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The ethanol extract of cashew leaves has very strong antibacterial substances such as flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids. The purpose of this study was to examine the optimal viscosity of the cashew leaf extract gel preparation with variations in the concentration of CMC-Na as a gelling agent. Extraction of cashew leaves using maceration method using 70% ethanol for 2 days. The characterization of the gel preparations observed included viscosity tests, pH tests, homogeneity tests and microbiological tests. The best viscosity is shown by formula 2 with a value of 259.067 Cpas which is neither too runny nor too thick. Testing the pH of the three formulations of the cashew extract gel, the pH value was almost the same as the average pH of 4.45. The results of testing the stickiness of the cashew leaf gel preparation obtained a low value below 0.00081 cm/second, the adhesion test was carried out to find out how long the preparation could stick to the surface of the skin, the higher the stickiness the more drug was absorbed into the skin. The results of the particle size test of formula 2 have the smallest size of 142.20 m ± 0.297 with the smallest measurement difference which shows that formula 2 is more homogeneous than the other formulas. The results of the microbiological test showed good inhibition in formula 1 with an average value of 16.55 mm ± 1.909 and formula 2 with an average value of 16.30 mm ± 2.546. This result is a strong inhibitory ability of the test. In conclusion, the concentration of carboxymethylcellulose in formulation 2 has better characteristics as a carrier for cashew leaf extract and is effective in inhibiting bacteria classified as strong antibacterial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical constituents of a plant extract exhibit significant contributions to its antioxidant activity. The phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of the seeds of Syzgium Cumini showed the presence of gallic acid as the key component for antioxidant activity. The work highlights the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the ethanolic extract of the seeds of Syzgium Cumini by employing different antioxidant assays and analytical techniques. The ethanolic extract shows moderate antioxidant effects from the seeds of the plant. The analytical evaluation of the plant extract was performed using different phytochemical assays and electrochemical investigation by cyclic voltammetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical constituents of a plant extract exhibit significant contributions to its antioxidant activity. The phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of the fresh leaves of Clerodendrum Infortunatum Linn showed the presence of gallic acid as the key component for antioxidant activity. The work highlights the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Clerodendrum Infortunatum by employing different antioxidant assays and analytical techniques. The methanolic extract shows moderate antioxidant effects from the leaves of the plant. The structural elucidation of the compound was carried out by infrared and nuclear magnetic spectroscopic analysis. The analytical evaluation of the plant extract was performed using different phytochemical assays and electrochemical investigation by cyclic voltammetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic fungi are recognized as promising source of diverse bioactive compounds. In particular, mangrove-derived fungal endophytes are known to provide distinct microbial diversity capable of producing various pharmacologically active compounds, due to their exposure to various environmental stresses. This study investigated the antibacterial activity and toxicity of extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove Lumnitzera racemosa, collected in Bali, Indonesia. Following fungal isolation procedure, three endophytic fungal isolates, namely ER1, ER2 and ER3 were isolated from healthy tissue of stem and fruit of L. racemosa. Each isolated fungus was cultivated on rice media for 4 weeks, followed by extraction using ethyl acetate and solvent removal by vacuum rotary evaporator, yielding three extracts. Each ethyl acetate extract was partitioned between aquaeous methanol and n-hexane. All of the resulting methanol extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis and tested for their antibacterial and toxicity. Antibacterial assay was performed with microdilution technique, whereas the toxicity was screened through brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, and polyphenols in each extract. When tested for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, all of the tested extracts were found to be inactive up to the tested concentration of 1000 µg/mL. Albeit no activity was found in antibacterial assay, all of the tested extracts displayed toxic effect against brine shrimp with LC50 values ranging from 324.94 to 406.68 µg/mL. Many toxicity studies on natural products employing BSLT revealed positive correlations with their cytotoxicity against various solid tumor cell lines. Thus, result of this study implied all of the tested extracts merit further investigation of their cytotoxic activity towards cancer cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high number of bacterial resistance to commercial antibacterials requires researchers to create new antibacterials. So far, plant-based antibacterials are still being researched and developed. In this study, the potential of Adenium obesum flower extracts as an antibacterial against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) were evaluated. A. obesum flowers were extracted using four different solvents based on polarity (ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and water) by the maceration method. The secondary metabolite contents of each extract were tested qualitatively by the phytochemical screening method. Afterward, each extract was tested for its antibacterial potential against Gram-negative and Grampositivebacteria qualitatively (disc diffusion method) and quantitatively (microdilution method). Phytochemical screening showed that each extract contained various secondary metabolites. Antibacterial assay showed that ethyl acetate extract gave the best inhibition against E. coli (IC50 = 571.57 mg/mL) and S. aureus (IC50 = 358.84 mg/mL), while water extract gave the best inhibition against P. aeruginosa (IC50 = 475.15 mg/mL) and E. faecalis (IC50 = 56.99 mg/mL). From quantitative assay,it shows that A. obesum flower extracts inhibited Gram-positive bacteria more effectively than Gram-negative bacteria. This study states that the A. obesum flowers have potential as an antibacterial against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A medicinal plant widely distributed in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, is Melastoma malabathricum. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the phytochemicals (terpenoid, steroid, flavonoid, and alkaloid contents) and cytotoxicity of M. malabathricum leaves extracts in order to investigate M. malabathricum as a medicinal plant for anticancer agents. Using phytochemical screening techniques, the terpenoid, steroid, alkaloid, and flavonoid contents were examined. A cytotoxicity test was conducted in vitro on several cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7, HeLa, and A549. B16, and HT29. M. malabathricum leaves extract contains terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. MCF-7, HeLa, A549, B16, and HT29 cancer cell lines were used to demonstrate the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract, with IC50 values of 327.37±0.67, 327.05±0.48, 304.46±1.93, 319.21±0.67, and 1.43±0.19 µg/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that the plant could serve as a promising source of anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuma aeruginosa Curcuma zedoaria, recognized as Temu Hitam and Temu Putih, is widely used as traditional herbal in Indonesia. Many biological activities and secondary metabolites of C. aeruginosa C. zedoaria had been reported. This research was aimed at the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of C. aeruginosa C. zedoaria rhizomes extracts using ethanol activities by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method. The ethanol extract of C.aeruginosa presented antioxidant activity with IC50 of 0,67 ppm compared to gallic acid as a standard. Meanwhile, the antibacterial activity has been determined by using colorimetric resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) method. The C. zedoaria extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. acnes, P. aeruginosa and S. typhi with MIC of mg/mL, respectively compared to ampicillin as a standard. Furthermore, the extracts have been assayed their antibacterial activities against both gram-positive and negative bacteria. This research showed that Curcuma aeruginosa and Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes extracts have potency as antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parasitic plant (Scurrula atropurpurea (Bl.) Dans) is well-known for treating diuretic, mitotic, and cancerous conditions. It grows on trees such as those bearing tea, mangoes, and avocados. This study evaluated the activity of ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of S. atropurpurea (growing on avocado trees) using the MTT assay on the T47D breast cancer cell line. Soxhletation was performed with ethyl acetate and re-extraction of the residue with ethanol. The ethyl acetate extract of a phytochemical analysis using the TLC method exhibited four peaks, while the ethanol extract contained six peaks. According to the findings of the study, the IC50 of the ethyl acetate and ethanol extract was 17.93 and 44.64 µg/mL, respectively. Ethyl acetate has the highest potential as a cytotoxic agent than ethanol extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa Blume) is a typical fruit plant that has not been utilized optimally. One of the efficacious compounds contained in Parijoto is flavonoid groups which has the potential for antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Many studies haven't applied Parijoto extract for edible coating components for preserving vegetables and fruits because both types of products are susceptible to post-harvest rot. The purpose of this study was to obtain Parijoto extract containing Flavonoid compounds that has potential for antimicrobial, antioxidant effect to use on edible coating in food preservation by confirming the presence of flavonoid content in the Parijoto ethanol extract and determine the yield and quantitatively test the total flavonoid content in the Parijoto ethanol extract. The stages of the research carried out were the extraction of Parijoto simplicia using 96% ethanol as a solvent in a ratio of 1:10 (maceration and remaceration methods), then qualitatively analyzing the Flavonoid contents in the extract by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and the color change reaction test. Next, Flavonoid contents in this extract had been quantitatively analyzed by UV Vis Spectrophotometer. The results showed that ethanolic extract was obtained from Parijoto is 19,013 g or stated that yield 19,013%. Yields was obtained more than previous studies due to differences in preparation of Parijoto extract. Then flavonoid content was found 80,276 ppm in Parijoto extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gyrinops versteegii is an endemic plant in Nusa Tenggara Barat. The spesies have not been widely explored as a source of natural products. Biological activity screening of leaves, fruit barks, and stem barks from agarwood-producing plant have been investigated in 2016. The previous result revealed that beside of acetone extract from the leaves of the inoculated G. versteegii plant, the acetone extract from the trunk of agarwood showed high antioxidant activity. To complete the previous research, an isolation of compounds responsible for antioxidant activity from the extract of agarwood trunk is essential to study. Therefore, the purposes of this research are to obtain data and information of fraction having high bioactivity and to isolate antioxidant compounds from the trunk extract of agarwood. The isolation is conducted through extraction, fractionation and further analysis on antioxidant assay and GC-MS analysis. The research showed that etil acetate and methanol fractions had high antioxidant activity with IC50 104.69±6.07 ppm and 90.27±7.39 ppm respectively. But crude extract still has the lowest IC50. The lower antioxidant activity of the fractions of the crude extract can be considered because of the synergistic nature of the compounds contained in the crude extract, where there are more diverse compounds than the methanol fraction. Several compounds that may have potential as antioxidants from inoculated gaharu extract are 1-(benzyloxy)-8-Naphthol, 6-Methoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)-2-phenylquinoline, 5-hydroxy-4',7-dimethoxy-flavone, stigmastan-3,5-dien, (24Z)-ethylidenechilesterol, 3-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 3-β-hydroxy-androst-5,16-ene. And 5-hydroxy-4',7-dimethoxy-flavone or apigenin 7,4'dimethyl ether is a methanol and ethyl acetate fraction compound with potential antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of this research is to determine the characterization of antioxidant activity forest honey enriched with the red ginger extract on its physicochemical characteristic. Red ginger honey is concoction by forest honey from East Nusa Tenggara, with added and without red ginger extract. The variations in concentration of extract used on research were 1.5%, 4.5% and 7.5%. Results showed that addition of red ginger extract to the forest honey solution decreased the pH value along with the addition of red ginger extract concentration, but increased the viscosity value of red ginger honey. The percentage inhibition of the test results showed that the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of ginger honey solution increased along with the increase of concentration red ginger extract, as conclusion, addition of the red ginger extract might increase the antioxidant activity of ginger honey solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, Southeast Asian coastal communities have used Xylocarpus granatum (XC) to treat malaria, diarrhea, cholera, fever, and cancer. It is crucial to develop bioactive substances and highly effective cytotoxic agents that cause minimal side effects so that new anticancer plant therapies can be developed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the major and minor bioactive compounds in XC leaves ethanol extracts from the Ambon Region, East Indonesia, as well as the possible cytotoxic effects of the extract. The cells used in this study are HEK293 human kidney cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The GC-MS analysis of XC leaves ethanol extract was conducted to identify the bioactive compounds. The Prestoblue assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of XC leaves ethanol extract against MCF-7 and HEK293 cell lines. XC leaves ethanol extract exhibited IC50 values of 3.90 µg/mL and 360.10 µg/mL in MCF-7 and HEK293 cells, respectively. An analysis of the GC-MS data revealed that the main compound was thiazole, followed by fumaric acid as the minor compound. An ethanol extract of leaves XC demonstrated positive morphological changes in MCF-7 cancer cells following 24 h exposure. In normal HEK293 cells, the number of cells did not decrease. In conclusion, the leaves of XC ethanol extract induce preapoptotic cell death, and have anticancer properties, but do not interact with normal cells. New anticancer plant therapies may be developed using XC bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prevent corrosion of (carbon steel) an ethanolic extract of wild clary was used in two mediums (3.5% NaCl and 0.5 M HCl) with three concentrations (5, 15, 25) mL/L and three temperatures (298, 318 and 338) K. The main components of this extract are 4H-Pyran-4-one, Ethanamine, and Amino-octadec as indicated by GC-MS method. Excellent inhibition efficiency (IE%) of 81.447% was acquired at a temperature of (298K) and a concentration of (15) mL/L in 3.5% NaCl medium, and (IE%) of 92.944% was obtained at temperature of (298K) and a concentration of (25) mL/L in 0.5M HCl medium. The extract was labeled with (FTIR) and the protective film was analyzed with FESEM and AFM. An electrochemical research by Potentiostat validated the protective coating generated on carbon steel surfaces, revealing that (wild clary) extract was a (mixed type) inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the nano preparation of alcoholic extract of Dodonia leaves in affecting the egg hatching rate of the large wax worm Galleria mellonella (L.), as well as studying the lethal effect of the preparation on insect pupae The preparation had a significant effect on the percentage of hatching of superficially treated insect eggs at the age of 24 hours. The results of treatment with the three concentrations (2, 5 and 10%) showed that the hatching rate was (11.68, 8.54 and 6.43%) for the three concentrations, respectively. It can be concluded from the above that the nano preparation of alcoholic extract of Dodonia leaves has an effect on the rate of egg hatching and the number of eggs laid by the adults of the insect and in killing the pupae and reducing the life of the adult Therefore, we recommend the use of the nano preparation of the extract of the Dodonia plant to controlthe large wax worm, in addition to its ease of preparation and being safe on the environment and does not cause toxicity to humans [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonchus arvensis L plant, which contains triterpenoids, flavonoids, inositol, mannitol, and potassium bioactive substances, can be antibacterial and antifungal. The study aimed to evaluate the inhibition of S. arvensis L plant (roots, stems, and leaves) extracts against Escherichia coli and Candida utilis In Vitro. To determine the inhibition of S. arvensis, L extracts were measured using a ruler. The antibacterial and antifungal activity tests were carried out by well diffusion methods with 8 replications. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design. The results showed that the antibacterial and antifungal activity with a concentration of 10-100% of that extract of S. arvensis L showed no zone of inhibition against E. coli and C. utilis In Vitro. It was concluded that the extract of S. arvensis L (roots, stems, and leaves) with methanol solvent could not inhibit the growth of E. coli and C. utilis. The possible cause was the type of solvent and the inappropriate extraction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf of Ziziphus spina-christi L. (Christ's thorn jujube), locally known as "Bidara Arab", contains natural antibiotics that could be used for acne remedies, cleansing the skin of impurities, and keeping the skin from damage. The study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the leaf extract of Z. spina-christ in suppressing the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. The leaf extract was carried out by maceration in ethanol solvent (1: 10 ratio). The chemical compounds of the extract were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using the standard methods. The antibacterial activity of the extract (5%, 10%, 25 %, 50%, 100 %) was assessed using the diffusion agar method with sterile filter disc papers on MHA (Mueller Hinton Agar) inoculated with P. acnes. The experiment was designed completely random, with three replications. Clear inhibition zones around the filter disc indicated the antibacterial activity of the extract. Data analysis was carried out using the One-Way Anova and continued with the Duncan test at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the leaf extract contained phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. The leaf extract inhibited the growth of P. acnes with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 5% and an inhibitory zone was 2.81± 0.45 mm. The study concluded that the ethanolic extract of Z. spina-christi has the potential to be developed as a natural remedy for acne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entada spiralis Ridl. or also known as 'akar beluru' or 'akar sintok', is one of the least studied species in the Fabaceae family. The species was famous for its soap-like properties in which the natives use them as soap and shampoo for hygiene and treating itchiness. The phytochemicals and biochemicals properties of this plant have always been an interesting area to be discovered, as the study of the species is still scanty. In this study, the aim is to evaluate the antibacterial effects of the E. spiralis leaves extracts against two Gram-negative phytobacteria species, Erwinia chrysanthemi (ATCC 437624) and Erwinia carotovora (ATCC 15713) for the discovery of the natural active bactericides. Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol were used as menstruum in producing the extracts through cold maceration method. The extracts were subjected to screening tests for identification of phytochemicals which revealed the presence of phenolics, terpenoids, saponins, coumarins, flavonoids, and tannins. Antibacterial activities of the extracts were assessed via Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method by measuring the inhibition zones post-incubation for 24 hours at room temperature. While, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated through broth microdilution method after incubation at room temperature for 24 hours. Output data from this study showed that, methanol extract against E. chrysanthemi and ethyl acetate extract against E. carotovora have the maximum zone of inhibition in antibacterial susceptibility with 22.7 ± 0.6 mm and 26.3 ± 0.6 mm respectively at 400 mg/mL concentration. In accordance with MIC, E. chrysanthemi was revealed to be most susceptible in methanol extract with MIC value of 1.56 ± 0.00 mg/mL (MBC value at 3.13 ± 0.00 mg/mL). E. carotovora has been determined to be best susceptible also in ethyl acetate extracts with MIC values of 0.65 ± 0.23 mg/mL (MBC value at 2.60 ± 0.90 mg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) pericarp was extracted to obtain the best antioxidant activity extract using the MAE method. The results obtained were extracts with a yield value of 14.306 % w/w dried mangosteen pericarp powder could scavenge the activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) until 61.758 % for 20µg/ml extract. The extract was obtained using 95 % ethanol as the solvent and a solid-solvent ratio of 1:10 (w/v), an operating temperature of 70 °C, a power of 450 W, and an irradiation time of 6 min. The effect of using single-layer and double-layer solvents was also studied. Ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) were used as single layer solvents. Meanwhile, a double-layer system was created by mixing water and EtOAc, and the effect of adding EtOH or IPA to the double-layer system was investigated. Double-layer solvents produce extracts that are in bottom and top layers. At an operating temperature 60 °C, solid-solvent ratio of 1:10 (w/v), a power of 450 W, and a radiation time of 6 min, the best extract was obtained from the bottom layer solvent of EtOH:EtOAc:water 1:2:2 (v/v/v) with a yield value of 14.670 % and % DPPH inhibition was 57.437 for a concentration of 20 µg/ml extract. Meanwhile, under these working conditions, the extract from EtOH solvent was only 53.729 and pure α-mangostin was only 24.737 scavenging the DPPH activity for a concentration of 20 µg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher plants have long been used as traditional medicines to treat human diseases. Approximately 80% of people worldwide use plants as safe sources of medication to cure human diseases. Ficus is one of the available indigenous medicinal plants in Indonesia, a member of the Moraceae family. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Ficus spp. extracts from Simeuleu Island. A total of thirty-two extracts from four different Ficus species were analyzed for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The antibacterial and antioxidant assays were carried out qualitatively using the TLC-bioautography method. The active extracts were then analyzed for their MIC and IC50 values in 96 microwell plates using the microdilution method. The results showed that ethyl acetate extract of Ficus fulva (leaves) has strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus (MIC= 64 µg/mL), and five extracts, namely ethyl acetate extracts of Ficus septica (leaves), methanol extracts of Ficus septica (leaves and stem), ethyl acetate and methanol extract of Ficus sp. (leaves) have strong antibacterial activity against E. coli, with MIC value of 64 µg/mL. While three extracts, namely ethyl acetate extract of Ficus ribes (stem), methanol extracts of Ficus sp. (stem) and Ficus ribes (stem) showed high antioxidant properties with AAI value ranges of 1.00-1.50. These findings suggested that Ficus spp. extracts are promising natural sources of antibacterial and antioxidant agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physiological effect of the bioactive compound as a natural antioxidant can inhibit the pathogenesis of various diseases involving oxidative reactions. Increase public awareness of healthy living, encourage greater demand for healthy foods that provide health advantages to the body. As a useful beverage, guava juice extract (Psidium guajava) fermented by SCOBY as a candidate source of potential in enhancing body immunity. The goal of this research was to assess changes in total polyphenol concentration and free radical inhibitors based on the duration of fermentation of guava juice extract fermented by SCOBY. The research design of fermented guava extract formulation using Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with the treatment being studied was a variation of fermentation time 0 to 12 days, with SCOBY culture at 10% w/v and sucrose 10% w/v as carbon sources. According to the results, differing fermentation periods had a substantial effect on total phenolic concentration. (TPC) and free radical inhibitory activity, as well as other characteristics. The longer the fermentation can increase the total phenolic concentration, total acid, free radical inhibitory activity, and reduce flavonoids and pH. The optimum conditions were obtained based on the 2.2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) assay, the inhibition of 2(2-Azino-bis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) activity and the greatest overall phenolic concentration (TPC) was obtained at 10 days fermentation with DPPH scavenging activity 94.49%, highest ABTS scavenging activity 55.25%, TPC of 1,35 mg GAE/mL, Total flavonoid 254 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research the study evaluates the identification of bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of black pepper and turmeric extract for structural confirmation by GC-MS and FT-IR. Black pepper and turmeric were purchased from the local market and dried then pulverized into fine powder. The antioxidant activities were assessed by standard protocol and zone of inhibition was observed for well and disc diffusion against E.coli as per the procedure. Identification of bioactive compounds are confirmed by GC-MS and FT-R. Independent sample T test was done which revealed that the nanoformulated blackpepper and turmeric extract appeared to have higher amount of flavonoids (158.5±10.5) mgGAE/g, polyphenols (93.67±6.07) mgGAE/g. (P<0.005). The nanoformulated extract showed comparatively good results against E.coli with respect to control antibiotics. The nanoformulated extract showed the effective antibacterial and found to be the highest zone of inhibition of 12±1mm for ethanol based extract and 14±1mm for antibiotic respectively. Antioxidant activities and antibacterial activity of nanoformulated blackpepper and turmeric extract was determined and presence of bioactive compounds was analysed and confirmed by GC-MS and FT-IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of a natural compound extracted from Piper Betel leaf by determining bactericidal and or bacteriostatic effect to check antimicrobial efficacy on the pathogenic microorganisms. Bioactive compound extracted in different solvents i.e distilled water, ethanol, and methanol, and its effectivity was determined by measuring the zone of clearance (1 group and 96 samples per group by keeping threshold 0.05 and G power 80%, coincidence interval 95%, and enrollment ratio as 1) by agar diffusion method using kanamycin (30) as a control for the different time period (24 Hrs, 48Hrs and 72Hrs) at 37°C. Promising results were found for the zone of clearance in Escherichia.coli with a significance of about P<0.001 in the ethanol extract after 72 hours of incubation. Compared to 10% extract application where growth of S.aureus was reduced to 4%, addition of 100% crude inhibits bacterial growth up to 95% approximately. For S.aureus and E.coli though ethanol extract was found effective however no significant effect was observed for inhibiting Pseudomonas. Novel bioactive compound extracted from Piper Betel leaf was found effective against pathogens and can be used as a natural component with antimicrobial efficacy in the field of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UVA/UVB rays from sunlight play a significant role in stimulating the activity of enzyme elastase when the skin is exposed, thereby causing deformation of the elastic fiber network and creating wrinkles. A potential elastase inhibitor was screened from 13 medicinal plants in Vietnam and suitable extraction conditions were investigated. Based on absorbance measurements, the results indicated that Rosa damascena Mill. petals were the best extract based on the combined activities: elastase inhibitory (81,3 ± 4,1% at 500 µg/mL), total polyphenol content (262.5 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g of extract), and antioxidant activity (93.5 ± 1.3% at 200 µg/mL) in the DPPH assay. While extracts of mulberry leaves, angelica root, and bitter melon did not detect the proportion of inhibiting the enzyme elastase at a concentration of 500 µg/mL. This study suggested the suitable extraction conditions for maximum elastase inhibitory, and total polyphenol content of Rosa damascena Mill. petals as ethanol concentration of 50% (v/v) at 50 oC for 60 mins each extraction, the ratio of sample/solvent was 1/8 g/mL and repeated twice. Thus, the figures for elastase inhibitory activity (IC50), anti-tyrosinase and antioxidation under the survey conditions were 185.5 ± 3.0 µg/mL, 634.0 ± 6.6 µg/mL and 6.0 ± 0.1 µg/mL, respectively. The results show the potential of applying rose petal extract to anti-wrinkle cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myristicaceae known as one of the plants that widely used as traditional medicine. Utilization of Horsfieldia spicata (Roxb.) J. Sinclair, one of the Myristicaceae family member as a sources of antidiabetic active compounds are still needed. The antidiabetic activity of methanol extract (ME) and its fractions [hexane fraction (HF), ethyl acetate fraction (EF), butanol fraction (BF) and residue fraction (RF)] of H. Spicata stem bark were in vitro tested by measuring of screening of phytochemical contents, total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity. Phytochemical screening result showed that (ME) indicated the presence of flavonoid and saponin compounds. Due to the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds measurement result, indicated that ME has a highest value for total phenolic compounds (14.709 ± 0.23 µg/mL) and EF for total flavonoid compounds (55.825 ± 2.21 µg/mL). Antidiabetic activity of the ME, HF, EF, BF, and RF against α-glucosidase enzyme showed that ME has antidiabetic activity with IC50 value 49.30 µg/mL, which is it was higher than HF, BF and RF, but less active compared to EF and quercetin (positive control) with the IC50 value are 159.64, 50.60, 94.01, 22.73, 2.99 µg/mL, respectively. The result showed that (EF) of methanolic extract of H. Spicata has inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase enzyme, and potential to be develop as antidiabetic active fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical compounds, the total content of polyphenol (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC), and antioxidant activity of extract of Syzygiumcumini were obtained via maceration and hot extraction method. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay was adopted to evaluate TPC and TFC, respectively. Regarding antioxidant activity of the extract, DPPH and ABTS scavenging free radicals assays were used to determine. With the highest values of TPC was 35.46±0.18 µg GAE/mg dry extract and TFC was 16.45±0.09 µg QE/mg, the ethanol was showed the best solvent to extract those compounds from Syzygiumcumini. The ethanol extract showed the smallest IC50 values as 190,43 µg/ml (DPPH assay) and 685,15 µg/ml (ABTS assay). Current results suggest the potential of Syzygiumcumini ethanol leaves extract in the manufacture of antioxidant agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose was synthesis by microorganism has been interesting research cause has several advantages than plant cellulose. This research aims to produce bacterial cellulose and modification bacterial cellulose by supplemented Curcuma Longa Linn extract which has potential as wound healing. Characterization of sample bacterial cellulose (BC) and bacterial cellulose supplemented Curcuma Longa Linn extract (BCC) were tested by absorption capacity test dan XRD analysis. The result shown BCC sample has absorption capacity lower than BC sample. It causes there are interaction Curcuma Longa Linn extract with OH from bacterial cellulose. XRD analysis presented crystallinity index BCC sample higher than BC. This research proved supplemented Curcuma longa linn improving characteristic of bacterial cellulose for wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleurotus ostreatus, better known as oyster mushroom is one of the world's widely cultivated mushroom. Infection from pathogenic fungi is one of the major reasons causing losses of mushroom during cultivation. The objective of this study is to investigate the antifungal property of Momordica charantia leaves extract against Aspergillus flavus for mushroom protection. The inhibitory effect of M. charantia leaves extract against A. flavus isolated from infected P. ostreatus mushroom bag was investigated using pour plate technique. Inhibition of A. flavus mycelial growth was the highest at extract concentration of 9.64 v/v %, temperature 26℃ and incubation time of 96 hours with inhibitory value of 70.58 ± 0.00 %, 78.4 ± 0.00 % and 63.33 ± 2.89 % respectively. Structural morphology of the mycelia grown on the treated plate also showed morphological alteration compared to the control plate. Hence, Momordica charantia leaves extract may serves as a promising fungicides alternative to chemical use for controlling invasion of A. flavus on oyster mushroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from leaf and stem extracts of Cissus quadrangularis and C. rotundifolia was assessed against two pathogenic microbes (Micrococcus, Proteus vulgaris). Methanolic extracts of both stem and leaves of C. quadrangularis and C. rotundifolia were prepared using soxhlet method. Qualitative profiling of secondary metabolites confirmed the presence of saponins in C. quadrangularis extracts, while tannins and flavonoids were present in extracts of both the plants. AgNPs biosynthesized from both leaf and stem extracts were characterized using SEM and FTIR. Antimicrobial assays of all the four crude extracts and NPs derived from leaf and stem extract revealed that none of the crude extracts of C. quadrangularis showed antimicrobial against either P. vulgaris or Micrococcus, while nanoparticles derived from stem extracts exhibited higher (∼2.5 times) activity against P. vulgaris than that against Micrococcus. In contrast, both the extracts of C. rotundifolia and AgNPs derived from stem extract showed similar inhibitory effect on growth of both tested microorganisms. Nanoparticles biosynthesized from leaf extract of C. rotundifolia showed higher activity (∼1.6 times) against P. vulgaris than that against Micrococcus. AgNPs derived from C. quadrangularis stem extract exhibited ∼1.5 times higher activity than that of C. rotundifolia derived AgNPs against P. vulgaris. This study therefore indicates that the rich phytochemical profile and antimicrobial potential of Cissus sp. can further be used to develop non-toxic herbal formulations with multiple medicinal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) is a plant from the asteraceae family and is popular in Africa society. This plant contains various bioactive compounds that have been identified including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, terpenes, steroids, glycosides, triterpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones. This plant is used in traditional medicine as an anticancer agent and can reduce the viability of some cancer cells. This study aimed to determine the cytotoxic effect of ethyl acetate extract african leaves and to determine the activity of the combination of african leaves ethyl acetate extract and gemcitabine in PANC-1 cells. Preparation of extracts was done by maceration using ethyl acetate solvent as well as performed phytochemical screening and characterization of simplicia and extracts. The cytotoxic tests of extract against PANC-1 cells using the MTT assay method. The test results of ethyl acetate extract african leaves cytotoxic againts PANC-1 cells giving IC50 value of 21,83 ± 0,48 µg/mL. Furthermore, the combination of ethyl acetate extract african leaves with gemcitabine in PANC-1 cells gave a strong synergistic effect with a CI (Combination Index) value of 0,18 at a concentration of 3,75 µg/mL ethyl acetate extract african leaves - 17,5 µg/mL Gemcitabine. Gemcitabine is not able to induce apoptosis, but when combined with the extract causes cells to undergo apoptosis. The result of this study could be concluded that ethyl acetate extract african leaves have cytotoxic effects on pancreatic cancer cells and ethyl acetate extract african leaves can be combined with gemcitabine as a anticancer pancteatic because of the synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics, as a chemical produced by microbes, can kill or impede the growth of other germs in low quantities. Antibiotic potency testing is performed to ensure that the antibiotics used in treatment match the necessary standards. African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) include antimicrobial flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and triterpenoids. These chemical compounds exhibit antibacterial action in a variety of ways. The antibacterial power of the maceration extraction method of the ethanolic extract of African leaf bacteria Steptococcus mutans with extract concentrations of 12.5 mg/mL (11.10 ± 0.06), 25 mg/mL (12.17 ± 0.12) and 50 mg/mL (13.90 ± 0.17), and for Candida albicans with extract concentrations of 25 mg/mL (11.47 ± 0.06) and 50 mg/mL (13.43 ± 0.07), including strong, the antibacterial power of the percolation extraction method of African leaf ethanol extract of the bacterium Steptococcus mutans with extract concentrations of 25 mg/mL (12.00 ± 0.12) and 50 mg/mL (13.30 ± 0.15), and Candidaalbicans with extract concentrations of 25 mg/mL (11.53 ± 0.09) and 50 mg/mL (12.47 ± 0.03), including strong, the reflux extraction method of African leaf ethanol extract of the bacterium Steptococcus mutans with extract concentrations of 12.5 mg/ml (13.53 ± 0.09), 25 mg/mL (16.13 ± 0.08) and 50 mg/mL (19.33 ± 0.09), and Candida albicans with an extract concentration of 6.25 mg/mL (12.43 ± 0.09), 12.5 mg/mL (15.43 ± 0.07), 25 mg/mL (17.57 ± 0.09) is strong and 50 mg/mL (23.53 ± 0.12) is very strong, the soxhlet extraction method of African leaf ethanol extract of the bacterium Steptococcus mutans with an extract concentration of 50 mg/mL (10.90 ± 0.06), and Candida albicans with an extract concentration of 50 mg/mL (11.70 ± 0.06). This shows that the better extraction method is reflux method because in each test the reflux method inhibits the growth of many antimicrobials. The use of the Soxhlet percolation method, maceration, representing the hot and cold method, the hot extraction method is carried out because to determine whether the heating process provides antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetaminophen is kinds of drug for antipyretic, analgetic and anti-inflammatory. Acetaminophen is more affordable, effective and safety. However, consume the drug frequently in a high doses affects to the liver. The side effect of acetaminophen can be treated by antioxidants from organic plants such as Breadfruit (Arthocarpus altilis Fosberg.). Breadfruit leaves has flavonoid as secondary metabolite which act as antioxidant. This research aimed to study the hepatotherapy activity from ethanol extract of Breadfruit (Arthocarpus altilis Fosberg.) leaves in rat induced acetaminophen. The research used 15 male rats divided into 5 groups. Group 1 (1% Na-CMC); Group 2 (Curliv® 15,595 mg/KgBW); Group 3, 4, and 5 were given ethanol extract of breadfruit leave doses of 600 mg/KgBW, 900 mg/KgBW and 1200 mg/KgBW. The parameter were measure from the serum level of SGPT. As the result, the ethanol extract of Breadfruit leaves dose 1200 mg/KgBW had a greater percentage reduction in SGPT levels than the other groups, it was 42,29 % (p<0,05). Ethanol extract of Breadfruit leaves dose 1200 mg/KgBW has the better activity in treating hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Gorgonian Annella sp. from Bunaken waters Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia and to determine its secondary metabolite compounds. The extraction using e thyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) as a solvent. The antibacterial activity of EtOAc and MeOH extract were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by using the agar diffusion method. Phytochemical screening was done for EtOAc and MeOH extract. The results of antibacterial activity screening showed that the EtOAc extract of Gorgonian Annella sp had strong against S. aureus and E. coli with a diameter of inhibition zone 13.3 ± 0.76 mm, and 14.0 ± 1.32 mm, respectively. While, the MeOH extract had moderate activity against S. aureus and E. coli with a diameter of inhibition zone 7.2 ± 0.29 mm, and 7.3 ± 0.58 mm, respectively. Secondary metabolite compound of methanol extract showed alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, steroid and terpenoid compounds, while of ethylacetate extract showed alkaloid, saponin, steroid and terpenoid compounds. Gorgonian Annella sp can be a source of antibacterial compounds. Further research is needed to determine the pure compounds that the role in inhibiting bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Chisocheton sp. (Meliacea) is one of the Indonesian plant species that has been used to treat cytotoxic anti-cancer diseases. In this study, the toxicity test of the bark extract of Chisocheton sp. (C.DC) Harms against MCF7 breast cancer cells was carried out. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using three solvents with different polarity levels. From the bark powder of Chisocheton sp. (C.DC) Harms (Meliaceae). Cytotoxic test was carried out by the MTT assay test method. The results of the cytotoxic test on MCF7 breast cancer cells showed that the IC50 value of the n-hexane extract was 69725.00mg/mL, the IC50 value of the ethyl acetate extract was 248.80mg/mL and the IC50 of the methanol extract was 680.06 µg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract showed weak active cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nepenthes sp. has been widely used by the community as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases and posses pharmacological effects such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antimalarial, antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic. This study aims to identify secondary metabolites, antioxidant activity, total phenolic contents, and antibacterial activity in leaf extract of endemic Nepenthes maxima Reinw. ex Ness, a special variety from Poso, Central Sulawesi. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method, total phenolic content was tested using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and an antibacterial test was performed with the agar diffusion method. The results of the antioxidant activity test on leaves showed that the methanol extract had a stronger activity with an IC50 of 72.7905 g/mL with a total phenolic content of 610.145 mg GAE/g extract followed by ethyl acetate extract with an IC50 of 105.1922 g/mL a total phenolic content of 194.357 mg GAE/g extract. Both extracts exhibited antibacterial activities against several tested bacteria. It is suggested that leaf extract of Nepenthes maxima has good antioxidant activity in reducing free radicals and mild antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This stud aims to determine the active compound and antifeedant activity of langsat leaf extract against Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera litura larvae. Langsat leaves were taken from Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. The preparation of langsat leaf extract was macerated with methanol. The active compound content of langsat leaf extract was analyzed by LCMS. Total phenol and flavonoid were measured by the spectrophotometric method. Antifeedant activity was tested on P. xylostella and S. litura 3rd instar larvae using the choice method. Feed leaves were soaked in various concentrations of langsat leaf extract and repeated eight times. The results show 111 compounds in the methanol extract and 98 in.the chloroform extract of langsat leaves. The total phenol of langsat leaf extract is 33.9 mg/mL, and the total flavonoid is 21.24 mg/mL. Treatment with concentrations of 5% and 10% extract present the highest antifeedant activity against P. larvae. Meanwhile, the treatment of S. litura larvae with a concentration of 40% shows the highest antifeedant activity. The finidngs suggest that differences in solvent extracts caused differences in the number of active compounds, and langsat leaf extract potential to be an antifeedant against P. xyostela and S. litura larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bay leaves have been known to have antibacterial abilities because they contain many active compounds, but the effect of physical factors on the stability of bay leaf extract in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus is still not widely known. This study aimed to analyze the stability of bay leaf extract in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus. The data used in this study was the sensitivity data of Staphylococcus aureus to bay leaf extract. Bay leaf extract that had been stored at 0, 3,7, 14, and 30 days later was tested for its antibacterial ability to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. The form of inhibition of the bay leaf extract against the test bacteria was indicated by the diameter of the clear zone. The results obtained were then analyzed statistically using a variant test. Bay leaf extract showed decreasing capability in bacterial inhibition along the storage period. Bay Leaf extract stored at 30 days showed a reduction in bacterial inhibition up to 40%. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there were differences in the treatment group (p value <0.05). Based on the results of this study, the antibacterial properties of bay leaf extract decreased during prolonged storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive toxicity associated with aluminum (Al) exposure as a result of oxidative stress is a major challenge. Ethanolic turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract (ETE) Antioxidant effects of curcumin have been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential antioxidant effect of ETE against Al-induced oxidative stress in female Wistar rats. In this experimental study, 25 female Wistar rats were allocated to the five groups (n=5). Treatments were administered orally for 30 days. Aluminium chloride (100mg/kg body weigh) was administered to rats daily then treated with ETE (per se; 100, 200, and 400mg/kg) daily. The ovarian and brain malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and serum FSH were checked at the end of this study. Sub-chronic administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg of ETE significantly prevented oxidative stress by preventing the decrease in ovarian SOD levels but not in the brain and preventing an increase in the ovarian and brain MDA levels. The ETE also caused a significant increase in the FSH serum. The ETE has successfully demonstrated its protective effect by restoring all parameters to normal by preventing oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was designed to study the effect of alkaloids extract Melia azedrach of leaves in vivo and in vitro on the other hand Alkaloids. This study revealed that toxic extracts in used concentration 62.5,125,250,500,1000,2000,4000 µg\ml from alkaloids in MCF7 cell line and AMJ13 and normal WRL68 cell line. The result showed that depend the concentration and time for all cell line and MCF7 cell line the concentration 4000 µg\ml the pest of effect with significant (P<0.05) the growth 75.08%in 24 h and 67.75% in AMJ13 in 24h. and 59.99% in WRL68 in 24h. Therapeutic effect of alkaloids was studied in tumor-bearing mice after (I.P) administration of alkaloids extract at concentrations (mg/kg) for 30 days alternatively reduce the size of tumor because Anti-angiogenesis lead to nicrosis and apoptosis. The result showLD50 for alkaloids 98 ml\kg. The results revealed significant reduction in the tumor volume weather in those treated with watery extract 87 %, for alkaloids at the dose of 0.8 mg/kg. and study apoptosis in tissue miceThe results a positive effect of the alkaloid on the rate of cells that suffered programmed death. For all the doses used significantly (P <005) from control, the doses were (0.8, 0.4,0.2) mg / kg and the percentage of cells that suffered death was Programmed cellular data (26.86), 28.06, and 28.53%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to determine the efficacy of the Aloe vera gel extract against hepatotoxicity caused by Azathioprine (AZA) and detecting through the changes in serum levels of (AST, ALT, bilirubin, albumin, LDH, and cholesterol) markers between groups of rats. In adult Albino rats, animal groups were oral received 15mg/kg of Azathioprine and 250mg/kg,500 mg/kg of Aloe vera gel extract. Blood samples were collected from all animals after the end of the trial time of 21 days. The results of the study showed that the Aloe vera gel extract has Hepatoprotective effects against Hepatotoxicity induced by Azathioprine (AZA) were the results show there are significant changes in levels of biochemical markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pomacea canaliculata is an invasive gastropod species and a dominant rice pest in many countries, particularly Southeast Asia. A number of effort has been directed towards the development of environmental friendly biopesticide for golden apple snail. The main objectives of this study were to screen the phytochemical compounds of Tinospora crispa (patawali) methanol stem extracts and to assess the molluscicidal activity of T. crispa methanol stem extracts against golden apple snail. The snails were exposed to five different concentrations of T. crispa, namely 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 and 20000 ppm. Following exposure to T. crispa extract, the effects of molluscicidal activity on the snails at 24, 48 and 72 hours were monitored and recorded. The T. crispa extract at 20000 ppm exhibited the best treatment which gave mortality rate of 100% within 48 hours, while the least molluscicidal effect was recorded for 500 ppm extract with mortality rate of 19% at 72 hours of contact. The LC50 and LC90 values of molluscicidal activity were determined as 1825 and 4873 ppm, respectively. The presence of triterpenoid saponin in T. crispa extract had a major effect of molluscicical activity on golden apple snail. Overall, results from this study highlight the efficacy and potential application of T. crispa methanol stem extracts to control golden apple snail in paddy field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nagasari (Mesua ferrea L.) has been used as traditional medicine for generations. The ethanol extract of Nagasari leaves has been shown to have antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus. Leaf age affects the levels of the active compounds in it, this can cause differences in the activity given by the leaf. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of leaf age on the antibacterial activity of Nagasari. Young and old leaves of Nagasari (Mesua ferrea L.) macerated with 96% ethanol. The ethanol extract was made at concentration of 1 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL. Antibacterial activity test was performed using the disc diffusion method with l0% DMSO as negative control and 30µg Chloramphenicol as the positive control. The inhibition zone was analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by an LSD test. The results showed that the ethanol extract of the young leaves of Nagasari 1 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL resulted in an inhibition zone diameter of 8.7 mm and 9.3 mm, while the ethanol extract of the old leaves of Nagasari resulted in an inhibition zone diameter of 9.7 mm. and 11.3 mm. There were differences in the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of young leaves and the ethanol extract of old leaves of Nagasari on Staphylococcus aureus. The ethanol extract of the old leaves of Nagasari has higher antibacterial activity than the ethanol extract of the young leaves of Nagasari. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoke is one of the sources of free radicals. Increasing in free radical activity can be marked by an increase in alveolar damage. Free radicals can protect with antioxidants. One natural food element containing antioxidants is seed seagrass (E. acoroides). This research aims to know the effect of ethanol extract of seed E. acoroides in preventing alveolar damage of mice (M. musculus L) explained smoke cigarette. Using 15 mice for 5 of treatment group as follows negative control), positive control, dose 250 mg/g BW, dose 500 mg/g BW, and dose 750 mg/g BW. Results of this research show a photomicrograph alveolar of group M. musculus L, positive control showing enlarge alveolar, thickening of alveolar's wall, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in mice. While photomicrograph alveolar of mice group dose 500 mg/g BW and dose 750 mg/g BW showing to existence effect ethanol extract of seed E. acoroides as the antioxidant source in preventing infiltrator cells alveolar damage of mice by consequence of free radical by the smoke cigarette. The conclusion from this research is seed E. acoroides have the potential as an antioxidant in preventing alveolar damage of M. musculus L explained smoke cigarette. Giving an ethanol extract of seed E. acoroides with dose 750 mg/g BW to give an effective impact in preventing alveolar damage of consequence-free radical from smoke cigarette besides dose 250 mg/g BW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the antidiabetic activity using amylase inhibition of the dichloromethane extract fraction. The semipolar dichloromethane fraction with inhibitory power of 89.77±0.01% and IC50 value of 3.25±0.20 µg/mL was followed by ethyl acetate fraction with inhibitory activity of 87.42.±0.04% and IC50 value of 3.33±0.15 µg/mL were more active in inhibiting the amylase enzyme than the methanol and n-hexane fractions. The inhibition results of the four active fractions were close to the standard acarbose. It was concluded that G. forbesii could be a potential antidiabetic agent in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae), also known as tobacco, is one of the most commercialized agricultural crops in the world. However, this plant is not commonly used either as a health treatment or in the discovery of drugs. This study aims to screen phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of N. tabacum leaf extract to find new biomarker compounds for health. The extracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and acetone extracts) were evaluated for their phytochemical profiles both qualitatively and by the method of total phenol content, while the antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Gallic acid was used as the standard. The results showed that the extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, phenols, and saponins. The extract had DPPH scavenging activity with a value range of 20.92 – 30.87 %. Furthermore, dichloromethane extract had the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Interestingly, the highest total phenolic content was also shown in the dichloromethane extract (98.09 g GAE/mg). This study shows that the leaf extract of N. tabacum has the potential as an antioxidant agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to test the toxicity effect of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves in the plant Origanum Majorana on the human breast cancer cell line (AMJ13). The results of the inferential examination of the primary chemical components in these extracts showed the presence active Compounds of plant such as (tannin, alkalis, soaps in very small proportions, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenols) from the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of the plant Origanum Majorana. Six midterm scares concentrations were used 200,100,50,25,12.5,6.25 μg /ml and for three exposure times 24, 48, 72 hours using MTT test. The study found that there is a toxic effect. For the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Origanum Majorana leaves on the cancer cell line (AMJ13) and for all the concentrations used from the extracts, they reached the highest inhibition rate. At a concentration of 200 μg / ml and for a 72-hour exposure, the inhibition rate (85.0±3) for the alcoholic extracts, and the inhibition rate (74.0±4.58) for the aqueous extracts. Its minimum concentration was 6.25 μg / ml for 24 hours of exposure. The inhibition rate (4.0±1) for the alcoholic extracts and (3.0±1) for the aqueous extracts. Through the results we obtained, we found that there is a relationship between the inhibition rate of as well as the time of exposure as the higher the concentration of the extracts used and the more time Exposure to extracts increased inhibition rate or cytotoxicity, with a statistically significant difference at a probability level of 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was designed to investigate the effect of Cinnamonum zeylanicum (Cz) aqueous extract in reducing the effect of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in white male rats induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), Twenty five male white rats were used, Weights range (200 – 320) grams and ages (11-14) weeks, and Each group contains five Rats, The first group G1 returned the negative control group that was given normal saline solution, the second group G2 was injected with a dose of 0.1 ml with CFA in the right plantar foot to induce rheumatoid arthritis. On the first day of the experiment, positive control was returned for groups G5, G4, and G3, a dose of 250, 350, 450 mg/kg of (Cz) aqueous extract of body weight after 14 days of induction of arthritis, respectively, for 20 days. Blood samples were collected from animal groups. All from the last day of the experiment to measure the following parameters malondialdehyde(MAD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT), The results showed that arthritis induction led to a significant increase (p <0.05) in the MAD concentration level, compared with the G1 group., and the treatment of individuals of groups G5, G4, G3 with aqueous Cz extract led to a significant decrease (p <0.05) in the MAD concentration level,. The concentration level of both GSH and CAT decreased significantly (p <0.05). In the individuals of Group G2 compared with G1, then returns to a significant increase (p <0.05) in groups G3, G4, and G5, as the concentrations reached (compared with the positive control group G2, and from it, we conclude that arthritis induction by CFA leads to a significant increase (p <0.05) in the MAD concentration level in the serum of individuals of animals, as well as a significant decrease (p <0.05) in the concentration of both GSH and CAT, respectively, and treatment with different concentrations of Cz aqueous extract reduced joint inflammation by restoring the levels of the above parameters to a level close to normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera is a well-known medicinal herb because it has antibacterial and antifungal activity, M.oleifera is A strong source of several phytochemicals that are a drug that's widely used to cure a number of illnesses, such as Anti-Pyretic, Epileptic, Inflammatory disorders Ulcerative, anti-Hypertensive, Cholesterol-lowering, antioxidant, and other medicinal effects. M.oleifera leaf extracts were utilized in the plant component examination and the assessment of the antifungal activity. For experimental purposes, the strain Candida albicans was utilized. To test the anti-Fungal effect of the extracts on fungal cultures, the Well diffusion method was used. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of (Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Steroids, Tannins, Cardiac glycoside, Terpenoids, and the absence of Reducing sugar, Anthraquinones, Phlobatannins) in both extracts. Anti-Fungal activity against Candida albicans was strongly active in Aqueous & Alcoholic Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera. Due to the Moringa leaf aqueous extract, an area of inhibition was found from (0.23cm, 0.27, 0.3, 0.39, to 0.58 cm) As there is an increase in concentration from (100 to 500 µg/ml), respectively. While an area It was found that the inhibition induced by ethanolic extract for Moringa leaf increased from (1.29cm,1.40,1.44,1.53,to1.87cm) As there is an increase in concentration from (100 to 500 µg/ml), against Candida albicans, respectively. Nystatin is an antibiotic made of polyene, A section of polyene antifungal compounds, Used for treating fungal infections most commonly. Nystatin has been used against Candida albicans as a positive control, While the region of inhibition appeared (0.5cm) of anti-Nystatin against Candida albicans. This study evaluated various concentrations of extracts Moringa oleifera leaves and anti-Nystatin against Candida albicans. The ethanolic alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera leaf showed a higher inhibition zone than the aqueous extract and anti-Nystatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is regarded as one of the most frequent human neoplasm which causes the second and sixth most deaths in the world and Indonesia, respectively. HCC current medications are diverse with all their side effects. Thus, the discovery of low risk-novel therapeutic is important. Gynura procumbens is a perennial herb that has been suggested as anticancer therapeutic. In this current research, the toxicity effect of G. procumbens leaf methanolic extract (GPM) on HCC cell line (Huh7it) proliferation will be analyzed using MTT assay. To perform toxicity assay, GPM extract which contains 0.1% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixed with DMEM medium in various concentration. Huh7it cell line was seeded in DMEM medium at the density 2.3 x 104 cells/well then incubated overnight. Percentage (%) cell viability data from MTT assay were fitted to a logarithmic equation to determine IC50 value of GPM. The result showed that GPM possesses anti-proliferative activity on cell proliferation in dose-dependent manner but did not in time-dependent manner. The IC50 value of GPM was categorized as moderate where the IC50 value after 24 hours incubation was 63.83 µg/mL while after 48 hours incubation was 125.84 µg/mL. This study reveals that GPM potentially used as anticancer therapeutics in treating HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to analyze and design an ethno-STEM integrated inquiry learning on the bioactivity test of secondary metabolites of "Sarang Semut" or ant nest plants in Merauke. This research was application research and development, ethno-STEM integrated inquiry learning model with Sudarmin syntax. At the initial stage, an ethno-STEM integrated inquiry learning was designed with the Sudarmin syntax to be applied to the study of ant nest secondary metabolites' antibacterial, anticancer, and anticancer bioactivity tests Bajakah, Akar Kuning, and Taxus extracts as comparisons. The bioactivity test of antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant secondary metabolites from extracts of ant nests and other tropical forest plants was carried out in the next stage. The data obtained from this study were analyzed descriptively to obtain an overview of the developed Sudarmin syntax. This study has found an Ethno-STEM integrated inquiry learning syntax with the Sudarmin stage. Sudarmin's syntactic stages consist of presenting problems, discussing, proposing hypotheses, designing and designing learning and inquiry experiments, establishing experimental procedures and schedules, implementing, and summarizing. The results of the secondary metabolite bioactivity test of the Ant Nest extract showed that the secondary metabolite could test the antibacterial bioactivity. Anticancer and antioxidant, so that it can explain scientifically why the plant is used as medicine and immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermented soybean is rich in isoflavone content that can prevent aging and reduce oxidative damage in the skin. This study aimed to extract fermented soybean as antioxidant cosmetic raw material and formulate it in nanoemulgel preparation using palm oil derivative surfactant. Nanoemulgel preparation was made in three formulations with surfactant ratio of polyethylene glycol monooleate (PMO) and polyethylene glycol dioleate (PDO) are 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2. The extract was characterized for its antioxidant activity, total phenol content and total flavonoid content. The nanoemulgel formulation was characterized for its stability by accelerated stability test and evaluated with parameters physical appearance, droplet size, pH, viscosity and spreadability. The ethanolic fermented soybean extract yield 9.475% of crude extract with IC50 162.75 ppm. In addition, results showed that, total phenol content was 8.0725 mgGAE/g sample and total flavonoid content was 57.5213 mgQE/g sample. Based on the stability study, all formulations showed relatively stable performance. However, the formulation with surfactant ratio PMO:PDO 2:1 showed the smallest and narrow droplet size distribution with an average size of 140 nm, and polydispersity index (PI) 0.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]