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Transportation by bus is the recommended mode of public transportation due to its lower infrastructure requirements. The length of time the bus takes to travel, its capacity, and the distance between stops. The bus service system is based on the five principles of sustainability: land use planning that takes the consequences of the environment into account, affordability, accessibility, sustainability, and reliability. This study aims to evaluate the current bus route bus station in AL-Najaf old city using field data. It covered the operation of the bus, passenger flow, and service quality, among other aspects of the supply and demand for bus services in AL-Najaf old city represented by the bus system. Most of the measurements state is an increase in the phenomenon of bus bunching, as the bus headway time did not exceed 3 minutes, decreased speeds at off-peak hours and reached 10 (km/hr.) at (Al Rasool street- Al Sadeq Street) and (Al Sadeq street- Najaf Internal Garage (NIG). Proposing enhancing the bus service's effectiveness to improve the performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial arrangement in architecture embodies the place of the functions and activities that occur in it. In the context of housing, the spatial arrangement becomes important because humans will use it for a long time. The case in this study is a vernacular dwelling called the kilungan house. The kilungan house in the Old City of Kudus was founded about 100 years ago and is still inhabited by the owner's descendants. The phenomenon behind the importance of this research is that the kilungan house, as one of the vernacular dwellings, is still found today and functions well. So that the kilungan house can be investigated for the sustainability efforts that occur in it, this study aims to identify, describe, and interpret the relationship between spatial planning and changes in activity in vernacular dwellings as a sustainability effort. This study uses qualitative methods in data collection and analysis. The initial stage is to conduct an initial exploration to identify the case to be studied. The core stage of the research is to explore the case based on the research objectives. Field observations were carried out to observe the spatial arrangement, and interviews were conducted to determine the activities in space and the changes that occurred. The analysis phase is carried out together with data exploration. In this process, the themes of the findings will be obtained. The results of this study are related to spatial planning and changes in activities. The linkage is in the form of adapting to the residential space to changing activities. Changes in user activity cause a new function to occur in residential spaces. The activity's compatibility with the residential environment determines adaptation. The adaptation minimizes dwelling space alterations for sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban areas face increasing threats from many sources; the most prominent are environmental, economic, society, policy, and other unexpected changes in its urban elements, which may threaten its stability, development, and growth trends. These threats need more attention from the designing, planning, and administration of cities to cope with the challenges and enhance the validity of urban areas to survive, adapt and grow. The research examines the concept of cities' immunity adopting it as a norm for the evaluation and continuous success of cities when addressing catastrophes. It is a vast term adopted by cities that face shocks and pressures. Its principle is resilience and enhancement aiming at developing and achieving sustainable growth and survival. The natural and acquired immunity, together with the mechanisms to gain immunity and response to adapt at different levels, depend on the specificity of each city and the related chances and challenges, reaching an immune product characterized by creativity, innovation, continuity, and acceptance. The research followed an analytical and descriptive approach on two levels: introducing the theoretical level, The concept of immunity, urban immunity, and impregnable cities, arriving at a comprehensive theoretical framework for the concept of urban immunity, and the role that concept levels play in enhancing the immunity of cities, where the research assumes that "the immunity of cities increases with the increase in the achievement of administrative, morphological, infrastructure, environmental, economic and social levels." The practical level includes an evaluation of the reconstruction plan for the old city of Mosul. Many international institutions and organizations worked on this plan to reconstruct the city after the military operations and the numerous disasters that the city witnessed. The objective of analyzing the reconstruction plan is to explain the implementation of immunity, arriving at the essential conclusions; The reconstruction process is participation at different levels, competition, and development to enhance the resilience of the old city of Mosul. Thus, the study recommends directing the reconstruction operations in all its stages towards urban sustainability, based on the vision of the war as an opportunity for urban and architectural advancement and redressing past mistakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researchers are interested in studying the pressures in historical areas due to the continued development to meet the requirements of contemporary society. The study scope was set by looking at the factors that lead to the addition or removal of the urban fabric to make a city more urban. This may lead to these forced changes overlooking the historical context of these cities in favour of demolishing and removing large parts of the city's fabric and replacing them with buildings with modern and random building patterns. The study tried to see if the " ill-thought-out change in land use planning affects identifying different parts of the city's urban fabric body, mainly traditional parts. " Within a realistic urban fabric represented by the old city of Najaf Ashraf in Iraq as one of the important urban and heritage landmarks globally and containing different models and patterns and subjecting them to different political, economic, and economic circumstances social. The research emphasized dealing with the urban environment as an integrated content consisting of a set of visible and latent systems of parts, including the urban fabric, whose elements are linked to each other in complex relationships carrying civilized and urban values, subject to natural and coercive changes in the level of their urban fabric. The research concluded that change at some point could lead to heterogeneity with neighboring countries if specific building laws and regulations were not enacted governing the process of change and regulating the process of linking the old and the modern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I The existence of squatter settlements is a challenge in the revitalization of the Jakarta Old City heritage area. Kampung Balokan is a squatter that has for decades occupied the land near the railroad in the north of Kotalama Station and needs to be resettled. However, a resettlement program must carefully consider the livelihood of the community. The purpose of this research is to identify the needs and potential constraints of the community in the resettlement program Heritage Area. This research is action research using a participatory approach and qualitative analysis, with the community as subjects that are involved in formulating problems, needs, and obstacles to implementing the resettlement program. As the research was carried out during the pandemic, a mixture of online and offline methods was employed. The initial findings of the study show that the residents of Kampung Balokan have occupied the land for 2 - 3 generations, and most of their lives are tied to activities around the Kotalama heritage area. However, they are aware that they are occupying land illegally. The community's need for resettlement is relocation not far from the Kotatua area so that they can continue their livelihoods. A good resettlement program can improve the living standard and maintain the livelihoods of the target community. It is an approach towards the 11th SDGs target, Sustainable Cities and Community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the Indonesian goals is to reach 23% of renewable energy share in 2025. It is mentioned in the national energy general (RUEN) that Indonesia has the potential for renewable energy about 443.208MW. However, only about 2% has been utilized. These are caused by several reasons such as lack of land, high investment costs, and lack of information or research in their field. As the capital city of Indonesia, the provincial government of DKI Jakarta is certainly in the spotlight regarding climate change and pollution. Efforts were also made to reduce emissions. For example, the Low Emission Zone (LEZ) policy began to be implemented in Kota Tua starting in February 2021. This is one of the efforts to reduce emissions in the cultural heritage area of the old city and make the area cleaner. For this reason, this initial research is expected to help the development of science, especially floating photovoltaic in the water surface area which is not large enough. With the existence of floating photovoltaic, the DKI Provincial Government and PT. KAI can participate in utilizing new renewable energy. In addition, floating photovoltaic can also be an attraction. and can also be an education for the community, especially for tourists visiting the Kota Tua which is one of the tourist attractions in Jakarta. The result shows that the Kota Tua river potential is about 8.4MW which spread in rivers along the Kota Tua area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban morphology has been the center of interest of numerous studies for several decades. The objectives of these studies vary from the simple understanding of the urban form to more elaborate endeavors aiming to create an analytical model that can be tested against sociological, economic, and/or demographic aspects of urban settlements. Some recent approaches integrate the analysis of urban morphology into the generative design process. Yet, a simple comprehensive analytical model that can be exploited readily in an urban generative methodology is missing. This paper presents part of a suggested method for analyzing the traditional (organic) urban fabric within a study aiming to arrive at a simplified generic model of the traditional urban form. That aimed generic model would be a starting point in a generative design process that simulates the morphological characteristics of the urban tissue under study. The hypothesis behind this work is that the study of local morphological factors – the typology of road nodes – can lead to an understanding of the global morphology of the urban tissue. The proposed analytical method includes two main axes. The first is to study the typology of road nodes within the traditional fabric. The second axis concerns how these nodes relate to each other to form the urban fabric. This paper focuses on the first axis related to the study of the typology of road nodes within the urban fabric. The typological classification of nodes in the urban fabric is simply based on the number of connected roads and the continuity or discontinuity of these roads through the node. The question of continuity is treated using the (Visual Step) concept. Coupled with a global analysis of the relation among the nodes, and based on the idea of (Urban Layering), a simple but informative generic model for the morphology of the urban tissue can be generated. The selected context for the case study is the Old City of Mosul in Iraq, which is now listed on the tentative list of the UNESCO world heritage sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old Mosul is characterized by the presence of many buildings and heritage monuments of high architectural value which represents the identity and culture of the Mosul community. As a result of the improvisation of reconstruction work after 2017, and the lack of experience in dealing with traditional building materials and their technical, sensory, and intangible characteristics, the main research problem emerged, which is losing of sustainability of urban identity, and losing the spirituality of the place as a result of using modern building materials that do not express their sensual and intangible characteristics with the traditional heritage of the old city. The research aims to explore the reconstruction of heritage residential buildings in old Mosul according to levels of international standers conservation, regarding the role of building materials and their properties order to reach indicators that contribute to the reconstruction of heritage residential buildings to ensure the sustainability of urban identity. In addition, to identify the most important characteristics of the building materials associated with the traditional heritage of the old city in Mosul. The research is based on the field survey method, which depends on collecting data of the heritage residential buildings after their reconstruction or rehabilitation. The characteristics of the building materials and their role in the sustainability of the urban heritage are then described and analyzed, finally, they are compared with the levels and standards of international conservation. The results of the study showed the effect of the characteristics of sensory and intangible building materials on the construction of residential buildings and the sustainability of their architectural identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the city of Banda Aceh in terms of population growth, level of activity, and physical development of the city requires the availability of adequate urban infrastructure. This study aimed to analyze the physical and social aspects that affect land prices in the city of Banda Aceh. This research employed a quantitative method by testing the variables that affect land prices in the city of Banda Aceh. The results show that the price of land in Banda Aceh City ranges from Rp. 250,000.00 - Rp. 9,248,000.00 per meter based on the ZNT (Land Value Zone) issued by the Banda Aceh Land Office. Based on multiple linear regression analysis using statistical applications, the following models were obtained: Y = -0.383 distance to the old city center -0.132 distance to road +0.157 distance to river +0.42 building density -0.172 population density. The analysis results show a significant relationship between land prices and physical and social variables, including distance to the old city center, distance to the road, distance to the river, building density, and population density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to rediscover the temporalities of Kedai Pati and its unchanging relationship with the old city of Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Much of the existence of this locally renowned 'third place' interfaces between work and life due to its direct connection with urban development. Kedai pati ('pigeon stall') is said to be part of the locality in Kota Baru township for more than fifty years, providing a distinctive experience of nostalgia. Kedai Pati is perceived as a valuable space for the local working men to informally attend on the regular or irregularly. At present day, Kedai Pati still survives with its signature theatrical-service pantry operation, seller-buyer social setting, that is part of a unique ambience considered as Kelantan's cultural heritage. Mapping the remaining locations of the kedai pati around the urban settings of current Kota Bharu Town Centre will indicate the strategic foci of nodal gastronomic places for the public to have access to. Information derived from this work can be useful for future planning and development in both urban and rural Malaysian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toko Merah is one of the cultural heritage buildings in the old city of Jakarta that has a change of form and function based on the history of different holdings which appeared maintained and preserved. Currently, the building is not fully utilised; only some of the building is rented as a meeting house. The Toko Merah building has different functions based on its history of ownership. The existence of this building which sets in the early history of the establishment of the twin luxury house makes it the icon of the cultural heritage building. It is now called Toko Merah. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive based on the history of the Toko Merah with a phenomenological approach specifically chosen to observe the aesthetic form of space in search of the essential meaning of the Toko Merah building. The results show the phenomenon of the Toko Merah building as a cultural heritage building has an essential aesthetic meaning as a cultural heritage building which needs to be studied and explored more in the narrative of adaptive reuse and should be maintained and preserved so that it can be utilised wherebymeaningful interpretation and usage can be materialised. It will eventually be celebrated as a heritage building which preserves that memory of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]