 2019. The research was carried out on each commodity (maize, soybeans, and mung bean) with intercropping and monoculture cropping patterns. The experimental design used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) repeated 5 times in the area of each plot (500 m2). The results showed that the intercropping patterns between Bima maize and Grobogan soybean Variety were more profitable than other monoculture cultivation with the highest Land Equality Ratio (LER), which is 3.37 which have the greatest revenue compared to other treatments, namely 17.596.200, - (IDR) with the results of the R/C ratio analysis of 4.73. Planting of maize and soybeans with the intercropping pattern can increase the cropping index from 100% to 200% and the potential to be 250-300% if the farmers can do the planting according to the right planting calendar with observing water availability in rainfed lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic is an important commodity because it is needed as a cooking spice and industrial ingredient, garlic is an ancient functional food and herbal medicine. Almost 90% of the national requirement is imported. An effort to increase its production has been made in recent years. Temanggung Regency has local varieties of garlic, namely Geol, that need to be tested for growth ability, production, and quality. The planting season in this area is mostly in the rainy season, starting from November-December every year, resulting in lower productivity. For that reason, an experiment was conducted started in July 2021 where the farmers mostly planted tobacco. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and production of Geol compared to the commonly planted varieties in Temanggung. The research was conducted for five months in Petarangan village, Kledung sub-district, Temanggung district, Central Java. The design used was a randomized block design with four varieties and four replications. The varieties observed were Lumbu Hijau, Lumbu Kuning, Tawangmangu Baru, and the local variety Geol. The plant growth, production, and product quality were observed. The result showed that the local variety Geol had a higher dry yield per hectare (7.39 tons) than Tawangmangu Baru (6.17 tons) and Lumbu Kuning (6.67 tons). Generally, it showed that Geol had the same production capability as other varieties, but it has larger cloves size, is faster harvested, and is preferred by consumers (farmers, traders, and housewives). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilizers as a source of plant nutrition can be supplied in the form of single or compound fertilizers. Ammonium phosphate fertilizer is a compound fertilizer containing the main nutrients nitrogen and phosphate, also sulfur as an additional nutrient in some of its products. This research which aimed to determine the effectiveness of Ammonium phosphate fertilizer on the growth and yield of maize was carried out in Pasar VI Village, Sei Bingai Sub-district, Langkat District, North Sumatra, from June to November 2020. The research was arranged in a non-factorial randomized block design with 7 treatments which were repeated 4 times. The treatments were Control, Standard (200 kg Urea+200 kg SP-36+100 kg KCl), AP ½ (100 kg Ammonium phosphate+100 kg Urea+50 kg SP-36+100 kg KCl), AP 1 (200 kg Ammonium phosphate+100 kg Urea+50 kg SP-36+100 kg KCl), AP 1¼ (250 kg Ammonium phosphate+100 kg Urea+50 kg SP36+100 kg KCl), AP 1½ (300 kg Ammonium phosphate+100 kg Urea+50 kg SP-36+100 kg KCl) and AP 1 ¾ (350 kg Ammonium phosphate+100 kg Urea+50 kg SP-36+100 kg KCl). The results showed that the application of Ammonium phosphate fertilizer had a significant effect on the height and yield of maize. The maximum height and maize yield were found in AP 1¾ treatment with average values of 213.1 cm and 8.2 tons Ha−1, respectively. The highest relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) value was also found in treatment AP 1¾, while the R/C ratio for AP ½ and AP 1½ treatment gave the same value and was higher than the other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the uses of potatoes in the industrial sector is as a raw material for chips. The chip industry is currently dominated by the use of the Atlantic variety. However, this variety has low tuber production and is susceptible to late blight. Alternative varieties are needed as raw materials for potato chips with high yields as well as resistance or tolerance to late blight. In 2021, a study was conducted to evaluate the superiority of advanced potato clones in terms of yield, resistance to late blight, and suitability for chips. Four advanced clones and three comparison varieties were planted in a farmer field, Garut Regency, in a completely randomized block design with 4 replications. And in parallel, an evaluation of resistance to late blight was also carried out in the greenhouse. The evaluation found that clone BM 17 produced the highest yield (24.04 tons per hectare), was tolerant of late blight and was suitable for chips. This clone has specific characteristics, namely very weak intensity of purple flowers, red eye buds, and yellow tuber flesh. Furthermore, this clone has been registered under the name Matra Agrihorti. For the next step, this variety can be disseminated at the farmer level and used as raw material for chips in small and medium industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucheuma spinosum is one kind of seaweed that is usually cultivated in the sea as a monoculture carrageenan producer. Carrageenan is one of the important seaweed extracts. Carrageenan can be divided into kappa, iota, and lambda carrageenan. Eucheuma spinosum material is processed by extraction into iota carrageenan which is used as an ingredient for making soft capsules. The aim of this research is to compare the quality of carrageenan Eucheuma Spinosum extract harvested from the coast of Maluku. The study was conducted through two different extraction methods: aging and direct precipitation. In aging methods, samples were set for 16 hours before isopropanol precipitation, while in direct precipitation, samples were directly processed. This study used a randomized block design with three repetitions for each treatment. The properties of the final products were determined in terms of yield, viscosity profile, gel strength, and sulfate content. The physical properties were characterized using a rapid visco analyzer and texture analyzer. FTIR analysis was also used to observe the functional groups of the chemical structure between extracts. Samples run on the aging treatment showed an average value of 49.14% yield, viscosity at 83 cp, gel strength at 71.872 gf, and 12.99% of sulfate content. However, samples prepared using the direct precipitation method showed yield at 40.72%, viscosity at 20 cp, gel strength at 60.104 gf, and 13.30% of sulfate content. This study shows that the aging precipitation treatment affects the extract properties, resulting in higher values of viscosity and gel strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of partially pregelatinized starch in tablet formulations is quite extensive, one of them is a disintegrant agent. The sources of starch are also very broad, including cassava which is quite abundant in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using partially pregelatinized starch from cassava as a disintegrant in paracetamol tablets. In this study 7 formulas were used with different disintegrants, 3 formulas using partially pregelatinized starch from cassava with concentrations of F1 5%, F2 10%, and F3 15%, and 3 formulas using Starch 1500 with the same concentration as partially pregelatinized starch from cassava and 1 control formula without disintegrant. The experimental design used was a Randomized Block Design. The tablet is made using a wet granulation method. The tablets produced were tested for physical properties (hardness, disintegration, and dissolution). In addition, the compatibility of partially pregelatinized starch from cassava was carried out and compared with avicel, starch 1500, and cassava starch. The results showed that partially pregelatinized starch from cassava-produced tablets tended to be capping with less hardness than tablets with starch 1500 and control tablets. The compatibility test showed that partially pregelatinized starch from cassava was better than starch 1500 and cassava starch. The disintegration test showed that tablets with partially pregelatinized starch from cassava had faster disintegration than tablets with starch 1500 and control tablets. The dissolution profile of tablets with partially pregelatinized starch from cassava is also better than other formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defects that may occur during the manufacture and/or operation of honeycomb blocks used in the design of space and aircrafts: "deformation of the cell profile" and "dent on the edge of the cells" are discussed in the article. A variant of quality control by using flaw detection based on computer vision and deep learning technologies is considered. A method for detecting defects in a cellblock image using a neural network of U-Net-like architecture is proposed. To improve the quality and increase the accuracy of defect areas localization, an algorithm for post-processing the output data from the neural network is proposed. The neural network with the proposed post-processing algorithm on a dataset of 1500 images and tested on a test set of 500 images was trained. The performance of the proposed solutions was confirmed: the losses on the training and test samples were 0.1570 and 0.1833, and the proportion of correct estimates was 0.9395 and 0.9251, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out during the winter seasons 2019 and 2020, using five genotypes of flax (Sakha1, Sakha 3, Sakha 4, Sakha 5, and Sakha 6), which were entered into a half diallel crossing program, in the research station of the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, within latitude 33.44, longitude 43.39, and height 53 m above sea level, the behavior of these genotypes and their diallel hybrids was evaluated according to the second Griffing method (the first model), with the aim of obtaining one or more single hybrid of flax genotypes (Linum usitatissimum L.), the comparison experiment was applied using the randomized complete block design with three replications to estimate the general and specific combining ability and some genetic parameters as well as the determine the genetic fingerprint of genotypes and their hybrids. The parental genotypes and their diallel hybrids differed significantly in all the studied traits, the hybrids (Sakha 1 x Sakha 6), (Sakha 1 x Sakha 3) and (Sakha 5 x Sakha 6) outperformed and gave a result of (15.92, 14.41 and 14.34 grams) respectively. The results also showed a significant effect of the general and specific combining ability to most of the studied traits, and the ratio of (σ^2 gca/σ^2 sca) was less than one for all the studied traits, the mean degree of dominance is more than the one, and the percentage of heritability in the broad sense was high for all The traits were medium for heritability in the narrow sense for most of the traits except for the trait of seed yield. ISSR markers were used to assess the genetic divergence between 5 flax genotypes and their diallel-hybrids. All eleven primers given 133 bands at a rate of 11.08 bands per primer, the number of divergent segments ranged between 15 for the UBC 835 primer and 9 for the UBC748 and UBC730 primers, with a molecular weight ranging between 350-2200 bp. Total and percentage of differential segments were 110 and 82.70%, respectively. The highest percentage of differentiated fragments was 100% for UBC 852 and UBC 860 primers, depending on binary data, genetic similarity, and the linkage scheme, the genotypes and hybrids were separated into major and minor groups. The analysis of the groups under the comparison ratio between the genotypes and hybrids within the linkage diagram showed that Sakha 5 with 6 Sakha and Sakha 1 with 6 Sakha gave the highest genetic dimension and reached 0.89 and 0.86 respectively, This may be reflected on the hybrids in the field. The results indicated that the ISSR markers were highly efficient in diagnosing the purity and genetic divergence between flax genotypes and their hybrids. Therefore, it is possible to select the components of the result efficiently at the beginning of the second generation and the following generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Hassi District / Fallujah / Anbar Governorate in the season 2020-2021. study the impact of nano potassium (Nano-K) and Cytokinen (CK) on yield of the local type of fava beans. The split system was used as per a fully randomized block design, R.C.B.D, and three replicates. The main blocks included four concentrations of CK; 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg. L−1, while the secondary blocks contained four concentrations of Nano-k; 0, 1, 2, and 3 g L−1. The results of the experiment are as follows: NK concentrations influenced all studied properties. Where the concentration of 2 g/L influenced most of the studied properties, such as the number of pods per plant 25.60 pod. Plant−1, length of pods 70.15 cm, the fertility rate per pod 96.88%, the number of seeds per plant 4.98 seed. Pod−1, weight of 100 corn is 138.56 gm, and the total yield is 12.07 mg.hec−1. CK concentration 100 mg. L−1 significantly influenced most of the studied traits. The number of pods per plant is 24.84 pod. Plant−1, the fertility rate per pod is 96.93%, the weight per 100 seeds is 130.84 gm and the total yield is 12.17 mg.hec−1. The interaction between NK and CK influenced most of the studied traits as 2 gm reacted. L−1 and 100 mg. L−1 (NK x CK) had the highest mean number of pods per plant 36.67 pod. Plant−1, and pods 16.95 cm long, while the 1 g combination achieved L−1 and 100 mg pods. L−1 (NK x CK) has the highest mean fecundity in pods of 97.78% and seed yield of 14.61 mg.hec−1. The combination of 2 g L−1 and 50 mg yielded the highest mean weight of 100 seeds at 148 gm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment is carried out in the horticultural facilities of the Department of Horticulture and Landscapes-College of Agriculture-Tikrit University for the agricultural season 2021 to detect the effect of spraying with salicylic acid at levels (0, 25, 50 mg L−1) and NPK chemical fertilizer at levels (0, 1.5 gm L−1) on the vegetative growth characteristics and some active compounds of Origanum majorana in an experiment designed with a randomized complete block design RCBD. The results show the superiority of plants sprayed with salicylic acid and NPK over untreated plants. The results of the bilateral interaction between salicylic acid and NPK chemical fertilizer show significant differences in the treatment S2F1 (1.5 gm l−1 NPK + 50 mg l−1 salicylic acid) in the vegetative growth characteristics (plant height 72.89 cm plant−1, number of branches 22.01 Plant branch−1, number of leaves 3080.80 leaf−1, leaf area 923.38 cm2 plant−1). The plants treated with salicylic acid and NPK also excelled in the leaves content of the active compounds. The binary interaction between the two factors salicylic acid and NPK chemical fertilizer at the level of S2F1 treatment (1.5 gm l−1 NPK + 50 mg l−1 salicylic acid) has given the highest average content of leaves for the active compounds reaching (Linalool 3.833 mg. gm plant−1, Limonene 3.245 mg.g. plant−1, Carvacrol 8.702 mg.g. plant−1, Terpinoid 38.661 mg.g. plant−1,-pineneα 2.375 mg.g. plant−1). Treatment S1F1 has given (1.5 gm l−1 NPK + 25 mg l−1 salicylic) values close to the superior treatments of terpinoid and α –pinene reaching (38.617 mg. gm plant−1, 2.368 mg. gm plant−1) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The datalink system is required for communication between the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) to the GCS (Ground Control System). In this research, a hairpin BPF (Band Pass Filter) filter will be designed to develop block RF components in the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) datalink system. The filter is designed at specific ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) for frequency of 2.401-2.483GHz according to WiFi application with standard 802.11 b/g/n. The UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) datalink system with this frequency can pass telemetry data and payload data in one frequency channel. NPC H220A substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.18 and a thickness of 1.2 mm was used to design the BPF filter. The filter simulation results show the S11 values ranging from <-18.38 dB to-20dB at a frequency of 2.401GHz – 2.483GHz. Insertion loss values are obtained from <-1.4 dB to 0.76 dB. It is hoped that this filter design can be used for RF system applications on the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) communication datalink that is being developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pea is a plant with many benefits for food, feed, and fertilizer. In Indonesia, pea are widely grown in upland areas because they require optimum growth. In pea cultivation, a disease greatly affects the yield and quality of pea production, namely powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi D.C). The controls commonly used to control that disease are crop rotation and the use of pesticides. The farmer recognizes that pesticide use is not environmentally friendly and bad for health. Therefore, it requires powdery mildew resistant varieties. The initial stage to achieve this goal is to obtain a powdery mildew resistant genotype is with selection. Indonesia has a high diversity of peas and has been cultivated for a long time, possibly segregation and mutation. Resistance screening to obtain resistant varieties in local genotypes Indonesian pea, the aims is to get information on resistance to powdery mildew and obtains resistant genotypes. This research was conducted in a greenhouse, using 95 genotypes pea. This experiment used a randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications. The results obtained at the end of this research were 77 genotypes infected with powdery mildew, and 8 genotypes were not infected by powdery mildew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Absolute value detectors implement a widely used spike-detection algorism called absolute value detection. 4-bit absolute value detectors are extensively used in computer storage and acquiring neural signals. As a basic logic component, there's a rising demand for low energy cost and high working frequency. This paper performed a series of optimizations to the conventional design. A traditional absolute value finder is composed of an absolute value finder using ripple-carry adder and multiplexer, and a comparator. In this paper, both parts are redesigned with static-CMOS logic and transmission gate logic (TGL) to shorten critical path. After the circuit topology is determined, two methods are used to control delay and power consumption: sizing logic gates and adjusting supply voltage. A technique called logic effort is used to derive the delay of critical path. By using a linear programming solver, three sets of parameters are found, in which 38.59-unit delay, 52.75-unit energy cost is a balanced design, with the lowest EDP (Energy delay product). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited information on the melatonin spraying to different sesame varieties and their effect on physiological characteristics. The purpose of this study was to know the physiological performance of several sesame varieties by melatonin's peaceful effect. Split plots were set up using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and three replications were used to conduct the experiment. Melatonin (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L-1) was tested at four different concentrations in the main plots, whereas four sesame seed kinds were tested in the sub-plots (Rafidain, Sumer, Wadaa and Had). Melatonin 30 mg L-1 was shown to be superior in nearly all physiological parameters, according to the findings of this investigation. On the other types, the physiological parameters of the Wadaa variety were greatly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CMOS based devices are almost used in wide range of biomedical applications as it is well known for low power consumption. Flip-flops are considered to be the basic logic block in digital designs and low power implementation of the design is taken into account. A novel low-power single-phase clocking flip-flop design with reduced number of transistors is designed. Th master-slave type logic structure is incorporated in this design and engulfs the additional circuitry logic adopted to reduce the number of transistors. The basic key concept behind the design involves the idea of reducing the logic structure to implement the design with lesser number of transistors to achieve low power consumption. And also, no node has been left unconnected i.e., floating to avoid leakage power. A virtual VDD-design technique is employed to enhance the design by faster time performance. The Flip-flop design is implemented in Cadence Virtuoso platform at three different technologies i.e., 180nm, 90nm and 45nm technologies. In this work, performance of three major flip-flop designs were characterized at all the three technologies. Simulation results were plotted by varying the supply voltage of the design at different technologies and also by sizing of the transistors. Compared with conventional Flip-flop designs, the power consumption is improved by 82.9 % and overall area was reduced approximately up to 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a block diagram and design of a microwave electrotechnological installation with a hybrid-type chamber for microwave processing of biological substrates. The description of the main and auxiliary technological equipment of the installation is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of salacca (Salacca zalacca) seedlings is critical for the development of salacca farming in Indonesia. However, restrictions on the number of sucker or lateral buds would impact seedling supply. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of diesel fuel and Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) on seedling lateral bud growth. From January through October 2018, the study was conducted in Aripan, an experimental site of the Indonesia Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI). The research was conducted using a Randomized Block Design with seven treatments and five replications using the salacca cultivar Madu as the source material. The experiment demonstrated that removing the spear leaf and dropping 0.1 ml diesel fuel into the stem base was the most effective way to stimulate lateral buds for air layering propagation material. This treatment increased the number of suckers and leaves on suckers to 4.24 and 2.42, respectively. This study is beneficial for seedling propagation using air layering during the seedling phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of supplemented by L-Arginine in ration and Treated by L-Arginine in-ovo injection on the hatching performance of native chickens. This study used 60 fertile eggs obtained from hens supplemented by 0% L-Arginine in ration and 60 fertile eggs obtained from hens supplemented by 0.25% L-Arginine in ration. Eggs are arranged by Randomized Block Design with 4 treatments and 3 groups. The treatment consists of P0 (Control=Ration+0% L-Arginine and no L-Arginine injection), P1 (Ration+0% L-Arginine and 2% L-Arginine injection), P2 (Ration+0.25% and without L-Arginine injection), and P3 (Ration+0.25% and injection 2% L-Arginine). The results showed that supplemented by L-Arginine in ration and Treated by L-Arginine in-ovo injection no significant (P>0.05) on the hatching performance of native chickens. We conclude that supplemented by L-Arginine in ration and Treated by L-Arginine in-ovo injection no significant on hatching performance of native chickens although there is a tendency that supplemented of the L-Arginine in ration and Treated by L-Arginine in-ovo injection shows a better trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the independent and interaction effects of soaking time in IBA-based hormone and node number on the growth of pepper cuttings. This research was conducted at the Field Laboratory II of the Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, from September to December 2019. The research design used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors, nine treatment combinations, each was repeated three times. The first factor was soaking time (P), consisting of 3 levels, namely: dip only, without soaking duration (P0), soaking 30 minutes (P1), and soaking 60 minutes (P2), while the second factor was the number of cutting node (H) consisting of 3 levels, namely: one node (H0), two nodes (H1), three nodes (H2). The observed variables were the formation time of shoots (days), shoot length (cm), the number of leaves (strands), the number of roots, and root length (cm). The results of this study indicated that the interaction of duration of immersion and the number of cutting nodes significantly affected the shoot length and root length. There was an independent effect of soaking time treatment on shoot length, root length, and the number of roots, while the independent treatment of the number of cutting nodes affected the shoot formation, leaf number, and shoot length. In general, the soaking time of 60 minutes (P2) and three cutting nodes (H2) gave the best effect on pepper cutting growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at comparing different ways of conducting lesson on two-digits multiplication for primary school students using algorithm and Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach. Qualitative experiment with user observation method had deliberately chosen as the design of the study as the intention is to figure out the impact of treatment while the subjects stay in natural setting of their habitat. There are three third grade classes consist of 61 primary school students in Singaraja, Bali – Indonesia who participated in this study. The participants were experienced different learning method, which are: (1) conventional class with multiplication algorithm followed by area model, (2) RME followed by multiplication algorithm and (3) RME. The data were gathered from students' written work on the literacy test. Afterwards, a descriptive quantitative method was performed to analyze the data. The result showed that the third group in which RME approach was employed gained the best average scores to solve the literacy problems. Meanwhile, the second group in which the RME lesson was followed by multiplication algorithm gained the best average scores in solving routine problems. The study implies that RME approach contributes to the better mathematical literacy skills for young students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One alternative to increase the productivity of shallots in Indonesia is the application of true shallot seed cultivation technology. This study aims to obtain recommendations on the right combination of NPK fertilizer with manure in increasing the growth and yield of true shallot seeds in the highlands of West Sumatra. The study used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with the treatment of six different combinations of NPK fertilizer and manure. The treatments were (A) Control (without NPK and manure), (B) NPK fertilizer, (C) manure, (D) 50% NPK fertilizer + manure, (E) 75% NPK + manure, and (F) 100% NPK + manure. The results showed that the combination treatment of NPK fertilizer and manure on true shallots seed showed a very significant effect on all observed variables, except for the number of leaves per bulb, bulb height, shrinkage of biomass, and shrinkage of the bulb. The application of manure as much as 15 t/ha can reduce the use of NPK fertilizer by up to 25%. The use of 100% NPK fertilizer + manure did not make a significant difference with the use of 75% NPK fertilizer + manure on dry bulb yields, which were 16,415 kg/ha and 14,531 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the results of this study, we recommend that 75% NPK fertilizer + 15 t/ha of manure in the cultivation of true shallot seed in the highlands of West Sumatra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares two options for the design of ventilation blocks for a residential multi-storey building with a warm attic: from small-sized elements and monolithic reinforced concrete to the height of the floor. Aerodynamic design of ventilation blocks for kitchens and bathrooms has been performed. The peculiarity of aerodynamic calculation of buildings with a warm attic is shown. Recommendations for the selection of ventilation blocks for residential buildings of various storeys are given. A criterion has been found that makes it possible to predict the trend in the choice of ventilation blocks for residential buildings with a higher number of storeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hash function may use a block cipher algorithm as its basic structure to improve the efficiency and cost of hardware and software implementation. The SIMON, SPECK, and SIMECK algorithms are a family of lightweight block ciphers designed for implementation on devices with constrained resources. In this paper, we examine the robustness of the Davies-Meyer scheme using the SIMON-32, SPECK-32, and SIMECK-32 algorithms as the basic structure using fixed-point attacks. The result obtained is that the Davies-Meyer scheme based on SIMON, SPECK, and SIMECK algorithms shows the vulnerability to fixed-point attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of the value competition and yield advantages of maize soybean intercropping in dry land is still limited. The study aimed to determine the competitive value and yield of maize soybean intercropping on dry land through the right combination of plant varieties. The study was conducted in Trengguno kidul, Sidorejo, Ponjong, Gunungkidul from March to August 2020. The study was randomized block design with 5 replication, 3 maize varieties (Srikandi Ungu, Pulut Uri 1, Nasa 29), and 2 soybeans varieties (Dega 1 and Biosoy 2), so there are 6 intercropping combinations, and monoculture planting as a comparison. Agronomic observations and data collection were carried out until harvest with the observation of Land Aquivalent Ratio, Competitive Ratio, Relative Crowding Coefficient, Aggressivity, and Actual Yield Loss. The results showed that intercropping of maize and soybeans in the dry land of Gunungkidul was very profitable. Maize is more aggressive and competitive than soybeans so that they contribute profits to the Land Equivalent Ratio, Competitive Ratio, Aggressivity, and Actual Yield Loss. The intercropping of Srikandi ungu and Biosoy 2 yielded the highest of total Land Equivalent Ratio and a total of Actual Yield Loss were 2.89 and 2.80 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

garlic is one of the important horticultural commodities and high economic value product. Low garlic production rate is influenced by various factors like weather, agroecological conditions, varieties, and cultivation techniques used. The low production of garlic besides caused by decreasing in the planted area as well as a high disturbance of pests. Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. is a fungus that causes purple spots on garlic plants. This disease results in significant losses for farmers. Yield losses caused by their infection can reach 50 - 57% even causing crop failure. This study aims to determine the intensity of the purple spot disease in five varieties of garlic. This research has been conducted at the Research Institute Vegetable Plants (BALITSA) from December 2019 to April 2020. This research method uses randomized block design, consisting of five treatments, they are Sangga Sembalun, New Tawangmangu Baru, Lumbu Putih, Lumbu Kuning, and Lumbu Hijau. The result of the research indicated that the Lumbu Putih variety has the highest disease intensity compared to other varieties, while Lumbu Kuning shows the lowest intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the efforts to improve the quality of tomatoes can be done through mutagenic agents. This study's aim was to determine the response of tomato plants to EMS treatment and K fertilization on the organic compound content of tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) The treatment was the concentrations of EMS in 4 levels (0%, 1%, and 2%) and three levels of K fertilizers (0 g, 5 g, 10 g per plant). The experiments were conducted in two factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications which consist of seven treatment levels and four replications. Observations of the tomato fruit components showed that the best results were shown in 0.1% EMS treatment and without K fertilization treatment. Total dissolved protein content (Standard BSA), hydrogen peroxidase, ABTS, proline, reducing sugars, vitamin C content, and carotenoid content showed the highest yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In West Sumatra, garlic is cultivated at Alahan Panjang at the height of 1400 meters above sea level. This study is aimed at obtaining the garlic variety and the fertilizer dosage of NPK able to yield both the best growth and quality of seed bulb. The research was a Randomized Block Design that consists of two factors with three replicates. The first factor was varieties of garlic (Sembalun, Lumbu Putih, Lumbu Kuning and Lumbu Hijau). The second factor was NPK fertilizer dosage (300, 600, and 900 kg/ha). Data were analyzed using the F test with a 5% level, and if there were significant differences, the analysis was continued with the Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at 5% level. The output indicated that the Lumbu Kuning brings about a better growth of the other varieties. The weight and diameter of the three largest bulbs of Lumbu Kuning and Lumbu Hijau after drying for one month are higher than both the Lumbu Putih and the Sembalun. The average weight of all bulbs having a diameter larger than 3.9 cm in a month after drying at Lumbu Kuning is taller at fertilizing 600 and 900 NPK, having such a percentage of the large size bulbs those are 29.41% and 28%. Both percentage and average weight of the taller large size bulb are factors to put into account to choose the suitable variety to cultivate for seed bulb to increase the garlic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a tropical country that rich on various fruits, whose taste and aroma were liked by the many people. One of the favored fruits on the wider community is Salacca fruit, whether eaten fresh, or processed into sweet fruit.Up to now the farmers didnot know how to accelerate the growth of root on graft salacca plants. However the exact dosage is not yet known for its application in Salacca grafts. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rootone-F Root Growth Regulator and environmental sanitation on the growth of Salacca grafts seeds. The research was conducted on the garden owned by farmers in Merdikorejo village, Tempel district, Sleman Regency on July-November 2019. The experimental design used Randomized Completely Block Design composed of 10 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments applied were: C0: Sanitation application without RGR (Root Growth Regulation), C1: Sanitation+RGR at dose 1000 ppm, C2: Sanitation+RGR at dose 2000 ppm, C3: Sanitation +RGR at dose 3000 ppm, C4: Sanitation+RGR at dose 4000 ppm, C5: Non-sanitation and without RGR, C6: Non-sanitation+RGR at dose 1000 ppm, C7: Non-sanitation+RGR at dose 2000 ppm, C8: Non Sanitation+RGR at dose 3000 ppm, C9 : Non Sanitation+RGR at dose 4000 ppm, The results shown that the application of sanitation (gardening cleaning, weed control, drainage improvement) and RGR liquid for salacca roots at dose of 3000 ppm had a significant effect on plant height, Salacca weevil diameter, number of leaf midribs, root infection and P nutrition content on the leaf compared to control treatment and application of RGR at the below dose of 3000 ppm, whereas the application of RGR at dose 4000 ppm is no significant effect on the several observed Salacca graft parameters. The optimum dose of RGR Rootone-F application and gives the highest yield is on 3000 ppm and it be equipped with adequate environmental sanitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted at the field ofIbn Al-Bitar Vocational School in the north of Karbala governorate, to evaluate response of Roselle growth and yield to optimus plus nanoparticles and spraying time.The experiment was laid out in factorialin the form of the randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates. The treatments were used Optimus Plus (0, 1, 2 and 3) ml. L−1, And time of spraying (1,2 and 3 months after planting).The highest of plant height, number of branches, leaf area, number of nuts and dry weight of calyx leaves were recorded in Optimus Plus spray(3 ml. L−1) with spraying time 3 months after planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing soybean production through soil fertility improvement can be done by utilizing cogongrass bohasi. This study aimed to determine the appropriate dose of cogongrass bohasi to increase the growth and yield of soybean Var. Detap 1. This research was conducted at the experimental field of Universitas Padjadjaran Ciparanje, Sumedang from March to September 2018. The method used was a randomized block design (RBD) with one factor, namely: A = cogongrass bohasi of 0 t ha−1, B = 15 t ha−1, C = 20 t ha−1, D = 25 t ha−1 and E = 30 t ha−1 which were repeated 5 times. The further test used was Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the provision of cogongrass bohasi significantly affected the parameters of plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, number of pods, and fresh and dry weight of stover. The cogongrass bohasi 15 t ha−1 dose was the best dose to increase the growth and yield of soybean Var. Detap 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circulant matrices, due to their wide range of applicability in computer sciences as well as their intrinsic properties make them particularly interesting for researchers. Circulant Rhotrices have been investigated in the recent researches for similar applications. After its introduction in 1936 Balanced incomplete block design (BIBD) which is an area of combinatorial mathematics, has been developed progressively afterwards. The studies regarding BIBDs have gained researchers' attention due to their fixed cross-correlation property, which makes them unique in communication system. The applicability of BIBDs can be seen in various areas such as error control coding, cryptography, code-division multiple-access networks, key distribution in sensor networks and watermarking; to name a few. Symmetric designs, among a variety of BIBDs, are often used as codes. Present work primarily focuses on developing symmetric balanced incomplete block design (BIBD) by using circulant rhotrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forages plays a pivotal key to run livestock business successfully. Elephant grass cv. Taiwan is one of high quality forages with high productivity and nutrient content. Planting the elephant grass in highlands has not been widely applied, hence, the mutation induction techniques can produce mutants with new superior characteristics to adapt in the highlands. This study aimed to evaluate yield characters and nutrient contents of the elephant grass mutant lines in Cijeruk, Bogor. The research used randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments and three replications. The results showed that each elephant grass mutant line had different response to each parameter. The best growth rate, productivity, and quality was obtained from M7 line with the highest parameters on plant height (226.86 cm), stem length (142.91 cm), stem diameter (2.13 cm), crude protein content (PK; 17.50%), and crude fiber (32.01%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic is one of Indonesia main spices. However, garlic bulb needs a long period of dormancy (4–6 months) before sprouting. Garlic dormancy ends as the shoot emerges from the clove. This research was aimed to examine the internal sprout growth of different garlic cultivars. A factorial completely randomized block design with two replications was applied to the combination between four garlic varieties, i.e. Lumbu Hijau, Lumbu Putih, Lumbu Kuning, and Tawangmangu Baru, and three different storage condition, i.e. garlic storeroom, seed drying room, and cold storage. Observed parameters included bulb weight, number of cloves, clove diameter, clove length, internal sprout length, and ratio between internal sprout length and clove length. The results showed that the internal sprout length was affected by varietal difference and storage condition. There was an interaction between varieties and storage condition to the growth of garlic internal sprout. It also showed that cold storage method was approved to accelerate the internal sprout emergence of garlic cloves. Meanwhile, drying room method apparently hindered garlic dormancy compared to garlic storeroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is rich for pigmented rice including red rice, which are claimed to have more health benefit compared to white rice. This rice contains numerous nutritional and bioactive components that can be important as functional food. The study aimed to evaluate the red rice lines produced by Indonesian Rice Research Institute (ICRR) based on morphological, yield, and grain quality characters. A total of 26 rice genotypes consisting of 25 red rice lines and a popular improved red variety, namely Inpari 24 were evaluated at least 15 their characters. These tested rice lines were derived from ten crosses with various parents. The field experiment was conducted at Pusakanegara Experimental Station, Subang, West Java in February–May 2019 using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that four red rice lines had a good agronomic performance, high yield, and premium rice quality, namely B14484E-MR-17-2-2-8, B14484E-MR-17-2-2-14, B14484E-MR-17-2-3-2, and B14484E-MR-20-2-2-1. These lines had grain yield 8.3–8.6 t/ha, significantly higher than Inpari 24 (7.43 t/ha), soft-medium rice texture, >85% head rice, and long-medium grain shape with small chalkiness. These selected red rice lines from this study could be potential for releasing variety after further field multiple trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screening and evaluation of 100 upland rice accessions were carried out to investigate the traits that contribute to high yield. This study also aimed to provide information of rice germplasm, especially upland rice, which have high yield and tolerance against acid soils (aluminium toxicity) for further breeding purposed. The research was conducted at the Cikeumeuh Experimental Station, ICABIOGRAD, Bogor, West Java Province and Taman Bogo Experimental Station, Lampung, Lampung Province using a randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the total spikelet number was among traits indicating high correlation and significant contribution to total sample weight. The accession with the highest total weight was Padi Plastik (21013), while the one with the highest total spikelet was Ketan Hitam (Jatim 6). The evaluation of resistance to acid land obtained five tolerant accessions, namely Rumbu A (20535), Kmadha Kedhi (20747), Segreng (Jateng 13), Local A (Jateng 14), and Marus A (Jateng 18). Clustering of 100 upland rice has grouped the accessions into three clusters where the Ketan Putih rice (Jatim 44) was the accession with the most different characteristics of flowering age and total spikelet than the others. The results of this study might be used as a reference for developing upland rice varieties with high yield potential and tolerance to acid soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]