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This research aims to develop a titration laboratory equipment to be integrated into an IoT system to provide students who lack learning resources under normal circumstances with opportunities to conduct experiments online. Titration is the focus of this work because it is an essential part of high school curriculum. All experimental devices must be resistant to strong acid (pH<2) and strong base (pH>12). The titration device is able to accurately dispense liquid through its peristaltic pump at 5ml, 1ml, 0.5ml and 0.1ml with 5% accuracy. A comparison between titration experiment results conducted with the device and with traditional manual operation shows that the device shows 4.6% error from theory while manual operation error is up to 11.7% from theory. The proposed titration laboratory equipment has successfully demonstrated satisfactory accuracy and is ready for further development into actual implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze student errors in solving problems on the material of linear equations of three variables based on the Kastolen error analysis procedure. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The instrument used is a written test in the form of questions and documentation of answer sheets. The subjects in the study were students of class X in one of the SMAN Indragiri Hilir District, Riau, Indonesia which consists of 24 students. The results showed that there were still many students who made mistakes in the SPLTV material. Based on the results of data analysis with Kastolen, it was concluded that students made conceptual errors, procedural errors and technical errors. With the data obtained, namely: (1) Conceptual error 39.45%, (2) Procedural error 90.28%, and (3) Technical error 62.5%. The student error that most often occurs is Precedural error. This is due to a lack of understanding of the prerequisite material, not mastering the concept of completion, not understanding the meaning of story questions, not understanding the problems in the questions, not being thorough, not being able to carry out the correct procedures or steps that are not traced in solving problems. This error analysis is to find out where the student's mistakes are when solving problems, which are taken into consideration for teachers to carry out further learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematics as one of the fields of science taught in schools must be studied and mastered. On an international scale, Indonesian students' mastery of mathematics is relatively low, Indonesia has always been ranked in the bottom 10 since joining in 2000 until 2018. Trigonometry is a material taught at the beginning of high school but trigonometry is one of the 3 materials that are difficult to do in national exams and students have difficulty solving trigonometric questions. Therefore, to evaluate the solution to trigonometric problems, it is necessary to analyze the mistakes made by students in solving a trigonometric problem to be important. This research includes qualitative descriptive research with the aim of describing the types of student errors in solving trigonometric story problems. The subjects of the study were 28 students of class X MIPA 4 SMA IT Nur Hidayah Sukoharjo. Data were obtained by the method of tests and interviews. Errors are analyzed according to Newman's error analysis which divides student errors into 5 types; reading error, comprehension error, transformation error, process skill error, and encoding error. The results showed that students made all five types of mistakes in solving trigonometric story problems. Process skills are the most common mistake made by students. While the least error is a misunderstanding and a mistake in writing the final answer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to comprehensively review the refractive error measurement theories in human cornea, which is considered one of the most important theories used in biomedical engineering applications on which ophthalmology diagnostic equipment depends. The policy used in this work are the extensive reading of published manuscripts in international scientific journal and the adoption of the mechanism of accurate transmission of established scientific facts in an easy and fluent manner. In comparison, this research revealed one of the reasons for the differences in results obtained for the same patient from various diagnostic equipment, these devices base their job performance on the sort of scientific theory established by the system. So, for every measurement theory of refractive error there is a set of determinants, and these determinants directly affect the way the theory implements its requirements, and thus we get a slight spectrum of variation in the results, but it leads to similar scientific constants. Therefore, conclude that the slight discrepancy in the value of a specific variable that is measured by more than one device is a natural result of the dependence of each device that used in diagnosing refractive errors on a specific physical theory, and that one of the main factors that influence the results of the refractive error measurement obtained from different devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unidirectional composite materials are those whose mechanical properties can be controlled by changing the orientation of their fibres. The current study was thus undertaken to illustrate the change in the mechanical properties (strength and stiffness) of unidirectional lamina (carbon /epoxy) resulting from changing the orientation of the fibres as based on various failure theories. Tensile test was thus carried out on reinforced epoxy with fibre orientations ranging from 0 to 90 degrees, and the theoretical results from five common failure theories (maximum stress, maximum strain, Tsai-Wu, Tsai-Hill and Hashin) were compared with the experimental results. Many mechanical properties (strength and modulus of elasticity) showed decreases as the fibre orientation degree increased. Overall, Hashin's theory showed the best convergence between the theoretical and experimental results, with recorded error using that theory being about 0.48%, while the Tsai-Hill theory produced a reasonable error of 2.22%. The Tsai-Wu and other theories recorded errors of greater than 14%, indicating that the Hashin and Tsai-Hill theories are the most suitable for application to unidirectional composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypothesis method, based on the adoption of certain assumptions that allow reducing the three-dimensional problem of the theory of elasticity to two-dimensional problem was first obtained at the end of the nineteenth century. Everyone knows the theory based on Kirchhoff's hypotheses, which until now has not lost its significance. In a number of works, an attempt has been made to refine the theory of plates by adopting less rigid hypotheses than those of Kirchhoff. In this way, the still popular theories of plate bending of the Timoshenko S.P. and E. Reissner e were obtained taking into account the transverse shear. These theories of plate bending are now widely used as refined theories for plate bending and for calculating thick plates. In the paper by the mathematical method, without using any assumptions, the three-dimensional equations of the theory of elasticity have been reduced to refined equations for the bending of plates. The obtained mathematical theory of plates is compared with popular theories of the Timoshenko type. It is shown that in order to refine the theory of plate bending, in addition to transverse shear, a number of additional terms should be taken into account, which are absent in theories of the Reissner E. and Timoshenko S.P. type obtained by the method of hypotheses. Mathematical analysis of three-dimensional elasticity equations confirms that the error of theories such as the theory of E. Reissner and S.P. Timoshenko is of the same order as the error of the classical theory of plate bending. This means that the popular theories discussed are not refined and they cannot be used to calculate thick plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve students' mathematical literacy, it is important to have an analysis of the causes of low students' learning literacy. Error analysis in solving literacy problems is the first step to see students' current mathematical literacy. In this qualitative study, the error analysis was based on Newman's theory in working on mathematical literacy problems. This case study involved 30 students of Grade XI at one of the leading private schools in Solo City, Indonesia. The subject was selected using snowball sampling so that all types of errors could be described for each gender. It used a validated test instrument in which the researcher as the main instrument used think-aloud to obtain the necessary data. To obtain valid data, the researcher compared the results of the analysis between subjects. The data were analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. This study concludes that 1) reading errors occur in female students, but the steps taken did not affect the next type of error; 2) Comprehension errors occur because of the inability to identify what is being asked from the presented image and identify the location of the angle. Besides, female students misunderstood the information of angle statement; 3) transformation errors are indicated by the difficulty in determining the lengths of the sides of the triangles formed and unable to make the mathematical model of the problems; 4) process skill errors are showed by errors in applying the Pythagorean theorem, the variable calculation process, and determine the roots of the equation as well as the error in calculating the value of the square of the coefficients; and 5) encoding errors occur when the student does not write down the final answer correctly and not conclude what had been done previously so that he did not answer what was asked with another error of writing the results with positive or negative notation for distance values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Everyone has made errors, but only wise people learn from their errors. This study aims to analyze the student errors in solving non-routine questions. The error analysis theory referred to the Kastolan theory, which covers conceptual errors, procedural errors, and technical errors. This qualitative study involved the subject from the second-semester students at a leading university in Central Java. Subjects were selected using the snowball sampling technique with a total of involving six subjects. The data were taken by thinking aloud so that the triangulation method was used to check the data validity. The results showed that on the visualization problem, students made three types of errors. On the analysis, students made conceptual errors. Then, on the informal deduction, students made all types of errors. On deduction and rigor, the students made conceptual errors and procedural errors. It used a contextual non-routine problem based on ethnomathematics which was arranged to measure students' geometric thinking skills. The results function as a self-evaluation for students, lecturers, and universities that students also need to practice their ability to solve non-routine questions so that when they face different problems, they are not shocked and confused which leads to errors. Students always have to think critically and creatively so that they can independently exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In data fitting, researchers use various methods to determine the quality of a fitting. Visualization of images is crucial in observing the behaviour of data obtained. The problem in judging the accuracy of a result obtained through visual observation are commonly faced by researchers when handling contaminated data such as noisy data, missing data or outliers. In this research, study has been conducted to deal with missing data using Radial Basis Function (RBF). Error evaluation using RBF with thin plate spline (TPS) of different parameter value, c is obtained. The approach is applied to a real life data of a head injured patient on the skull using bootstrap method in RBF. This study has performed well on craniofacial reconstruction to estimate the best fit curve for the missing part of fractured region of a skull. This provides a significant contribution that could be an alternative approach in medical application especially on craniofacial reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the error estimate of expanded H¹ -Galerkin mixed finite element methods (MFEMs) has been discussed with studied semi-discrete for parabolic integro-differential equations (PIDEs) with a nonlinear memory. In addition, we derived an error estimates for the unknown function, gradient function, and flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic nanospheres are often employed as resonant substrates in many nanophotonic applications, like in enhanced spectroscopy, near-field microscopy, photovoltaics, and sensing. Accurate calculation and tuning of optical responses of such nanospheres are essential to achieve optimal performance. Mie theory is widely used to calculate optical properties of spherical particles. Although, an approximated version of Mie approach, the quasi-static approximation (QSA) can also be used to determine the very same properties of those spheres with a lot simpler formulations. In this work, we report our numerical study on the limit and accuracy of QSA with respect to the rigorous Mie approach. We calculated scattering, absorption and extinction spectra of silver and gold nanospheres in air with varying sizes using both QSA and Mie theory. Then, we extracted spectral positions of the resonance peaks from their calculated optical responses and defined the error present in QSA as the difference between the spectral positions of the resonance peaks calculated by QSA and Mie method. Our error analysis reveals that QSA approach yields nonlinear increment in error with linear increment in size of the nanosphere and that the amount of error is significantly less in the case of gold spheres compared to the silver ones. We also provide a polynomial-fitted error function that resembles the qualitative trend in error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to analyze college students’ errors in solving geometry word problem based on Newman stage. This research is qualitative descriptive. This research is held in Matemathics Department, FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Malang (UM) and the subjects are college students in 6th semester who are doing teaching internship. This research is qualitative descriptive. All of these students are given geometry word problem. This research result shows that there are three students that encounter errors in solving geometry word problem. These three students encounter errors on transformation stage, process skills, and encoding. Students errors in solving geometry word problem are caused by students inability to choose solving method toward the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) would be active if students facing non-routine problems. Several students could solve non-routine problems, but the other could not. The students who had difficulties made errors in solving non-routine problems involving HOTS. The purposes of this research were to identify and analyze students’ errors in solving non-routine problems in the topic of arithmetic sequence. This research was qualitative descriptive. The subjects in this study were three 8th-grade students in Palangkaraya. The students were classified into three categories based on daily test result, which were high, moderate, and low ability. The data were obtained through test and interview. To obtain the data concerning students’ errors, a student from each ability was taken randomly and interviewed. The students’ errors were analyzed using Newman Error Analysis Model consisting of reading, comprehension, transformation, process skills, and encoding. Based on the results, (1) low-ability student made errors in transformation, process skill, and encoding (2) moderate-ability student made errors in process skill, and encoding, and (3) high-ability student made errors in encoding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the application of the standard Kalman filter in the GPS data, the state equation cannot nearly reflect the actual motion trajectory of the target, leading to the poor filtering effect. In order to solve this problem, a piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation function is constructed by using the position information of the real points on the target motion trajectory and the direction information obtained by the position coordinate difference. Hence, the weighted correction for the variables in the state equation based on the Hermite function improves the standard Kalman filter. In the experimental analysis, the position coordinates of the target in the constant velocity curvilinear motion are corrected. The mean square error analysis of the position coordinates indicates that the model is significantly improved in accuracy. At the same time, the sensitivity analysis about the number of real points is carried out, showing that a small number of key points on the target trajectory can be used as real points to achieve the expected effect. The Kalman filter algorithm based on real value is simple and low-cost. Therefore, it has practical prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quantitative error analysis in determining minority charge carrier lifetimes in photoactive layers of III-V photovoltaic cells (multijunction solar and laser power converters) has been carried out. Accuracies of the methods based on simulation: of the spectral dependencies of the internal quantum yield, of photovoltaic cells’ dark current densities and transient characteristics in dependence on peculiarities of the heterostructure and of the measurement range have been compared. It has been found that error diagrams for any material can be represented in normalized form with respect to absorption coordinates. Using this assumption estimated were diffusion length relative error values for the base and emitter layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variation of relative intensity ratios of the characteristic K x-ray lines, namely, Kα, and Kβ to that of the underneath BS radiation as a function of incidence angle 15°-75° under bombardment of 10-25 keV-electrons on a pure thick target of polycrystalline Cu (Z=29) in the reflection geometry mode using a Si PIN photodiode detector has been studied.The comparison of experimental results with those of MC simulations using PENELOPE code shows a good agreement between experiment and theory within the error of measurements for both angular and energy dependence of the considered ratios. The details of these results are presented and discussed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new family of multistage embedded explicit multistep algorithms with the highest possible algebraic order is proposed in this paper. The newly introduced methods can be applied to the approximate solution of second order initial and/or boundary-value problems with periodical and/or oscillating solutions. Requiring phase–lag = 0 and phase–lag(n) = 0, where phase–lag(n) is the n-th derivative of the phase–lag, for the algorithms of the above family, a system of of equations is produced. The solution of the above obtained system of equations leads to the determination of the free parameters of the new introduced schemes. A theoretical analysis (local truncation error and stability analysis) follows the construction of the new family of algorithms. The theoretical analysis consists of the following stages: • Determination of the local truncation error (LTE) of the specific algorithm of the newly introduced family. • Study of the asymptotic form of the LTE which is produced using the radial time independent Schrödinger equation. • Evaluation of the asymptotic forms of LTEs for the methods of the newly introduced family. The above-mentioned evaluation leads to conclusions on the efficiency of the schemes of the newly introduced family. • Study of the stability and the interval of the periodicity of the schemes of the newly introduced family. • Study of the efficiency of the schemes of the newly introduced family, by applying them to the approximate solution of numerous second order problems like the radial Schrödinger equation, astronomical problems, etc. The above presented numerical experiments lead to conclusions on the effectiveness of the schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes methods and preliminary results of error analysis based on educational research in teaching mathematical informatics. We present our error typology through hierarchical evaluation of students test. The method is based on diagnostic error vector with variable evaluation criteria. It provides weak and strong evaluation of students’ performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the medical setting, medication errors are not merely about an error done by an individual since the personnel is one of the elements of the patient care system. For the purpose of analyzing the cause of medication errors by tracing to compound layers—from the organizational layer to the pharmaceutical personnel layer, the 7th version of the US Department of Defends Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (DoD HFACS 7.0) is applied. The aim of the present study is to adopt the DoD HFACS 7.0 questionnaire into the medical setting so that it can be used to observe the cause of medication error. However, in order to gain an effective application of DoD HFACS 7.0 for pharmaceutical workers in Indonesia, it needs to be adopted to devise Med HFACS. The result shows that out of 109 sub-categories in DoD HFACS 7.0, as many as 90 subcategories can be included in Med HFACS. Meanwhile, 19 sub-categories are not included because they are less relevant to the pharmaceutical field as well as they potentially cause bias if attached in the duties of professional pharmacy personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the various accidents, there was a bus accident with an increase in the number of accidents per year. The main cause of the accident is a mistake made by the driver, so it takes an error analysis of the bus driver. This research identifies the potential for the occurrence of user error and performs the risk analysis of user error on the operation process of Batik Solo Trans. In this research, Predictive Use Error Analysis (PUEA) method is used to detect and investigate the use error that happened and potentially happened. From the result of research, there are 25 potential use error consists of 1 use error type plan, 15 use error action type, 7 use error checking type, 2 use error communication type, while retrieval and selection type is not found. Of the 25 use errors, 1 due to lapse (4%), 9 due to slipping (36%), and 15 for violation (60%), while for error cause knowledge-based mistake category and a rule-based mistake is not found. The results of this research can be used as input material to perform actions such as improvements to Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), provide training to improve skills and provide briefing activities to reduce the user error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can not be denied that along with the increasing number of vehicles on the road, the number of traffic accidents naturally facing increment. This research identifies and analyzes potential errors that Taksi Kosti Solo drivers experienced during driving. In this research, Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) method is used to identify potential errors during driving and analyze the potential errors. The findings suggest that there are 21 potential of critical errors that consist of 11 errors of action type error and 10 errors of check type error are found. Meanwhile retrieval, communication and selection type of error are not found. Suggestion of improvement, such as giving briefing, making checklist of taxi condition and making Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) of taxi operation process are presented to reduce the potential errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurological diseases of the central nervous system. Its main symptom is movement disorders. The complex symptoms of PD induce difficulties for a clinical diagnosis, which require automatic early detection that allows intervening to stop its progression. In this work, we propose an automatic diagnosis of PD, based on polar coordinates extracted from handwriting spiral. The main contributions of this paper aim to improve a recognition descriptor made by Pereira et al. Indeed, new features extracted in polar coordinates, e.g. tangent deviation and curvature total error,are presented and the combination of classifiers by majority vote is used. The recognition rate obtained in the tests carried out on the NewHandPD database is promising achieved 98.36. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We find a priori and a posteriori error estimates of the best proximity point, obtained with the Picard iteration associated to a Kannan cyclic contraction map, which is defined on a uniformly convex Banach space with modulus of convexity of power type. We give an example of such maps in Banach spaces endowed with the norm ∥ · ∥p for p ∈ (1, +∞). We present numerical computations for the a priori and a posteriori estimates for different cases of p ∈ (1, +∞). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1999 authors, using the nonstationary Galerkin method and regularization method, proved the existence and uniqueness of a regular solution to the boundary value problem for a higher order equation of mixed type. In this paper an error estimate for the approximate solutions of this problem is obtained, and expressed in terms of the regularization parameter and the eigenvalues of the spectral problem for a higher order elliptic equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we prove the existence and uniqueness of a regular solution of the boundary-value problem for a linear nonclassical equatimethodon of odd order in time with changing time direction. The Faedo-Galerkin method is applied to the solution of the boundary value problem. For approximate solutions, an error estimate of the Faedo-Galerkin method is established via the regularization parameter and the eigenvalues of the Dirichlet spectral problem for the Laplace operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an altitude control system is designed to increase the positioning accuracy of a mini-UAV on the z-axis of the inertial system and to improve conventional altitude control systems relying only on GPS, barometer or laser sensors which may have significant errors in certain flight conditions. The main objective of the mini-UAV is to monitor and detect a Corona Discharge that usually occurs on high voltage powerlines which implies a very good infrastructure in terms of on-board equipment because of the danger which occur when UAV flies quite close to the powerlines and into an intense electromagnetic field. To design the altitude controller for the longitudinal dynamics a control structure method, based on successively closed loops with different types of classic controllers was used. We concluded that the command structures with speed constraint was necessary to implement a speed device that automatically maintains a constant speed. Thus, the speed device is trying to maintain a constant speed using the throttle control. After modelling the longitudinal dynamics, numerical simulations were performed in MATLAB, Simulink and the obtained results confirmed a good performance of the proposed control strategy flight altitude control based on the automated speed device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For enhance a situational awareness of aircraft crew the method for predicting the future state of aircraft is developed. Algorithms for predicting the end point of the brake path have been developed. Algorithms have the properties of adaptation to the conditions of run. To improve the accuracy of the prediction, a correction was introduced. The statistical tests of prediction algorithms in a wide range of operational modes were performed. Statistical characteristics of prediction errors are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes thermal imaging technique to enhance visualization of a detected human face inside a detected car. Although an infrared camera it is more commonly used in industrial and military, but software application has the advantages by image processing an original image into a thermal imaging representation that only used a conventional CCTV camera in public areas. The algorithms started with car detection, counting and tracking as a primary step in a car park, followed by detecting a human face presence inside a car and finally implementing thermal image processing to further ensure the real situation happened correctly before issuing an error warning. Based on seven unbiased scenarios experiments, the accuracy of a standalone thermal imaging identification is higher than standalone human face detection for recognizing the human faces by 4.02%. Hence, a combined method improves the performance of thermal image identification for detecting human face inside a car in terms of accuracy by 2.97% as compared with the conventional human face recognition technique in the situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work concerns the issue of curve reconstruction of the handwriting image based on a Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). WOA is a novel nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithm that mimics the social behavior of humpback whales and it is a new optimization technique for solving optimization problems. Optimization results based on mathematical problems and structural optimization problems demonstrate that WOA is very competitive compared to the state-of-the-art optimization methods. The objective of this paper is to find the optimal value for the control points of the cubic Bézier curve. It is important to construct the fitting curve that approximates a given set of data points optimally. There are four main steps required in reconstructing of the bitmap image, namely boundary extraction, corner point detection, parameterization and curve fitting. Since the aim of this study is to minimize the distance between the outline of the original image and the parametric curve, Sum Square of Error (SSE) has been used to calculate the error between the two curves. The best fitted parametric curve that represents all the given data points is then obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite element method based on extended cubic B-spline(ECB) functions is set up the solutions of an initial boundary value problem for the generalized Burgers-Fisher equation(GBFE). The time discretization of the method is achieved by the Crank-Nicolson technique. The validity of the proposed algorithm is checked by calculating the error using discrete maximum error norm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work revolves around the design of a continuous interior penalty finite element method (CIPFEM) for a sixth-order bending gradient elastic beam equation, through the use of non-conforming finite elements consisting of piecewise C0-continuous approximation functions. The CIPFEM advantageously combines the continuous Galerkin method, the discontinuous Galerkin method and the stabilized method. Only the nodal displacements are included as degrees of freedom and the linear system's stiffness matrix is symmetric and positive definite. The displacement is continuous and the continuity of first and higher-order derivatives is weakly enforced by means of stabilizing terms (being of importance for the method's convergence) on both the interior and exterior boundaries. The research objective focuses on establishing the consistency and the stability property and performing an a priori error analysis of the method. Based on the conclusions reached, the method is consistent, stable and convergent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes one method for a numerical solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. The kernel function has a special type of singularity called the diagonal one. The main result of this paper is the error estimation of the numerical solution based on the Nystr¨om method with singularity subtraction. The error estimate is compared to numerical examples. The error behavior and computing time of the Nytr¨om method is compared with alternative method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are motivated to optimise splitting methods for Maxwell's equations. The methods are based on additive, multiplicative and iterative splitting approaches and embed an optimised computation of the Maxwell operators. We decompose Maxwell's equations into sub-operators and apply the different splitting methods. We obtain numerical benefits, while we apply iterative splitting approaches and optimise the computations of the sub-operators. Standard methods, such as additive and multiplicative methods, are more effective in fast results, which iterative approaches could reduce iteratively the errors. We present some initial numerical examples for the optimised splitting approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of business process oriented agent systems involves the development of mechanisms to support their management and monitoring. One of the theories that can be used to address the task is the concept of gossip focusing on agents' behaviors in relation to knowledge sharing taking place in a multi-agent system. The autonomy that software agents enjoy in performing their operations means that they are able to propagate false information and hence compromise the system's health. An indicator that can be deployed to prevent this from happening is an agent's reputation regarding the gossip that it spreads. Once such an indicator is implemented in an agent system, the reputation of an agent can be used by the system as a factor in making decisions about each agent's credentials and, consequently, its continued presence in the system. The aim of the paper is to investigate the possibility of employing an indicator of gossip reputation in a software agent society to improve its operation. In its first part, the paper discusses selected elements of the gossip theory, to subsequently determine what knowledge is shared in the system and to propose an indicator for measuring an agent's reputation. Further, the article provides an account of a relevant scientific experiment and delivers conclusions derived from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research presented in the article concerns success and failure factors of infrastructure projects implemented by Polish local government units. Due to the fact that many of these types of projects fail, there is a need to search for the cause of their failure. One way to achieve this may be to identify critical success and failure factors. The paper contains a proposal of using fuzzy modeling to identify success and failure factors of infrastructure projects implemented by Polish local government units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the evaluation of flood losses to buildings. More specifically, it analyses the impact of the side ratio of the flooded room and its overall surface area on the accuracy of loss evaluation. It presents the basics of a theoretical mathematical model, which has been calibrated and verified using genetic programming tools and which makes it possible to achieve a relatively high accuracy in loss evaluation. The error variance found during the modelling of losses was <-1%; 2%>. The suggested basic version of the model can be further developed in the future to allow for more comprehensive use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach is presented to compare two Markov Chains, particularly Continuous-Time Markov Chains (CTMC) such as to model Queueing Networks (QN). Here one may typically think of one CTMC or QN to be a solvable modification (e.g. a product form QN) of the other one, say the original, which is of practical interest but unsolvable. The approach is essentially based upon evaluating performance measures by cumulative reward structures and analytically bounding so-called bias-terms, also known as relative gains or fundamental matrix elements. A general comparison and error bound result will be provided. The approach, referred to as Markov Reward approach, is related to Stochastic Dynamic programming and • may lead to analytic error bounds for the discrepancy, and • may still apply while stochastic comparison fails To motivate and illustrate the approach, the presentation will contain an instructive finite tandem queue example and a practical result for a real-life application of an Operation Theater-Intensive care unit system. Some remaining questions for research will be addressed briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strap-down inertial-celestial integrated navigation system has the advantages of autonomy and high precision and is very useful for ballistic missiles. The star sensor installation error and inertial measurement error have a great influence for the system performance. Based on deep data fusion, this paper establishes measurement equations including star sensor installation error and proposes the deep fusion filter method. Simulations including misalignment error, star sensor installation error. IMU error are analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the deep fusion method can estimate the star sensor installation error and IMU error. Meanwhile, the method can restrain the misalignment errors caused by instrument errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The error analysis for the meshless methods, especially for the Meshless Finite Difference Method (MFDM), is discussed in the paper. Both a priori and a posteriori error estimations are considered. Experimental order of convergence confirms the theoretically developed a priori error bound. The higher order extension of the MFDM - the multipoint approach may be used as a source of the improved reference solution, instead of the true analytical one, for the global and local error estimation of the solution and residual errors. Several types of a posteriori error estimators are described. A variety of performed tests confirm high quality of a posteriori error estimation based on the multipoint MFDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the influence of the lack of ellipticity property on the solution convergence of the coupled electro-mechanical problems. This influence consists in the non-monotonic convergence which can hardly be described analytically. We recall our previous unpublished research where we demonstrate that the non-monotonicity depends very much on the energy level of the two component parts of the energy related to the coupled fields of mechanical and electric character. We further investigate the influence of this non-monotonic character of the convergence on the error estimation via equilibrated residual method. We also assess the influence of such convergence on the three-step error-controlled adaptive algorithms. We indicate the methods of practical overcoming the mentioned problems related to the lack of ellipticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the stress rate tensor measures for isotropic and anisotropic solids subjected to significant deformations under dynamic loading. It is shown that the difference of the corotational derivatives for isotopic and anisotropic (transtropic) media is in the absence of the assumption of volume isotropy of anisotropic media, as for example in the case of the Green-Naghdi corotational derivative. The use of the Green-Naghdi derivative instead of the Jaumann derivative allows one to eliminate the error arising when a deformed state of simple shear appears, although this leads to an increase in the computational time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the study of the principle of binocular parallax ranging, a binocular vision ranging system is designed and built. The stereo matching algorithm is realized by LabVIEW software. The camera calibration and distance measurement are completed. The error analysis shows that the system fast, effective, can be used in the corresponding industrial occasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser diodde has many advantages, such as high efficiency, small volume, low cost and easy integration, so it is widely used. Because of its poor beam quality, the application of semiconductor laser has also been seriously hampered. In view of the poor beam quality, the ZEMAX optical design software is used to simulate the far field characteristics of the semiconductor laser beam, and the coupling module of the semiconductor laser and the optical fiber is designed and optimized. And the beam is coupled into the fiber core diameter d=200μm, the numerical aperture NA=0.22 optical fiber, the output power can reach 95%. Finally, the influence of the three docking errors on the coupling efficiency during the installation process is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smooth surface reconstruction of scattered data built from Delaunay triangulation need the partial derivatives to be defined at the vertices of the triangles for all the data points. Partial derivatives at the vertices of triangular elements and at the midpoint of each side usually are unavailable therefore it is a needed to approximate the derivatives information at the vertices and at the midpoint of each side. The common method use to estimate partial derivatives was the quadratic approximation of least square method. This research focused to estimate partial derivatives by using cubic approximation of least square method and compare the surface obtained between quadratic and cubic approximation. The research also implement the use of interpolating surface of cubic Bezier triangular patch. The result of the study shows comparison of interpolating surface produced by different type of functions for quadratic and cubic least square. The maximum and minimum error was also calculated and maximum error between quadratic and cubic least square was generated when using saddle function while the minimum error is on the exponential function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A priori error estimates are derived for the streamline diffusion (SD) finite element methods for the Fermi pencil-beam equation. Two-dimensional numerical examples confirm our theoretical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the local discretization error of Patankar-type Runge-Kutta methods applied to semi-discrete PDEs. For a known two-stage Patankar-type scheme the local error in PDE sense for linear advection or diffusion is shown to be of the maximal order O(Δt³) for sufficiently smooth and positive exact solutions. However, in a test case mimicking a wetting-drying situation as in the context of shallow water flows, this scheme yields large errors in the drying region. A more realistic approximation is obtained by a modification of the Patankar approach incorporating an explicit testing stage into the implicit trapezoidal rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We give a theoretical analysis of the local error of splitting methods applied to parabolic initial-boundary value problems under homogeneous Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. For the Lie-Trotter splitting, we provide a theoretical local error analysis that rigorously explains the order reduction observed in numerical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of resource allocation, power allocation affects the performance of wireless cooperative system to a great extent. However, the existing cooperative communication power allocation scheme using only a single index to optimize the performance of the system makes the optimization effect unideal, put forward a cooperative communication power allocation scheme comprehensively consider of the capacity and error probability as objective function. In this paper, the capacity and error probability of the cooperative communication technology are analyzed and the corresponding theoretical formulas are derived, then prove the nonlinear relationship between the two. On this basis, make the maximizing the capacity and minimizing error probability as objective function, present the power allocation scheme based on particle swarm optimization. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has better effect on cooperative communication system, and is more suitable for the future development of cooperative communication technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays competitive neural network has been widely used in the pattern recognition, classification and other aspects, and show the great advantages compared with the traditional clustering methods. But the competitive neural networks still has inadequate in many aspects, and it needs to be further improved. Based on the learning Vector Quantization Network proposed by Learning Kohonen [1], this paper resolve the issue of the large training error, when there are "blind" spots in a network through the introduction of threshold value learning rules and finally programs the realization with Matlab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce interpolation time and Max interpolation error in NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline) interpolation caused by planning Velocity .This paper proposed a velocity planning interpolation algorithm based on NURBS curve. Firstly, the second-order Taylor expansion is applied on the numerator in NURBS curve representation with parameter curve. Then, velocity planning interpolation algorithm can meet with NURBS curve interpolation. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed NURBS curve interpolator meet the high-speed and high-accuracy interpolation requirements of CNC systems. The interpolation of NURBS curve should be finished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]