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There is no static or moving scenario in which the vehicle is not the principal load-bearing component. Wheel motion is also influenced by the steering control system and suspension. So far, we have checked every single component of the vehicle's drive system. Planning and studying of historical and current model automobile haggling is required for the process. In order to provide a more convincing comparison, let's say one of the vehicles is a BMW and the other is a regular edge (like the one from TATA India). Following established protocols, the venture is tasked with testing the wheel in three different ways. The CATIA model is loaded into ANSYS for the purpose of investigation. We have taken into account their very similar performances in stainless steel and aluminium alloy. Additionally, a dynamic inquiry known as vibration research (model examination) is used to assess the edge's look. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear Power Plants use Zirconium alloy materials, namely Zr-2 and Zr-4 as the fuel cladding material. The fuel cladding operates in the reactor core under conditions that change in pH due to the chemistry of the cooling water in the form of boric acid and lithium hydroxide. An analysis of the corrosion behavior of Zr-2 and Zr-4 in deminer water media has been carried out with the addition of boric acid pH 6.9 and pH 5 using electrochemical methods. The material used is an alloy of Zr-2 and Zr-4 with a circular plate shape and an area of 1cm2. The preparation of the test samples was carried out by following ASTM G3 namely grinding, repairing and erasing. The electrochemical method used in this study included measurements of open circuit potential (OCP), polarization resistance and potentiodynamics in air demineralized media with the addition of boric acid at pH 5 and pH 6.9 at 27 ˚C. The results of OCP measurements obtained corrosion potential values (Ecorr) alloys Zr-2 and Zr-4 were -608.1 mV and -427.8 mV at pH 5 and -587.9 mV and -254.8 mV at pH 6.9. The results of the corrosion showed that the corrosion rate of Zr-4 was lower than that of Zr-2 both at pH 5 and pH 6.9. The corrosion rate of Zr-2 and Zr-4 at pH 5 was greater than at pH 6.9 but was still in the safe area (<20 mpy). The potentiodynamic curve shows that the corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys is more prone to corrosion reactions at pH 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of various technologies, including such as aluminization, cementation, nitriding, and nitrocementation, to increase the quality parameters of surface layers of parts, performed by electrospark alloying (ESA) and by additional saturation of surfaces with alloying elements from special technological environments (STE). During aluminization, the thickness of the "white" layer and the diffusion zone, as well as the microhardness, coating continuity and roughness of the surface increased as the discharge energy (Wp) increased. The layer consists of iron-aluminium intermetallics and free aluminium. It has been proposed to perform the ESA process with the same electrode (aluminium), but at lower energies, in order to reduce the surface roughness and obtain continuous coatings. The comparative study of the parameters of the quality of the layers after the traditional cementation - ESA with carbon electrode (CESA) and after the proposed one has shown that after the treatment of the surface with the use of the proposed technology, the roughness of the surface decreases. Simultaneously, the continuity of the doped layer increases up to 100%, the depth of the carbon diffusion zone increases up to 80 µm, and the microhardness and "white" layer thickness increase to 9932 MPa and 230 µm, respectively. The analysis of the structure-forming characteristics of the surface layers of carbon steel after ESA nitriding and nitrocarburising using STE has shown that the layer structures obtained consist of the following three areas, such as the non-etchable "white" layer, the modified diffusion zone and the substrate. Thickness, microhardness of the coating zones, integrity of the "white" layer, and surface roughness also increase as the discharge energy increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a prediction of multi-component alloy AlCrFeNiM by calculating the parameters VEC, ΔΧ, Ω, and δ. In the experiment, the AlCrFeNiM (M=Mo and Zr) were produced by powder metallurgy with sintering at different temperatures varied from 800, 900, and 1000 °C. Phase identification and structural analysis from their diffraction patterns were investigated. The diffraction pattern shows that a complex phase component occurs in the alloys. The B2 phase is generally found for both alloys for all sintering temperatures. In AlCrFeNiMo alloy sintered at a temperature of 800 °C, the Al3Ni2 phase is identified as dominant. In AlCrFeNiZr alloy sintered at a temperature of 1000 °C, the B2 phase content is comparable to the fcc phase. The theoretical density of alloys was also obtained. The results indicate that the alloys AlCrFeNiMo sintered at 800 °C, and AlCrFeNiZr sintered at 900 °C have the lowest density in the series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) is an analytical technique for the detection and quantification of heavy metals, widely used in portable devices which are basically designed for metal alloys. The Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory of the Indonesian Polytechnic of Nuclear Technology has a material analyzer, X-MET8000 handheld XRF spectrometer which has not been used optimally in its utilization. A quality laboratory must be able to provide reliable and valid data. To ensure the reliability of the data from the analysis of a laboratory and to support the application of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No19-17025-2005, a validation of the analytical method is required. This study aims to determine the characterization of spectrometer. The resolution is obtained by calculating the FWHM (Full Width Half Maximum) value. The accuracy measured by comparing the element Cr (Chromium), Ni (Nickel), Mn (Manganese) and Cu (Copper) percentage listed on the Certificate of Analysis 3063753 (batch C) from MBH Analytical Ltd to the measurement element value. The precision test of the instrument expressed in Relative Standard Deviation (% RSD). This study also determine the stability of spectrometer using chi square, then to obtain the correlation between the measurement time of the detected element using metal alloys samples. Based on the result study, the X-MET8000 XRF spectrometer has a detector resolution of 1.645% with a FWHM of 96.9 eV and still in good range according to specifications. The stability result was tested using the chi square test with a significance level of 0.05 and 29 degrees of freedom and was declared stable with χ^2is 18.64 as required (17.71 – 42.56). X-MET8000 handheld XRF spectrometer can be used for quantitative analysis of metal alloys with a measurement accuracy value more than 97% and a precision value of 0.3455% as required by the specification and ASTM E876-89. It also obtained the correlation between the measurement time of the detected element using metal alloys. Therefore, it can be a preliminary study to complete references related to element testing using handheld XRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pC Cauchy pressure of the alloys crystal lattice (Pettifor criterion), Pugh's ratio (Pugh criterion), and Poisson's ratio (Frantsevich criterion), which characterize the plasticity and brittleness of materials, are calculated. The plasticity of the TiNi-based alloys and the brittleness of Ti50Ni50-xFex(x≥10%) compounds based on the criteria application and the alloys mechanical properties and the interatomic chemical bond type association are discussed. The TiNi and TiNi-TiFe Cauchy pressure pC and the Pugh ratio B/G (cij) correlation coefficient was a 96.76% (p<0.001), between pC and B/G (A) was an 85.46% (p<0.05), and pC and μ was a 98.87% (p<0.001). That shows a strong statistical relationship between the parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently developed technique, friction stir welding (FSW) is capable to counter the issues like porosity and slag inclusion developed during fusion-based welding of hypereutectic aluminium silicon alloy (Al-Si). Studies based on FSW of aluminium silicon alloy have been reported but there is no report on hypereutectic particularly. Hence, present study was taken in to consideration to investigate the feasibility of FSW for welding of hypereutectic aluminium silicon alloy. The results revealed FSW caused breakage of α-Al dendrites, refinement and re-distribution of acicular Si-particles due to stirring at high strain rate during welding. Hardness and wear improved substantially of welded alloy with respect to its un-welded counterpart. The enhancement in microhardness and wear properties may be ascribed to breakage of α-aluminium dendrites, refinement and re-distribution of acicular silicon particles that led to hindered motion of dislocations and hence higher hardness and wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The type of material is one of the basic requirements for an automotive design. With the various needs of mechanical properties, the types of material are different. Charpy Impact Test is a method that can be used to measure the strength, toughness and ductility of a material. This study is aimed to determine the value of the impact energy and stress with variations of impactor velocity (2 m/s, 2.5 m/s and 3 m/s), the notch on the specimen (v, u and keyhole), impactor's mass (1 kg, 1.5 kg and 2 kg). This research uses finite element method software to develop the models. From the simulation's results, the value of the stress and impact energy obtained is various, namely, the maximum stress of v notch is 369.7 MPa at an impactor velocity of 3 m/s and impactor's mass of 2 kg, the maximum stress of u notch is 371.9 MPa at an impactor velocity of 3 m/s and impactor's mass of 1.5 kg, and the maximum stress of keyhole notch is 370.8 MPa at an Impactor velocity of 3 m/s and impactor's mass of 2 kg. The maximum impact energy for 0.179 J/mm2 at keyhole notch with impactor velocity of 3 m/s and impactor's mass of 2 kg. Therefore, the most difficult model to break is the model with a keyhole notch because it has higher toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a method for the clear identification of materials using a TOF-SIMS. TOF-SIMS method whereby the accurate and reproducible chemical depth distributions of atomic and molecular surface analysis identification on the nanometer scale. TOF-SIMS depth profiles was demonstrated with the PHI TRIFT V nano TOF using a Ga+ cluster LMIG to observe the structure of a spontaneously identified elements of D9 alloy. The high sensitivity of nano TOF's TRIFT analyzer, combined with new ion beam Technologies for nondestructive molecular depth profiling, enables 2D visualization of molecular structures compared with depth profile for PA techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layer-by-layer phase analysis of hard alloys produced by the method of spark plasma sintering of the WC + 10% Co powder is carried out. The through-the-depth phase composition heterogeneity of a hard alloy workpiece is revealed. This heterogeneity is due to the diffusion of carbon from the graphite punches into hard alloy samples during the sintering process. The brittle η-phase (Co3W3C) is detected in the hard alloy samples at a depth of no more than 100 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum alloy of AG3NE were synthetized by casting method. The AG3NE application meant to be as nuclear fuel cladding candidate for nuclear research reactor that currently using the AlMg2. The AG3NE would apply for high density uranium nuclear fuel. Analysis for its structural properties were done by implementing the Williamson-Hall and size-strain plotting method, and the Rietveld analysis on the X-ray Diffraction profile data. The Williamson-Hall and size-strain plot were used to analysis the contribution of crystallite sizes and lattice strain occurs in Al alloys. The Rietveld analysis was used to showed the structural changes in Al phase. The analysis results showed that the AG3NE had lower crystallite size, microstrain and lattice parameter value compared to AlMg2. The crystallite size value for AG3NE and AlMg2 were 1.2130 nm and 3.7474 nm, respectively. The microstrain value for AG3NE and AlMg2 were 0.0076 and 0.0352, respectively. The lattice parameter value AG3NE and AlMg2 were 4.0558 Å and 4.0604 Å, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pr–Ga–Al alloys were prepared from individual praseodymium, gallium and aluminum purified from oxide films in an inert atmosphere of the glove box. The Ga–Al phase diagram was used to choose the eutectic composition (2.1 mol. % Al). The metals were mixed in a certain proportion in crucibles (BeO) and annealed at 832.4±1.7 °C and 366.2±6.3 °C for 19 hours and 53 hours, respectively. Three ingots were obtained with different praseodymium content. The alloys were investigated by X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction technique. A general chemical analysis was also performed. Depending on praseodymium content the alloys consisted of PrGa6 intermetallic compound phase; a mixture of PrGa6 and ε-PrGa2 IMCs; and ε-PrGa2 phase. Ternary intermetallic compounds of praseodymium were not detected. A small addition of aluminum does not affect the phase characteristics of intermetallic compounds of praseodymium in alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the crack propagation and fracture failure of the gas turbine compressor blades on the vibrator rig. The blades used in the investigation were the newly qualified specimen from gas turbine factory, without any preliminary cracks or corrosion pits. The casting blades made of titanium alloy were entered into the transverse vibration in the resonant condition during the experiment. During the high cycle fatigue test, the growth of the crack was monitored and measured with the method of dye penetration. In the second part of work, finite element method (FEM) was utilized to calculate the stress distribution of the blade during vibration, and the first mode of transverse vibration was considered in the analysis. The maximum principal stress zone of the finite element model in the resonance condition was at the place where the crack occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper demonstrates novel magnetic optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors based on magnetostriction material Terfenol-D and ferrofluids. The FBG is an optical fiber with inscribed refractive index modulation. The modulation causes that a narrow wavelength bandwidth of wide bandwidth input spectrum is reflected. Due to attached material, such as Terfenol-D or ferrofluid, the reflected wavelength changes with applied magnetic field. The magnetic FBG sensor consists of a small bar of magnetostriction alloy TbDyFe, also known as Terfenol-D, which has the largest magnetostriction of any known material. The FBG is glued on the Terfenol-D bar with a UV-glue. Consequently, magnetic field is applied to the sensor. The FBG sensor based on ferrofluid is also demonstrated. Ferrofluid is liquid made of ferrimagnetic particles suspended in water or oil. This ferrofluid is injected into a small capillary tube with an etched FBG. Ferrofluids change their refractive index with applied magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation aimed to st udy the machinability of AA7075 T6 (160 HV) for aerospace industry at high cutting speeds. The paper investigates the effects of different lubri-cooling strategies (cryogenic, M QL and dry) during high speed turning process on cutting forces, tool wear, chip morphology and cutting temperatures. The cutting speeds selected were 1000m/min, 1250m/min and 1500 m/min, while the feed rate values used were 0.1mm/rev and 0.3 mm/rev. The results of cryogenic and M QL application is compared with dry application. It was found that the cryogenic and M QL lubri-cooling techniques could represent a functional alternative to the common dry cutting application in order to implement a more effect ive high speed turning process. Higher cuttingparameters would be able to increase the productivity and reduce the production costs. The effects of the cutting parameters and on the variables object of study were investigated and the role of the different lubri-cooling conditions was assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of thermodynamic approach, a mathematical model of nucleation and growth of the solid phase on highly activated wettable nanoseeds is proposed. New expressions for the free energy of formation and the rate of nucleation of crystallization centers on ultradispersed seeds (nanoparticles) obtained in the model take into account the influence of dimensional and capillary effects. Numerical experiments were carried out for Al+Si alloy modified with titanium nitride nanoparticles TiN. The results of the calculations were compared with the experimental data. The study is of interest for constructing a macroscopic model and understanding the mechanisms of structure formation in the case of heterogeneous crystallization of metals and alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alloys based on vanadium having bcc structure are considered as an alternative to palladium membrane alloys for hydrogen filtering. The membrane alloy (V90Co10) was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron and confocal microscopy. Gaseous impurities (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen) in the membrane alloy was measured. The surface preparation method for the membrane alloy was developed, this makes possible to reduce roughness (Ra) down to 0.05 μm. It was established that in subsurface layer (∼10 nm) vanadium is in metallic form as well as 4+ and 2+ oxidation levels; while cobalt has only metallic form. Homogeneous distribution of elements in the bulk alloy was proved by chemical microanalysis. The value of hydrogen permeability of the V90Co10 membrane alloy was measured by non-stationary technique within the temperature and pressure ranges (623-723 К and 9-30 kPa, respectively). It was found that the hydrogen permeability of the V90Co10 membrane alloy is comparable with membranes made of metallic palladium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation on the iron sand characteristic of Syiah Kuala beach in Banda Aceh coastal region has been performed. Samples were prepared by mechanical alloying method using a planetary type high energy ball milling. As shown by XRF results, the results indicate that the iron sand is dominated by magnetite up to 85.80 %. The XRD test showed that the Fe3O4 (magnetite) appears as the majority phase. Furthermore, the magnetic properties observation found that the magnetization saturation (Ms) and remanent (Br) are decreasing with the increasing of the coercivity (Hc). These results inform us that the mechanical alloying method is a very attractive technique to reduce the beach sand particle into nanometer scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segregation of silver at copper grain boundaries was investigated using theoretical calculations. Empirical potentials for copper-silver alloys were generated to systematically investigate the segregation. The segregation energies of the [001]-axis symmetric tilt Σ5 (210) and Σ25 (430) grain boundaries were calculated, and the most stable segregation sites for silver at these copper grain boundaries were determined. The generated empirical potential was validated by comparing it with that obtained from the first principles calculation. The segregation of silver at copper grain boundaries strongly depends on the open space at the segregation site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermoelectric properties of La-excess alloys of composition La1+δ(Fe0.85Si0.15)13 (δ = 0.06 and 0.09) were studied. As temperature increased from near 0K to room temperature we observed a corresponding increase of electrical resistivity, as a result of continuous metallic behavior of the alloys. On the other hand, the increase of temperature induced an increase of thermal conductivity. The decrease of the thermopower was also observed on increasing temperature and reached the minimum at around the TC then increased again until room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modification of the VT6 titanium alloy surface in electroexplosion alloying with plasma being formed in titanium foil with a weighed powder of boron carbide with subsequent irradiation by a pulsed electron beam has been carried out. An electroexplosive alloying zone of a thickness up to 50 µm with a gradient structure is found to form. The subsequent electron-beam treatment of the alloying zone results in smoothing of the alloying surface and is accompanied by the formation of the multilayer structure with alternating layers of various alloying degree at a depth of 30 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports on an experimental study of inelastic strain recovery, due to superelasticity and shapememory effects, and plastic deformation under torsion and bending in a binary TiNi alloy containing 50.9 at % of Ni. It is found that the material under torsion and bending displays an anomalously high superelasticity of 16.4% and 13.5% and total recovery strain of 24.6% and 16.4% which exceed the theoretical limit of recoverable strain equal to 10.3% in the alloy involved in a cubic B2 to monoclinic B19' phase transformation. The correlation between the high recovery strains and the intensity and mechanisms of plastic deformation with increasing total strain is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic structure of two dimensional (2D) and one dimensional (1D) ultrathin alloyed nanostructures of stanene has been investigated within the framework of state-of-the-art density functional theory (DFT). Ultrathin stanene is Dirac semimetal with linear dispersion of bands at K-point, whereas ~0.2 eV energy gap get induced in alloyed stanene, thereby, offers wide variety of application at nanoscale. Furthermore, the mechanical strength of alloyed stanene increases from 1.6 GPa in pristine monolayer to 2.2 GPa in alloyed nanostructure. Various topologies of 1D nanostructures are found to metallic in nature with calculated ballistic conductance in the range 2G0 to 4 G0. Our theoretical predictions may be useful for experimentalist to fabricate devices based on ultrathin nanostructures of alloyed stanene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the morphology' phase and elemental composition of bimetallic Al/Zn nanoparticles. It is found that metallic Al and Zn phases have interfaces within a single particle. The conversion mechanisms of Al/Zn nanoparticles in aqueous-alcoholic solutions with different water concentration are studied. It is shown that at 7 mass% water content aluminum oxidation and pseudoboehmite formation begin. Aluminum conversion increases with water content growth. At 20 mass% water content aluminum is oxidized completely' giving way to zinc oxidation. Microbiological studies show that samples containing AlOOH-Zn-ZnO phases exhibit the highest antimicrobial activity. Two-component metallic Al/Zn nanoparticles and composite particles in which initial components are completely oxidized to AlOOH-ZnO have the smallest inhibition zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correlation between precise X-ray powder diffraction patterns and atomic size mismatch in disordered mixed crytalls (alloys and ionic crystals) is observed. The anisotropy of the elastic moduli has been taken into account for evaluation of the strain energy density of the mixed crystals revealed in XRPD measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]