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Differential inclusions have numerous applications in optimal control theory. The class of differential inclusions with control parameter are a convenient mathematical apparatus for studying problems of controlling a trajectories of a dynamic system under conditions of uncertainty. In the work considers a dynamical control system described by a linear differential inclusion with a delay argument. For this model of the control system, the optimization problem was studied according to the criterion of minimizing a non-smooth terminal functional of maximum type. The studied optimal control problem has the minimax form. Using methods from the theory of multivalued mappings and differential inclusions, necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality are obtained. The found optimality conditions are the theoretical basis of the method for constructing optimal control in the problem considered. As a substantiation of this conclusion, an algorithm for finding optimal control is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization problems of dynamic control systems are modelled taking into account various real situations. Non-smooth optimization problems arise when modelling control systems taking into account the inaccuracy of information about internal and external parameters. In practice there are often situations in which incomplete about the initial state of the system and external forces of influence is characteristic. This paper examines one such model of parameterized linear control systems under conditions of uncertainty. The optimization problem is formulated according to the principle of guaranteed control. Non-smooth terminal functional was selected as a criterion for control quality. The studied problem has a minimax form. For this problem, necessary and sufficient optimality conditions are obtained. These results were obtained using the methods of set-valued and convex analysis. Using the obtained optimality conditions, an algorithm for solving the problem is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research studies the nano particles influence on the strength of the bond between the reinforcing bar and self-compacting concrete through experimental work. Twenty-one push-out specimens were examined in experimental program. Such investigation evaluates the nano silica influence in three percentages (3%, 4.5%, and 6%) by weight of cement. The age of concrete, embedded length of steel bar, percentage of nano silica, concrete cover and size of rebar, are the main variables in experimental work. The modes of failure, namely the behavior of bond-slip and ultimate bond strength, were discussed. Analysis of test results indicate that compared with conventional concrete the bond strength in concrete is increased by 9.2%, 13.1%, and 12.4% when adding nano-silica by (3, 4.5 and 6%), respectively. As in conventional concrete, the bonding strength increases with the age of the concrete. In addition, the increase of concrete cover increases the bond strength. On the other hand, the increase of the embedded length, and size of rebar decreases the bond strength in self- compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating nano-silica. Modes of failure in reinforcing bar embedded in self-compacting concrete incorporating nano-silica were the push-out and splitting failure. This was similar to the case in conventional concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, to evaluate the behavior of a single pile model under the effect of matric suction, it was embedded in soil with various saturation levels and subjected to a series of two-way lateral cyclic loading tests with different frequencies. By decreasing the water table to three distinct stages, three different suction zones were created in the partially saturated soil. The "soil-water characteristic curve" (SWCC) is the relationship between the gravity water content and matric suction. The pile model used is aluminum of 600 mm in length and 16 mm diameter embedded in (dry, unsaturated and saturated) sandy soil for comparisons. The pile model is under lateral cyclic loading (40N for 40 cycles) of various frequency values (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 Hz). The study's findings demonstrate that the presence of matric suction greatly affected the pile model's displacement and bending moment. In comparison to saturated circumstances for the same relative density, there was a reduction in bending moments and lateral displacements of 12%, 23%, and 32% for the first, second, and third lowering of the water table, respectively. Additionally, under all saturation conditions, the increase in cyclic lateral loading frequency resulted in a 25% increase in displacement and bending moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present work, un-doped and Ga-doped Zinc oxide (GZO) nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 160 oC reaction temperature and 5 hr reaction time. XRD results showed that the ZnO and GZO nanopowders were polycrystalline structure of hexagonal wurzite phase. The crystallite size was calculated using Sherrers and Williamson-Hall (W-H) methods, and found to be decreases then increases with the increase of Ga content (2-6) w% in arrange of (18-27) nm. The calculated crystallite size values of the prepared nanoparticles using (W-H) method are lower than those calculated using Sherrer method. Whereas the lattice strain and dislocation density values are higher than those calculated using Sherrer method. The FESEM images, of the prepared ZnO and GZO NPs showed a mixed shapes of a needle like, rode like and nanosheet NPs were observed and the particles size was rises as Ga content increased. The diameters of the nanoneedle and the nanoroad as well as the thickness of the nanosheets lower than 100 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, the growing adoption of transformer-less grid connected PV inverter has sparked interest in exploring topologies aimed at reducing leakage current. The leakage current from a photovoltaic panel and utility grid leads to harmonics and system losses. A new structure for single stage inverter with three switches, common ground and switched inductor is presented and analyzed. The proposed inverter features reduced leakage current and improved gain, high efficiency and low stress on semiconductor devices. This topology enables step up operation of input voltage, minimizing leakage currents is achieved by connecting a common terminal between the grid and the input, ensuring low levels of electrical leakage. The proposed converter offers several benefits, including a common grounding system, effective reduction of leakage current, and enhanced efficiency due to the utilization of just three active switches. This versatile topology makes it an ideal choice for our needs. A detailed analysis of the operational principles and steady-state characteristics of the inverter has been thoroughly examined. The inverter was simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK R2021b, hinting that the inverter achieves a peak efficiency of 89%. Subsequently, a hardware prototype was developed and implemented using dSPACE. The experimental outcomes derived from a prototype of the inverter validate the theoretical assumptions and align with the results obtained from simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High gain boost converters are popular nowadays, due to many advantages, making them reliable alternatives in many applications of power electronic circuits, including renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, aerospace technologies, etc. In this article, a new non-isolated boost converter with high voltage gain is illustrated. The converter is analyzed during the CCM operating condition using a complimentary switching strategy. The converter features high voltage gain, improved efficiency and reduced voltage stress across the semiconductor switches. The Simulation study of the converter using MATLAB/SIMULINK R2021b was done, which yielded results indicating a high voltage gain combined with low voltage stress. Moreover, the converter demonstrated a peak efficiency of 90% at all loads. The control circuitry for the converter was implemented through a TMS320F28027F microcontroller. Experimental validation was performed on a 2W converter prototype, aligning with the theoretical expectations and simulation outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this project is to revolutionize the process of meat cutting. Traditionally, meat cutting has been a time-consuming and labor-intensive task performed manually. However, the introduction of an automatic meat cutting machine aims to streamline the process, leading to reduced labor costs and time required for efficient meat cutting. Specifically designed for the Indian poultry industry, which contributes significantly to the country's meat production, this project addresses the shortage of laborers in the industry by automating the meat cutting process. The machine's design allows users to customize the size of meat pieces according to various customer demands, ensuring both safety and hygiene. By implementing this machine, numerous issues associated with manual processing, such as accidents and hygiene concerns, can be minimized. Moreover, with a single operator overseeing the machine's operation, the output is significantly increased compared to traditional methods. The automatic meat cutting machine functions by employing a reciprocating cutting blade to efficiently cut meat collected from a rotating wooden table. It utilizes a slider crank mechanism and a four-start lead screw with a rack and pinion system, along with a microcontroller for determining piece sizes and sensing when the cutting process is complete. The cutting blade and lead screw are made of carbon steel, while the four motors are DC motors. The implementation of the Automatic Meat Cutting Machine has greatly enhanced safety and overall hygienic conditions while reducing labor and processing time costs. Future improvements to the machine may involve incorporating cleaning and packing systems to further enhance its capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation by bus is the recommended mode of public transportation due to its lower infrastructure requirements. The length of time the bus takes to travel, its capacity, and the distance between stops. The bus service system is based on the five principles of sustainability: land use planning that takes the consequences of the environment into account, affordability, accessibility, sustainability, and reliability. This study aims to evaluate the current bus route bus station in AL-Najaf old city using field data. It covered the operation of the bus, passenger flow, and service quality, among other aspects of the supply and demand for bus services in AL-Najaf old city represented by the bus system. Most of the measurements state is an increase in the phenomenon of bus bunching, as the bus headway time did not exceed 3 minutes, decreased speeds at off-peak hours and reached 10 (km/hr.) at (Al Rasool street- Al Sadeq Street) and (Al Sadeq street- Najaf Internal Garage (NIG). Proposing enhancing the bus service's effectiveness to improve the performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewage flow dissipating energy manholes play influencing role in reducing flow velocity with minimizing manhole erosion and gas emission. The current study is focusing on determining the discharge coefficient value for a side spillway rectangular weir situated longitudinally in a sewage dissipating energy manhole. The manhole receives pressurized flow through incoming force main and discharges water under gravity through outgoing pipe. The direction of flow alters 90 degrees two times within the manhole; after entering the manhole within inlet submerged channel, and before exiting the manhole within outlet channel. Between those alterations flow passes over the weir. Flow conditions was simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Using the volume of fluid method (VOF), the free surface flow over the weir was modelled to track flow characteristics at subcritical flow conditions. Five different cases for weir length and three different cases for weir height were considered. The value of the coefficient was found to range from 0.32 to 0.57. It increases as the length of the weir decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condenser is a heat exchanger in which there is a phase change in it, from the vapor phase to the liquid phase. One type of condenser that is widely used is the shell and tube type, both horizontally and vertically. The authors do research about vertical condenser in laboratory scale to find the value of overall heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness, pressure drops in shell side, and discharge and temperature of produced condensate. The authors make variation of 4 baffle types and 3 fluid mass flow rate ratios between hot and cold fluid. The result is the value of overall heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness, and pressure drop increase as the cold fluid discharge increase. Single segmental baffle produces the highest value of overall heat transfer coefficient by 158.200 W/m2. ℃, and the highest effectiveness value of 0.856 at cold fluid discharge of 2.2 GPM. There are no significant difference value of pressure drops because the authors do not apply the variation of baffle spacing. The three-quarter baffle 180° produces the fastest condensate discharge of 28.04 mL/min and the highest condensate temperature of 83.866°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helical gears have a high load carrying capacity and is most commonly utilized in high speed applications. Condition monitoring is performed in order to obtain an efficient component replacement of a machine to prevent failures. One of the techniques of condition monitoring is through wear debris analysis where particles removed through wear is analyzed from the lubricants. The focus of this research is to investigate the wear behaviour of carbon steel helical gear operating in a power recirculating and torsional loading. Helical gears were tested on a power recirculating gear test rig with constant loads of up to 40 Nm and speed of 1000 rpm. Approximately 30 ml of samples were taken at 1-hour intervals for 80 hours or 50 million cycles. The samples were analyzed using wear debris analysis and particle count analysis. The wear behaviour exhibits stages of wear modes at certain point in the gear cycles which varies slightly than a typical gear meshing under uniform loading. High wear rate occurs from the 1st to the 40th hour of gear test consisting of low fault severity and reaches an optimum stage declining the generation of particles. At the 60th hour, a rapid increase in wear rate as well as fault severity is recorded however decreases at the 80th hour of gear test. The wear behavior of the helical gear under torsional loading could be characterized using wear debris analysis in this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduced a new iterative method for solving nonlinear equations using the derivative estimation technique for the third-order Taylor's approximation. A comparative analysis of the new iterative technique to existing methods that can also be derived from Taylor's approximation, such as Newton's method (NM), Halley's method (HM), and Gemechu's method (GM), is also provided. A few examples of nonlinear equations have been solved where the results presented that the new iterative method has fourth-order convergence and is more accurate as compared to the previous methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article employs the multistage Banach contraction method to approximate the numerical solution of the Riccati equation. Unlike the standard Banach contraction method, which encounters difficulties as the solution point deviates from the initial position, the multistage approach is employed to achieve more accurate solutions over wider intervals. Comparisons with the exact solution reveal a high level of agreement in terms of precision. Consequently, this method offers a straightforward and efficient technique for solving nonlinear differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current era is witnessing advanced and amazing technological leaps, as a modern advanced technology called nanotechnology appears, which is one of the most important technological achievements that affected all areas of life, especially architecture, which directed the research to its goal of putting forward a special theoretical framework for nanotechnology indicators that support the achievement of sustainability and which directed the vision of The research is to make nanomaterials take a leading position to achieve aspects of sustainability, and the most important interest is to employ these achievements to achieve sustainability indicators in architecture, despite the fact that traditional materials, since ancient times, have proven their sustainability efficiency as a natural resource, but with the developments of the times and environmental and climatic changes, among others, they have confirmed their limitations in achieving contemporary sustainability. This is what specialists in the field of advanced technology, including our current research, are directed to shed light on. Accordingly, the problem was determined by "the lack of clarity on the role of nanomaterials in the sustainability of contemporary architecture." In order to achieve the research goal, the research adopted a methodology represented by the following steps: first clarifying the concepts of nanotechnology and sustainability, Second, by analyzing each of the properties of sustainable nanomaterials, third: a review of some previous studies that dealt with how to achieve sustainability in contemporary architecture in light of nanotechnology, specifically nanomaterials and techniques for working with them; fourth: building the theoretical framework for research, which includes vocabulary on how to achieve architectural indicators; Contemporary sustainable development in light of the capabilities of advanced nanomaterials leads to the last step in the methodology represented by applying the theoretical framework for research on four projects, two of which are recipients of the Gold Award for Sustainability. In the light of the application, the research clarified its results and conclusions, which were represented by the fact that nanomaterials in architecture provided solutions to some of the problems that architecture suffers from and which stand as an obstacle to actually achieving sustainability, such as reducing pollution and emission of gases or reducing heat gain, which contributes to rationalizing energy consumption and reducing costs, among others, thanks to techniques integrating them with The traditional materials represented by coating roofs with nanomaterials, coatings, sensors, and nanorobots, which have proven to increase the performance efficiency of contemporary buildings, have been awarded the LEED Sustainability awards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friction stir welding (FSW) has had a significant effect in many industries. In particular, the automotive and building materials industries have developed a Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) derivative of the original procedure, which has a considerable interest in welding aluminum alloys in thin sheets. The goal of this research was to investigate the effect of the welding parameter; rotational speed (RPM) on overlapping joints of aluminum alloys during FSSW of dissimilar aluminum alloys (AA5052 with AA6061). In the welded joints, FSSW was achieved by varying the rotating speed between (900, 1800, and 2700 RPM), feed rate (16 mm/min), plunging depth (0.4 and 0.5 mm), and preheating time (15 sec). A shear test was used to analyze the strength of welded zone by applying DOE. When using six samples with different variables, the best results were found with the fifth sample, as the shear strength of this sample increased compared to the rest of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is conducted to assess and evaluate the impact of some critical parameters that influence the deposition efficiency of Flame Spray Thermal Coating (FSTC). This research depends on two approaches; the first one is the Taguchi method, and the second is the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The Taguchi technique makes numerical optimizations to select the most influential parameter in terms of the deposition efficiency. The second approach is vital to validate and verify the findings obtained by the Taguchi method, according to three confirmation experiments. The research outputs revealed that the optimized deposition efficiency resulting from the Taguchi method using the FSTC was 96%. In comparison, the average deposition efficiency by three confirmation experiments (second technique) was 95.73%. These results can indicate that the optimization process using the Taguchi method is remarkably accurate and closer to the confirmation experiments. Additionally, it was observed that the significant factors affecting the quality and success of the FSTC process include: (A) the stand-off distance of 100 mm from (75, 100, and 125 mm), (B) powder feed rate of 30 g/min from (10, 20, and 30 g/min), (C) transverse velocity of 125 mm/min from (75, 100, and 125 mm/min), and (D) time delay per one spray of 4 min from (2, 4, and 6 min). Furthermore, the findings affirmed that the most influential factor in the FSTC process was the stand-off distance, followed by powder feed rate, the time of one spray, and transverse velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, almost everyone has done online shopping activities. The presence of e-commerce makes it easier for humans to do shopping. E-commerce companies compete to provide the best service to the community. One of them is in the delivery within the city. In terms of city delivery, the 2E-VRP model has been discussed a lot lately in terms of consolidating shipments. This study aims to present the 2E-VRP mathematical model and work in two stages to find a solution. In this article, the author also compares solutions with several heuristic models including 2-opt, repetitive nearest neighbor, nearest neighbor, farthest insertion, cheapest insertion, arbitrary insertion, and nearest insertion. From the results of research conducted by the 2-opt method, farthest insertion, cheapest insertion, and nearest insertion, the total distance is the best, all three get the same distance, then followed by the nearest insertion, arbitrary insertion, and nearest insertion methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operational planning for agricultural production systems aids farmer decision-making. This study introduces a mathematical model for crop maintenance planning. Crop maintenance resource waste is reduced by the model. The idea is based on Lean Manufacturing (LM) wastes like labor, machinery utilization, and harvest quality-preserving time windows. Assumed to be a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Program (MINLP). Various scenarios, crop maintenance procedures, and labor numbers were evaluated. Then, using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for sensitivity analysis, we obtained a significant cost reduction, resource optimization, waste reduction, and crop maintenance activities, as well as a novel approach for activity and task scheduling. This work contributes to agricultural planning in two ways. Unlike traditional modeling methodologies, this article incorporates LM concepts into a mathematical model for crop maintenance. Second, the paper combines nonlinear mathematical programming with RSM to examine the sensitivity of the mathematical model. The modeling and solution methodology is based on a case study research strategy, but it could be applied to other agricultural planning problems at the operational level, reducing waste and resources in other crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioethanol is produced from various raw materials, such as sugarcane, corn and switchgrass. The objective of the current study is to perform a life cycle assessment (LCA) and to compare the impact of bioethanol production processes utilizing different feedstocks obtained from renewable agricultural crops. Life cycle assessment of bioethanol showed that the production from switchgrass has the lowest environmental impact with a share of 26.39% compared to corn and sugarcane at 28.51% and 45.10%, respectively. There is a high comparability between corn and switchgrass, and energy efficiency is an important comparison factor. Switchgrass can produce up to five times more energy than needed to produce it. Switchgrass is a greener ethanol source than corn due to its lower production cost and environmental impacts. In conclusion, it is clear that bioethanol itself as a direct fuel is considered green, but not all bioethanol processes are beneficial after full LCIA. Bioethanol from Corn and Sugarcane has significant environmental impacts and the emission factors are mainly attributed to agriculture during the use of machinery, fertilizers and pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses about the design of a mushroom fruiting chamber (so-called kumbung) with an automated temperature and humidity control system for optimizing energy requirements in mushrooms production. The condition of the temperature and humidity in the kumbung has a very important role in the mushroom media and the growth of mushroom. Therefore, these conditions should be maintained precisely at all times. The initial conditioning process was pasteurization of the mushroom media at a temperature of 70 - 75 oC and humidity 80 - 90 %, within 3-4 hours. The next process was conditioning the room at a temperature of 30-34 oC and 80-90% humidity as a process of growth and development of edible mushrooms. All of these conditions were controlled by a developed automatic control system which consists of some thermostat and humidistat as the main component. The temperature and humidity in the mushroom fruiting chamber were controlled to increase the effectiveness and quality of the mushrooms in order to resulting in a successful mushroom harvest. The result of the study showed that temperature and humidity control automation system have a mushroom harvesting success rate (75 – 100) % based on the population growth in the fruiting chamber where it is fully covered by mushrooms. The highest sun heat absorption temperature, absorption power and efficiency were resulted in the flow of water at 0.4 l/min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of vehicles increases day by day, finding an empty parking space to park a vehicle becomes difficult. Car parking can cause wasted time and interfere with surrounding mobility, as a result the parking area cannot be utilized optimally. The existing parking management system using sensors to detect the available parking spaces is less effective and efficient, for example a system with the use of ultrasonic sensors that must be placed in each parking box will require many sensors in large-scale implementation. The proposed intelligent parking system provides a structured solution by using a parking lot camera available in the campus or office area to observe the used parking area and using image processing to detect the available parking space from the camera in real time. From the results of image processing available parking spaces will be recommended to users through a front-end system based on the closest distance that helps drivers park their vehicles. The proposed system improves the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the current parking system and solves the problem that drivers spend a lot of time in finding suitable parking spaces in crowded campus or office parking areas. The architecture of the intelligent parking system includes three stages: the first stage of the system uses sensors to capture images of the parking area and sends them to the database server in real time; the second stage of the proposed method uses object detection algorithms (ie, Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks) to identify whether parking spaces in the building area are available or not and calculate their utility; the third stage a front-end system was developed for drivers to get real-time parking information by using a monitor placed at the entrance gate of a campus or office parking area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of large losses and poor voltage profiles are the main problems in the radial distribution system (RDS) in delivering electrical energy to customers. Go green is a consideration in an effort to maintain and improve system performance. The presence of Distributed Generation (DG) technology based on the utilization of new renewable energy is a new breakthrough that is utilized in supplying environmentally friendly electrical energy capable of reducing losses and increasing bus voltage levels by supplying active power to the system. This study tries to optimize the location and size of the DG using the K-Means Clustering method. The objective function is to reduce losses which are validated in the ULP Sungguminasa 165-bus RDS 20 kV electrical system based on the MATLAB programming. The simulation results show that from all existing scenarios, the placement of 3 DG units on buses 100, 123 and 36 with a total capacity of 8,601+j5,350 MW can reduce power losses by up to 89.13% or 278,529 kW and increase the bus voltage level with an average of 19.93 kV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there are a record number of air conditioning (AC) systems installed worldwide as a result of rapid population development and rising income of consumer. In order to meet the growing demand for AC, billions of dollars have been invested in infrastructure, and billions of tons of carbon dioxide have been released into the atmosphere. The purpose of this research is to design control and monitoring system of the AC. To achieve this goal, internet of things is applied to control and monitor the AC load and temperature. There are three kinds of sensor to support in this system, such as: PZEM, PIR and DHT22. According to the findings of this research that the cost saving can be achieved 1119.87 IDR when the AC operate during 5 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the stability of the performer of Seni Silat Cekak Malaysia (SSCM) when performing the combat technique of SSCM buah jatuh, especially the Buah Kilas Hadapan (BKH). Comparisons are made when SSCM practitioners perform the movement with and without a sparring partner. The analysis of the study refers to the Center of Gravity (COG-Centre of Gravity) on the sole of the left foot that supports the SSCM performer's body when performing the movement of BKH. This study was conducted using Motion Capture System. The Oqus (camera) is placed around the platform which is used to record the movement of the human body through markers attached to the body. The data obtained is stored and processed through Qualisys Track Manager (QTM) and Visual 3D software. Data on the movement of BKH was recorded on two SSCM respondents of different genders. The Center of Gravity Point on the left foot of the SSCM practitioner was compared and analyzed. Axis changes on the left foot of SSCM respondents are mainly focused on the medial and lateral axis (left and right) when performing the BKH. The results of this study show a minimal coordinate change on the axis (0.02m to 0.06m) from the medial and lateral angles of the Center of Gravity on the left leg of the SSCM respondents proving that the BKH is stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biometric authentication system based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals allows a person to be authenticated using data that is distinctive to that person and has been independently confirmed. Due to the ease with which common biometrics can be faked or replicated, EEG signal is being incorporated into authentication systems. However, there are still open questions about the system's development, particularly the number of electrodes that will be used for signal acquisition. Current EEG hardware, with its 14 inputs, is impractical for clinical use. Building an EEG-based authentication system with two channels is the focus of this study. Signal processing and categorization are being applied to the captured signal. Entropy and wavelet are used to extract the characteristics. The features are then used as inputs in machine learning algorithms like K-Nearest Neighbour, Support Vector Machine, and Artificial Neural Network. Classifiers are ranked according to their True Acceptance Rate (TAR) in seven different paired-channel categories: AF3&AF4, F7&F8, FC6&FC5, T7&T8, P7&P8, and O1&O2. In order to boost classification efficiency, a fusion algorithm is devised. Weighted fusion of the conditional probability is given as the fusion algorithm by combining three classifier models. The results reveal that the best categorization performance can be found in the P7&P8 channels. The proposed fusion approach outperformed all other classification methods with carefully chosen hyperparameters, achieving an accuracy of 99.2% and 99.1% for classification, respectively. This was followed by SVM (98.1% and 97.3%), ANN (87.0% and 89.8%), and KNN (84.5 and 81.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power quality monitoring has an increasing role in the deregulated electricity supply market. Industrial and commercial customers are increasingly getting affected by poor power quality problems. A web based, near real time power quality monitoring system is necessary to provide such information, both locally and on Nationwide basis to customers. This paper aims to dive into the development of a web-based power quality monitoring system for commercial building. The power quality web-based system implemented using Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface (RESTful API) method as a web application. It also coordinates with a K-Nearest Neighbours machine learning model for classifying the power quality. In this project, the machine learning model managed to achieve an accuracy of 0.8125 over 1 which defines a good performance of the algorithm [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Put material is a component located on the bending grip which functions as a support that is in direct contact with the test specimen. This material put often breaks and wears out due to too much pressure on the put material. The purpose of this study was to determine the strength of steel types SS 304, ASTM A36, and ST 41 as put materials with diameters of 3, 6, and 9 mm after being given a load of 5 kN. In this test, a simulation was carried out using SolidWorks 2017 R3. The yield strength for each type of steel is 207 MPa (SS 304), 250 MPa (ASTM A36), and 265 MPa (ST 41). One of the variables to determine the strength of the three Put Materials is to measure the stress simulation on the Put material when it is given a load of 5 kN using the software. The simulation results of the put stress on the material with a diameter of 3 mm are 382.3 MPa (SS 304) and 391.2 MPa (ASTM A36 and ST 41). For the simulation put stress material with a diameter of 6 mm is 251.9 MPa and 258 MPa (ASTM A36 and ST 41), while the simulation put the material diameter of 9 mm is 198 MPa (SS 304) and 202.4 MPa (ASTM A36 and ST 41). It can be concluded that the results of the simulation on the put material of the bending test tool with a load of 5 kN are on the ST 41 steel type with the diameter of the put material 6 and 9 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning activities during the COVID-19 pandemic are a challenge for education in Indonesia. Education, which was originally able to take place more simply (face-to-face), is now being carried out at home through online/distance learning. Even in some areas, some apply mixed learning models (online & offline). This has an impact on what students receive. In addition to these challenges, literacy demands are one factor that must be addressed at this time. The importance of technological literacy and environmental literacy is the ease of using technology and overcoming the impact of technological developments in this era, one of which is identifying issues related to environmental problems and efforts to overcome them. This study aims to determine the level and relationship between technological literacy and environmental literacy of class XI SMAN 1 Batu during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is survey research with a correlational design. The sample used in this study amounted to 105 students from class XI, with the sampling technique purposive random sampling. The instrument used was a technological literacy test sheet adapted from Greenstein (2012) and an environmental literacy test adapted from MSELS (2011). The results showed that the average technological literacy score was 144.8 in the high category (Proficient), and the average environmental literacy of class XI students of SMAN 1 Batu was 274.9 in the medium category. The results of the Pearson correlation analysis obtained a significance value of p <0.05 (related). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of technology, information, and communication requires students to master digital literacy. In addition, the rapid development of technology also affects environmental conditions, so it is necessary to master environmental literacy to understand and interpret environmental conditions, as well as build students' awareness of environmental issues. This study aims to determine the correlation between digital literacy and student environmental literacy. The population in this research includes 11th-grade students of SMAN 1 Batu. The research sample amounted to 102 students, and the sampling technique used was purposive random sampling. Data were collected through digital literacy questionnaires, environmental literacy questionnaires, and environmental literacy tests. The data were tested for normality and homogeneity prerequisites and then analyzed using the Pearson Correlation statistical test. The results obtained show that the average digital literacy score of students is 105.1, including the high category, and the average student environmental literacy score is 279.7, included in the medium category. The high level of digital literacy will make students more critical in accessing technology and digital media. Digital literacy includes the process of finding, using multiple sources, evaluating, and using information to produce original products, with the maximum application of digital literacy, which is expected to support students' environmental literacy in providing knowledge, understanding, and building an attitude of caring for the environment. The data obtained shows that there is a positive relationship between digital literacy and environmental literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the feasibility and student responses of dragonfly identification field guide mobile application for tenth grade students in field study activities of biodiversity in Indonesia. This research is a research and development with 4D model with the stages of define, design, develop, and disseminate. Feasibility test of dragonfly identification guide mobile application is carried out by material experts, media experts, biology teachers, and student responses to know the readability of the product. Validation used a questionanarie to collect data and analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the dragonfly identification guide application compiled in Jatimulyo Tourism Village has very good quality in aspects of material, presentation, software engineering, usage, display and has good quality in the language aspect. Readability tests by students get a percentage of 85% with a very good response. Therefore, the dragonfly identification field guide integrated with values of Local Potential in Jatimulyo Tourism Village is feasible to be used for senior high school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has the second-largest oil palm plantation in the world after Malaysia. Palm kernel shells are a byproduct of palm oil production that is often thrown away. Due to oil palm shells' hardness, difficulty, and long lifespan, this biomass waste can be utilized as a replacement for coarse aggregate. The purpose of this research was to establish a procedure for optimizing the physical and thermal qualities of hybrid briquettes made from palm kernel shells, wood sawdust, and coffee grounds blends. A briquette experiment was conducted with different palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blends ratios of 75/10/5; 60/20/20; 70/10/10; and 65/10/10. A manually-operated hydraulic piston press was employed to make briquettes. The briquettes were put through studies to find out their density, compressive strength, calorific value, burning rate, and water vaporizing capacity. The mixing ratio greatly affected the physical and thermal attributes of palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blend briquettes. The mixing ratio improved density, calorific value, and vaporizing water capacity while decreasing the burning rate. The 65/10/10 palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blend B4 briquettes showed increased density (1.119 g.cm−3), calorific value (3719 kcal kg−1), water vaporizing capacity (0.851 L.kg−1), and low burning rate (0.846 kg.h−1). Palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blend briquettes had better handling properties and are predicted to be an effective biofuel with good physical, fuel, and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperative learning and hands-on techniques are important dimensions for Building Construction students to build skills and gain knowledge. Therefore, the appropriate approach that needs to be given to Building Construction students is Project-Based Learning (PBL). PBL is meaningful question-based learning, encourages Building Construction students to think deeply and increase their curiosity. The problems that need to be solved are close to the real-world context. Accordingly, to increase students' knowledge to think more creatively and innovatively, a theory can help Building Construction students solve problems that is the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) has been integrated into PBL. This study aims to develop the TRIZ Integration module in PBL by analyzing the format appropriateness feedback, content, and usability of the module from lecturers and students. This study uses a quantitative approach involving five lecturers and 30 students from the field of Building Construction. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented in terms of frequency and percentage. The study's findings show that 100% of Building Construction lecturers, and students agree with this module format's suitability. Besides, 97.3% of lecturers and 100% of students also agreed with the suitability of the content of this module developed. As for the module's usability, 90% of lecturers and 100% of students agree that Building Construction students can use this developed module. In conclusion, this module successfully helps Building Construction lecturers and students solve inventive problems in PBL effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Magnesium (Mg) based metal matrix composites (MMC) are fabricated using many techniques like powder metallurgy, stir casting, squeeze casting, etc., to improve the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of magnesium MMC. This research is mainly intended towards fabrication and characterization of the hybrid metal matrix composite (MMC) of Magnesium using powder metallurgy technique. Magnesium is a widely used metal especially in the field of automotive industries as it is got some unique features like low density, corrosion resistance and good strength to weight ratio. The hybrid composite is fabricated by reinforcing pure magnesium (Mg) with alumina (Al2O3) and boron carbide (B4C) particles of different proposition (5%, 10%, and 15%) using powder metallurgy technique. The machining control parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) are designed using design of experiments (DOE). The constructed MMC is machined in a WEDM machine in accordance with the design to acquire output responses like MRR and surface roughness. The input control parameters, such as pulse on time, pulse off time, voltage, and current, are to be optimized using Surface Response Methodology (RSM) to get high MRR and LOW surface roughness. The confirmation experiment is then conducted to confirm the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]