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Meniran (Phyllanthus urinaria) is one of the plants used for herbal medicine for immunomodulators and growth stimulants. The production of Meniran extract requires a rotary vacuum evaporation machine to prevent the compound found in the extract from denatured above 50 °C. Meanwhile, this machine is mainly used for laboratory purposes which didn't consider the amount of time needed nor the energy and wattage used. It is necessary to analyze the power and extraction processing time calculation for commercial-scale production using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The results of the analysis of power and processing time are used as considerations for the production process of commercial-scale Meniran extract. In this technical report, the power calculation includes heat, rotation, and vacuum pump calculations. Factors affecting production energy and time are the amount of solution, the power of the heater, and the work of the vacuum pump. From the calculation results, the total power required is 200 W for the initial weight of the solution of 1 kg, and the extraction time is 2.5 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rapid development of electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers has been fueled by government subsidies aimed at reducing harmful gas emissions from traditional fuel sources. However, Manufacturers often face limitations in battery production capacity. So, they produce EVs in two ways. Firstly, EV manufacturers procure batteries from specialized suppliers and produce EVs independently. Secondly, manufacturers engage in vertical cooperation, collaborating with battery suppliers to jointly produce EVs. This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of these two strategies and considers factors such as production efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and supply chain dynamics. By analyzing the outcomes of these approaches, this research aims to shed light on effective strategies for overcoming manufacturing limitations in the EV industry and fostering sustainable growth. However, as the number of EVs and subsidies has increased, governments have faced financial pressures, leading to a reduction in subsidization. This paper examines the consequences of subsidy reductions on selling prices, market demand, and the advantages within the EV supply chain. The study involves multiple stakeholders, including battery suppliers, manufacturers of ordinary brand EVs (Manufacturer A), manufacturers of well-known brand EVs (Producer B), and government subsidies. Additionally, three strategies are investigated the Non-cooperative strategy ("N" Strategy), the cooperative strategy between Manufacturer A and battery suppliers ("S-A" Strategy), and the cooperative strategy between Producer B and battery suppliers ("S-B" Strategy). This research aims to provide insights into the impact of reduced subsidies on EV market dynamics and effectivity approaches to the electric vehicle supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the dynamic times of paradigm shift, which are characterized by rapid technological progress as well as the digitalization of the world, the future-oriented and technology-savvy manufacturing companies strive to optimally integrate IT applications into the success of the company. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) consolidates all business areas of an organization and enables the operational production factors of a company to be planned, managed, and controlled as efficiently as possible. The aim of this paper is to identify the current state of the art on the use of ERP systems in combination with other technological approaches in the discrete manufacturing industry based on numerous literature reviews. In this paper, the possible combinations of the approaches available in the literature with an ERP system are examined for their interaction with each other for the purpose of increasing corporate sustainability. The findings of this study can be applied to the strategic planning of a manufacturing company with the aim of increasing sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study has been undertaken to investigate the possibility of producing foamed fly ash based geopolymer concrete by adopting the pre-formed foam method. Mixes with a density of 1000 kg/m3 were designed and produced. Molarity value, sand fineness, fly ash type, sodium silicate solution (SS)/ sodium hydroxide(SH) ratio and viscosity of sodium silicate solution (SS) were investigated as factors affecting the production of foamed geopolymer concrete. From the experimental work, among these several investigated factors; it was found that the viscosity of sodium silicate solution (SS) is the crucial factor affecting the production process i.e. producing mixes without the issue of solid materials segregation. In addition, it was noticed that the mix made with only sodium hydroxide(SH) as an activator was produced successfully without segregation issue. However, its strength was less than that of mix made with the combination of the sodium silicate solution (SS) and sodium hydroxide solution (SH) as activator by about 60%. The compressive strength of foamed geopolymer-based fly ash type F was greater than that of foamed geopolymer-based fly ash type C by about 118%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the results of hygienic examination of workplaces of the employees of locomotive crews TCH-1, which is part of the structure of UTY JSC. The working conditions of locomotive drivers and their assistants with the impact on them of external and internal production factors are revealed. Trends in occurrence of occupational diseases, such as sensorineural hearing loss and vibration disease, have been identified. Specific offers on the identified shortcomings are summarized [14, 2, 13]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system of seed production and breeding in Russia is currently below the appropriate level. Seed-producing organizations provide agricultural producers with domestically grown seeds only for grain crops (more than 95%). The figures are much lower for grain maize, sunflower, soybean, and rapeseed (about 50%), and very low for sugar beet (not more than 5%). Seed breeding and production are links in one chain, and the efficiency of the whole system will be determined by the efficiency of functioning of its elements. This article formulates the principles of functioning of the seed production system that allow it to function efficiently in modern conditions. These principles include consistency, resource concentration, continuity, competitiveness, balance, adaptability, and economic feasibility. The principle of economic feasibility determines many others, e.g. the possibility of continuous seed production, the possibility of breeding new varieties, and the ability of seed organizations to compete in the national and foreign markets. To assess the efficiency of seed production and breeding system at various levels and for various economic entities, it is proposed to use qualitative and quantitative indicators. The analysis was conducted to evaluate the current state of seed production and breeding system. Its results show that this system is inefficient at the level of the country and regions, which is confirmed by qualitative and quantitative indicators. At the same time, a fairly high efficiency of seed production is observed in seed-producing organizations engaged in the production and sale of seeds of grain crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers possible options for the development of the beekeeping industry in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The basis of the simulation is the regression equations, which show development trends based on the long-term dynamics of industry parameters for the 1990-2020 period. The results obtained show the transition of the sector to the private sector – to individual and peasant farming. An index analysis of agricultural enterprises in the region confirmed theoretical assumptions about the most significant influence of organizational and economic factors on the production of bee products. In order for the industry to flourish and to continue to be among the leading industries among other regions of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to consider the possibility of cooperation between beekeepers, subsidising the major aspects of the industry as well as organising joint development process between the regions' governing bodies and the private sector through agreements. This will help in creating access to wider market for bee products with the Bashkir brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "CJ" field which penetrates to BTL (Basalt Telisa Limestone) formation is a gas field that locted in South Sumatera Basin. The field has 3 production wells, namely GTA-1, GTA-2, and GTA-3 wells. In 2021 there is a request from buyer which demands for a flow rate of 4 MMSCFD, it starting from January 1, 2021 to January 1, 2031. The "CJ" gas field plan some several steps for the production. Based on the P/Z vs Gp plot, the OGIP (Originas Gas In Place) value is 83465.42 MMSCF, Recovery Factor (RF) of 80.22%, Ultimate Recovery (UR) of 66963.39 MMSCF and the Remaining Reserve (RR) of 15448.75 MMSCF. The AOFP (Absolute Open Flow Potential) value obtained from each well is based on the gas deliverability test using the Modified Isochronal Test (MIT) method. The value for wells GTA-1, GTA-2, and GTA-3 are 7327.35 MSCFD, 13921.28 MSCFD, and 14515.82 MSCFD respectively. It indicate, the plateau rate is achieved. By using IPM-EXPERT 7.5 software, the scenarios of "CJ" field production development produce cummulative production and Recovery Factor (RF): stage 1 are 55448.68 MMSCF and 64.88%, stage 2 are 59221.58 MMSCF and 69.29%, stage 3 are 62635.87 MMSCF and 73.29%, stage 4 are 65680.56 MMSCF and 76.85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the authors' research on the topic of transport labor productivity management with the help of production functions apparatus. By selecting the Cobb-Douglas production function, the authors attempt to select model output and explanatory factors (variables) for labor productivity management purposes. The ratio of the volume of work to the payroll ("payroll productivity") was proposed as the resultant indicator, and "payroll capital/labor ratio" was proposed as the variable. The authors give variants of interpretation of the proposed model, demonstrating the possibility of its use for the aggregate assessment of economic policy options in transport, in particular, the model will be useful in assessing the ratio of the materialized (capital factor) and "living" labor, the choice of their optimal ratio, that is, when making decisions about the replacement of production factors (labor by capital or vice versa). To substantiate the modeling results, the authors indicate the results of model calculations performed on the basis of official statistics data. Analysis of the results showed that the effect of the volume of fixed assets on the reduced transport work is more than 2 times greater than the influence of "living" labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the level of transport safety is related to the working conditions of the personnel engaged in cargo transportations and exposed to harmful factors of production. When operating multi–system locomotives, personnel are exposed to electric and magnetic fields of various kinds of current, alternating with a spectrum of higher harmonic components. In the EU countries, EMF is regulated in accordance with Directive 2013/35/EC regarding industrial environments. The article presents devices that allow to constantly assess the levels of magnetic fields ALs of different currents and warn personnel about exceeding them. Technically, this can be accomplished with an alarm that informs the engine driver of a harmful excess field (the red light indicator). The devices can be powered independently or from the low–voltage networks of the locomotive. This should be taken into account at the design stage and it is possible to install these devices directly in the power compartments. Automating the control of harmful industrial factors at engine drivers' workplaces will result in a safe working environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a mathematical inventory model is formulated for a supply chain system composed of single manufacturer and single retailer. Market demand is probabilistic in nature and replenishment lead time is formulated by addressing production time and shipment time. A hybrid system made of a regular production and a green production is used by the manufacturer to produce end products. The manufacturer's production facility is imperfect and produces some defective items when it is in out of control state. The reworking process is operated to improve the quality of defective products. Tax regulation is imposed by the regulator to control the emissions resulting from some activities, namely transportation, storage, rework, and production. We consider a situation in which the emissions from the production and rework, and the number of defective items can be controlled by production rate adjustment. The objective of the proposed model is to minimize the joint total cost by simultaneously determining the number of shipments, shipment quantity, safety factor, production allocation factor, and production rate. An efficient procedure is proposed to obtain the optimal values of decision variables and a numerical example along with sensitivity analysis are presented to show the applicability of the model and to study the model's behaviour. The results show that by allowing the production rate to be adjusted and setting the production factor appropriately, the emissions and the defects resulting from manufacturer's activity can be controlled. In addition, the increasing of the carbon tax and regular's production cost will lead to the increasing of production allocation to greener production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower is a commodity that has great potential to be developed. The seeds contain antioxidants that are very needed in the pharmaceutical industry and the health sector. The market price of sunflower plant seed oil is very high but the amount of sunflower production in Indonesia is quite low. This potential can be utilized by developing sunflower cultivation in the highlands and lowlands. This research aimed to study the morpho-physiological responses of sunflower plants grown in the highlands and lowlands. The study was conducted at Alahan Panjang (highland) and Padang (lowland). The method used in this study is quantitative. The results based on the T-test showed that the altitude of the place is an external factor that affects the factors of production. The morphological and physiological responses of sunflower plants planted in the lowlands are better than sunflower plants grown in the highlands, such as higher plant height, more number of leaves, larger branch diameter, and high production of seed around 1.04 ton/ha and contain higher chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll. To increase the amount of sunflower production, it is recommended to plant sunflowers seed accession Ha1 in the lowlands area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of the paper shows that an important factor in the location of the production of building materials is the availability of sufficient raw materials in the region. The northern regions of the Russian Federation in general and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in particular have rich reserves of raw materials for the production of building materials. In addition, the author draws attention to the fact that despite the presence in Yakutia of its own mineral resource base, at present there are factors that contribute to the delay in the development of this industry: the use of technologies that are outdated and energy-intensive, the uneven distribution of production capacities for the production of building materials on the territory of Yakutia. This contributes to an increase in the cost of construction, arising from high tariffs for transport services. The need of Yakutia in large volumes of building materials is due to the expansion of the housing stock, industry and road network. In this connection, the production of building materials on its own in the harsh northern conditions will allow the republic to reduce the cost of their importation from other subjects of the Russian Federation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol or glycerin is a byproduct in biodiesel manufacturing. The expanding manufacturing of biodiesel worldwide has led to the generation of a considerable amount of glycerol that has become an environmental proposition since glycerol cannot be disposed of without treatment. Effective utilization of glycerol, in consequence, improves the economics of biodiesel production and environmental factors among various glycerol derivatives. Glycerol monostearate (GMS) is one of the most value-added products employed in industrial applications in the food industry, pharmaceutical, and non-ionic surfactants. Thus, glycerol monostearate is a high economic value product and has a bright market prospect in this globalization era. The most commonly used for synthesizing glycerol monostearate is reacted over glycerol and stearic acid using a catalyst. In addition, the influence of relevant reaction parameters on the esterification pathway was discussed, and some suggestions were made for the future work of this research. This critical review provides an essential assessment of the publicly available information published in recent years on the manufacture of glycerol monostearate using various homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article writing was due to environmental problems which are getting difficult to solve. Pandemic covid-19, is one of the factors in increasing the production of household organic waste which has a dangerous impact. PLORA with the eco enzyme method can be used as a solution. The aim of this program to increase students knowledge, and skills about processing household organic waste using the eco enzyme method. The method used in this study is to provide an instrument in the form of multiple choice questions as many as 15 questions at the beginning and end of the activity. The sample used in this study were 30 students. The results obtained from this study stated that there was an increase between the pre test and post test with a significance level of 0.003. Therefore, this research can be concluded could increase the knowledge, and skills of students after being given training in making eco enzymes or multipurpose fluids that are environmental friendly as a solution to create a sustainable environment with zero waste. The results of this study can be used as a learning material or a basis for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanded reproduction in agriculture is largely determined by the content and structure of the material and technical base, the platform of which in the grain subcomplex is the machine and tractor fleet of agricultural producers. Its optimal composition ensures the timeliness and quality of the mechanized technological processes carried out in the industry, has a direct impact on the cost of manufactured products, and is a necessary condition for reduction of its labour intensity. The low level of technical support for agricultural production led to a simplification of the technology for growing grain crops, and the area under crops has been reduced. In its' turn, the high price of new modern machines does not allow agricultural producers to buy equipment, since the peculiarities of the seasonal factor of agricultural production do not always allow to pay for it within one year. There are also difficulties with the introduction of samples of modernized technology, which ensures the use of innovative (in particular resource-saving) technologies. In this regard, it is necessary to take programmatic measures that would contribute to the provision of grain farming with modern agricultural technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes and highlights the main global structural factors of agricultural production on the basis of printed publications. The main political factors are the growing level of protectionism and digitalization. The global economic factors are the fragmentation of economic growth and production, the predominant growth of the transaction sector and the financialization of public life. In social relations, the growth of inequality and shifts in labor relations are highlighted as global factors. Technological global factors are represented by a shift from the design branch to the technological one, an increase in the level of personification of supply and demand, as well as information security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main task of any business entity is the rational consumption of resources. This is due to their limitation and significant impact on the sustainable development of the company. The problems of economic development are closely interconnected with economic axioms: the needs of society are unlimited, resources have their own limitations. The limitation of resources leads to the need to choose the production of products based on the available production factors and the possibilities of their alternative use. The activities of any organization involves the emergence of certain costs. Nowadays, finding ways to optimize costs and increase profits is becoming an important task. Cost optimization is characterized by the ability to save resources and maximize their return. Optimization of expenses in order to increase the sustainable development of an organization is a whole complex of measures, including: establishing the relationship between cost management and budgetary management, identifying promising directions for reducing costs, developing an action plan to optimize them. The article substantiates the need to assess the statistics of costs in order to find directions for their optimization and profit growth. A model for analyzing statistics of the organization's expenses as a tool for sustainable development has been developed. The results obtained have been tested to improve sustainable development using the example of commercial organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of multi-storey projects in Iraq is being carried out in dynamic and complex conditions. In recent years, the country has created a number of new multi-storey projects, construction of which was carried out under conditions of uncertainty, which led to time delays and other problems with the work schedule. This highlights the impact of these factors on projects. This article examines the likely risk factors that arise at the stage of implementation of an investment's construction projects, and their impact on the results of activities construction enterprises. In order to identify the negative factors that participants in construction activities may face, a questionnaire was prepared for experts with relevant experience in the construction industry. A hierarchical analysis model was used to assess the risk factors studied and their impact on the activities of multi-storey projects in Iraq. The results of the study showed that financial, technical, organizational and political have the greatest impact on the construction process, therefore, special attention should be paid to the development of organizational and technological measures to prevent them. This will eliminate or minimize the influence of these factors on activities of construction enterprises and achieve the planned technical and economic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important task in the Russian Federation is to reduce the level of mortality and injuries from industrial accidents and occupational diseases due to the transition to a system of occupational risk management in the field of labour protection. Due to the large growth of machinery and technology, the number of latent threats is increasing. These threats entail an increase in the likelihood of risks (accidents, incidents, failures) associated with the negative influence of a human factor. On the basis of the literature review, the importance of studying the influence of the human factor in production is noted. The analysis showed that traditional methods of assessment of occupational risks do not take into account an important element - "work permit", which is the main document containing safety requirements while performing work with increased danger. Recommendations for improvement of generally accepted forms of work permit for the selection of workers and reducing the negative impact of the human factor are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need of improvement in the Russian Federation electronic industry enterprise competitiveness presents qualitatively new requirements to the instrumental means of economic analysis. To a certain extent, this applies to the problems of factor analysis. The paper suggests a method of using a Box-Jenkins model for possible production factor increment values forecasting. The paper contains interpretation of the results obtained. The proposed instrument of predictive factor analysis can be used in practice to support management decisions dealing with strategic development of industrial enterprises and increasing their economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic liver damage was modeled by a single intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) dissolved in olive oil at a dose of 50 mg/100 g body weight. Modulation of macrophage activity by phthalhydrazide (APH) during CCl4-induced liver injury leads to an increase of mitotically dividing hepatocytes and promotes more rapid normalization of the concentration of stem cell factor (SCF) in the plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dangerous and harmful production factors are considered, the impact of which is experienced by workers during the construction of any facility. Analyzed: the reasons for the formation of these factors for various types of work; equipment, structures and materials, the impact of which on working personnel can also lead to adverse situations. It is noted that personal protective equipment must be selected, paying attention to what work will be performed by the employee and under what conditions. The most effective personal protective equipment and technological methods for improving working conditions at an object engaged in the packaging, movement and storage of bulk building materials are proposed for use by the workers of the object under consideration. The results obtained can be used to improve the working conditions of workers in warehouses with bulk materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of tunnels in underground mines is an important factor in mining production which must be considered to ensure productivity and safety. At the Antam Underground Gold Mine, the production cycle begins with drilling an explosive hole and then filling the explosives. After that, the tunnel is blasted and ore is transported to the stockpile. The activities are continued by supporting the tunnel then return to the beginning of the cycle, which is drilling activity. Before this study was conducted, drilling was carried out using a 3 meter drilling rod. The blasting outcomes from the drilling were only about 2.0-2.3 m or less than 85% drilling depth. Among the various rock conditions that affect tunnel stability, the width and height dimensions are important design factors. This study aims to optimize drilling-blasting activities by considering Maximum Unsupported Span (MUS) using a Q system by replacing the diameter of drilling bit and lengthening the size of the drilling rod. By applying MUS analysis and operational considerations, MUS values were obtained that matched the characters in certain site. From data collection in the field, MUS values varied from 1.8 to 8 m depending on the characteristics of the rock mass. By observing the mining operation factor, the maximum range could be proposed in 4.2 m length and changed the drilling bit to 64 mm. Although the drilling time was longer but the outcomes of the forward meter of drilling blasting were more than 80%, which was 4 of 4.2 m. By utilizing MUS and considering mining factors, productivity could be improved and safety was guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable biodiesel which growth 7% annually can be used as a substitute for conventional fuels. Biodiesels can be produced from various vegetable oils such as Castor Oil. Therefore, the study aims to investigate influence of pressure and temperature, and interaction of both factors on biodiesel production using Castor Oil. The research was conducted by simulation combined with factorial design to investigate the correlation between pressure and temperature. The mass ratio of methanol to oil was 2:1. The pressure was varied at 202 kPa until 707 kPa, while the temperature was controlled from 65°C to 85°C. The results show that the purity of biodiesel was 97% with a yield of 93%. The effect of temperature is more significant than that of pressure, and the is strong interaction between pressure and temperature in biodiesel production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses two classes of models that describe the development dynamics of the industry labor force with pure competition. In the first case, it is assumed that the factors influencing the production process are strictly deterministic. The second class of models is based on the assumption of stochastic dynamics of external (exogenous) parameters. In the first case, a deterministic model of the development dynamics of the industry labor forces is formulated. In the second case, its generalization to the stochastic case is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is devoted to the problem of finding new resources of competitive advantages for the knowledge-intensive organizations of the hi-tech complex of the Russian Federation. The focus shifts towards the management of intellectual capital, intangible assets, knowledge, and cognitive factors of production. Traditional methods of their evaluation are based on the balance sheet and take into account only intangible assets. Utility assessment of cognitive factors of production involves the development of a method based on the qualitative characteristics of this phenomenon. The authors study the problem of using two qualitative assessment tools – fuzzy method and the hierarchy analysis method, which makes it possible to identify the usefulness of the used cognitive factors of production and evaluate their contribution to the intangible assets of a knowledge-intensive organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study mainly focuses on to cut silicon bricks into thin (120 μm) wafers in multi-wire saw with higher cutting yields using thin diamond wires. The diamond wire quality and silicon brick surface conditions are the deciding factors on its production yields and wafer fracture strengths. The improvements in diamond wire (DW) quality allows us to cut thin (120 μm) Si wafers with a slicing yields of above 90%. The DW quality is improved by considering diamond particles are small in size and uniformly coated with a high dispersion (or with low agglomeration) on the wire. We have developed a diamond wire by matching above qualities and the wire labelled as 100d-M6/12, where 100d represents steel wire diameter (100 μm) and M6/12 the size range of diamond abrasives (6 to 12 μm). To address the impact of surface finish of silicon bricks on its slicing yields and wafer fracture strengths, we prepared two bricks, mirror-polished one and ground the other one. After sawing wafers are separated as fresh and worn-out wire sides. The wafers sawn from ground brick are labeled as g-wafers and mirror polished brick are labeled as p-wafers. The improvements in silicon bricks surface condition (mirror-polish) allows to improve slicing yields above 96%. In three-line bending test, mechanical loads are applied perpendicular to wire saw marks on the middle of the wafer surface. We observed two fundamental differences in fracture strengths of p- and g-wafers. The g-wafers have lower strength compared to p-wafers. In both wafers, fresh wire side wafers have lower strength compared to worn-out wire side wafers. From fractographical studies, cracks of low-strength wafers tend to propagates through short distance paths and break the materials at lower loads. The wafers having higher fracture strength, cracks tend to propagates through longer and complex paths and break the materials at higher loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When developing mathematical support of automated supervisor control system for commercial gasoline production, the problem arises to find favorable ratio for blending stock from component containers to obtain end product of the required quality in commercial tank. While in reality, the quality indicator values measurement for blending stock in container fill-up tends to be not factored in the production process. The component quality in individual batches of component containers fill-up differs, and the resulting indicators for the end product are subject to the those of the components. The article analyzes the calculation methods for quality indicators values of the commercial gasolines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]