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Airports and highways stand as crucial economic assets in contemporary society, serving as vital indicators and contributors to public comfort and well-being. The quality of a nation's roadways reflects its progress and development, necessitating thorough assessments and maintenance strategies to counteract deterioration over time. In civil engineering, the selection between flexible and rigid pavements holds significant implications for infrastructure longevity and cost-effectiveness. The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) serves as a pivotal tool in evaluating pavement conditions and guiding maintenance decisions. However, discrepancies in PCI values between flexible and rigid pavements present challenges in accurately assessing and managing pavement conditions. This paper explores the factors contributing to these disparities and proposes a statistical approach to analyze the relationship between PCI values for different pavement types. Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing pavement selection, design, and management strategies, ensuring sustainable and efficient transportation infrastructure. The project aims to correlate Pavement Condition Index (PCI) with statistical parameters for flexible and rigid pavements by using SPSS software. Objectives include comparing PCI values, identifying distress types, and assessing maintenance needs for both pavement types. The relationship was predicated on the selection of six road segments, each measuring between 200 and 250 meters in length: Al Mattar Highway (A), Al Mattar Highway (B), Ghadeer-Furat Street, Al-Jenseyh Street, Al Tarbiah Street, and Messan Street. There are several classifications of these roads (Arterials and collectors). The process of selecting these six sections was based on the gradations of PCI values (good, satisfactory, fair, poor, very poor, and serious). After analyzing all the data and using the SPSS program for statistical analysis, it was found that there is a relation between the dependent variable and the independent variables, as the relation was non-linear, and the amount of correlation between the variables was 47.7% (R2=0.477). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridges are essential components of transportation networks and play a crucial role in the operation of our infrastructures. As a result, inspecting, maintaining, and managing the infrastructure systems is crucial to guarantee the regular operation of bridges in a healthy condition. This research aims to perform a full-scale bridge static load test on a cable-stayed bridge. This test is performed using a set of truckloads positioned on each bridge midspans. A truckload consists of four similar truck types with roughly similar weights. The bridge deck relative displacement at some measuring points is evaluated using the total station by observing the difference in bridge responses before and after the truckloads are applied. Furthermore, the existing bridge condition can be evaluated if the displacements obtained through field testing are compared to those generated using finite elements reflecting the ideal condition. Besides, mitigation strategies can be made to prevent bridge degradation or collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lampung with its diverse water features (rivers, lakes, and seas) forms a diverse expression of waterfront settlements. The distinctive characteristics of each building tradition in this waterfront area can be defined as unique and adaptive as it responds to its geographical character. Over time, infrastructure development plans have made waterfront settlement patterns more planned and sustainable, such as artificial lakes and irrigation canals. This study aims to contextualize the relationship between water features to the formation of settlements around them, using descriptive qualitative methods. In this case, the study was conducted in several areas, divided into five regional zones in Lampung Province, namely the eastern part of Lampung region, the central part of Lampung region, the southern part of Lampung region, the western part of Lampung region, and the northern part of Lampung region. The results show that the characteristics of waterfront settlements in each area differ, depending on the community's attachment to water features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground movement has been analysed according the pattern of peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV) and peak ground displacement (PGD) due to the earthquake case study of earthquake Palu and Donggala, Central Sulawesi regency in 2009 to 2018 for disaster mitigation purposes on buildings infrastructures planning development. Earthquake data are histories seismic data with magnitude of 4 and above. The data were analysed using the developed formula by Wu and Zhao to obtain the relation between the PGA, PGV, PGD and Intensity. The result show of the vulnerable zones is located around Donggala district near from the epicentre of the largest earthquake, which was M7.5 on September 28, 2018. Besides that, empirical formulation obtained with a linear regression approach is used for the sustainability of this methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As urbanization and population growth continue to accelerate worldwide, the volume of vehicles on the road has surged, leading to increased traffic congestion and parking difficulties. This issue has permeated various sectors, including higher education institutions, where finding available parking spaces has become a significant concern for students, staff, and visitors. To address this challenge, an innovative solution known as the IoT-Enabled Car Plate Recognition Smart Parking System has been proposed specifically for higher education institutions. This research introduces the proposed system, which combines cutting-edge hardware and software technologies to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of parking management by actively monitoring and controlling parking spaces. By implementing this system, higher education institutions can reap numerous benefits. Firstly, parking efficiency is improved as the system accurately tracks available spaces, enabling users to quickly identify and navigate to vacant spots. This not only reduces the time spent searching for parking but also mitigates traffic congestion within campus premises. Furthermore, the system enhances the overall user experience by providing a seamless and hassle-free parking process. With real-time updates on parking availability and intuitive guidance, users can conveniently locate and secure parking spaces, enhancing their satisfaction and convenience. Additionally, the system enhances security by effectively managing and monitoring parking activities, reducing the likelihood of unauthorized access or vehicle-related incidents. One of the key advantages of this proposed system is its compatibility with existing parking infrastructure and management systems. By integrating seamlessly, the system can be implemented without significant disruption or financial burden. This makes it a cost-effective and practical solution for higher education institutions seeking to optimize their parking facilities. While the proposed system offers considerable benefits, it is essential to critically analyze potential challenges and limitations. Factors such as technological dependencies, maintenance requirements, and user acceptance should be carefully considered during the implementation process. Nonetheless, the benefits of the system outweigh these challenges, making it a valuable solution for higher education institutions aiming to address their parking management concerns effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Projects that are related to society and the economy include toll roads and bridges, water supply, distribution, and/or treatment, solid waste management, sewage disposal, and/or treatment. Whether it is practical or not, investing in it is crucial. For these crucial initiatives, a precise and in-depth research is required. the significance of a feasibility study for infrastructure projects for each of the business partners in the research challenge. This research intends to simplify information availability and the feasibility study procedure. It includes a number of in-depth studies based on the literature review, as well as interviews with experts and specialists, to suggest a thorough framework for infrastructure projects. After that, a questionnaire was created to assess the relative weight of each study variable to support the findings using the SPSS program. The steps in the administrative system were programmed using the Visual Basic.net programming language to obtain a computer program in which an integrated report on the feasibility study of projects is prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to investigate and assess the quality of infrastructure projects and the extent to which quality levels are influenced by the use of knowledge areas for project management (using Ministry of Telecommunications projects as a case study). The correlations between certain variables have been explained by studies on the factors impacting project quality using a variety of techniques and methods. Surprisingly, structural equation modeling (SEM) has received very little attention in regards to the aspects influencing project quality studies. The study goal is to develop a model that clarified and identified the crucial elements affecting quality in infrastructure projects in order to overcome this knowledge gap. Smart pls3 with quantitative strategy is used in this research. This study clarified the opinions of several specialists based on their involvement with government building projects in Telecommunication Ministry. The questionnaire was used as a data collection tool, with 85 questionnaires distributed and (79) questionnaires retrieved, with a response rate of (93%), using the purposive and proportional sampling techniques. It was discovered that the quality of projects implemented by Ministry of Communications cadres was medium and implemented in light of project management knowledge areas) PMBOK 7th edition) in partial. Attention must be increased to the implementation of their projects in accordance with these standards because of its impact on increasing quality and thus increasing the sustainability of their projects. The study also recommends the necessity of guiding and directing project managers and implementing engineers to raise the level of interest in implementing project management standards in order to achieve the highest levels of quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrastructure is an important issue related to human life and development, as it is an essential indicator of the progress of life in countries. It is worth noting that Diyala Governorate suffers from major problems in terms of infrastructure and services. This research aims to study the reality of infrastructure services (the electricity and health sectors) in Diyala Governorate, determine the deficit in them, and know the most influential factors on the demand for electricity and health services. Where data were collected for the population and data of the electricity and health sectors, and the available electrical energy was compared with the energy required according to the standard standards for the need of the population and the individual for the electricity sector, and health services were compared with the services required according to the standards. It was found that there is a large deficit in both sectors, and also a multiple linear regression analysis was conducted Using SPSS version 24 to find out the most influential factors on the demand for electricity in the electricity sector and the demand for the beds in the health sector. It was found through the results of the regression analysis of the electricity sector that the most influential factor on demand is the population in a direct relationship where the more the population increases the demand for electricity. It was also found through the results of the regression analysis of the health sector that the population is also the most independent factor affecting the demand for the beds in a direct relationship, where the greater the population, the greater the demand for the beds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project, "Connecting Safety on the Railway Tracks," introduces a groundbreaking train accident prevention strategy designed for implementation in the context of Indian Railways. Recognizing the critical importance of railway safety, the initiative leverages innovative technologies and strategic interventions to mitigate the risk of accidents on the tracks. The novel strategy integrates state-of-the-art sensors, machine learning algorithms, and communication systems to create a comprehensive safety network along the railway tracks. Through real-time monitoring and predictive analytics, the system aims to identify potential hazards, track irregularities, and foresee potential accidents before they occur. The implementation plan for the Indian Railways involves a phased approach, encompassing sensor deployment, data infrastructure development, and collaborative partnerships with stakeholders. The project aims not only to enhance safety measures but also to optimize train operations, ultimately contributing to the overall efficiency and reliability of the railway network. By addressing the unique challenges faced by the Indian Railways, this project strives to set a new standard for railway safety, demonstrating the transformative impact of technology in accident prevention. The proposed strategy aligns with a broader vision of fostering a safer, more resilient railway infrastructure, serving as a model for railway systems globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground cable faults can lead to human loss and energy loss, which can have significant consequences. Human loss can occur if the fault causes an electrical fire, explosion, or other hazards. Such incidents can result in injuries or fatalities to workers or members of the public who are in the vicinity of the fault. Energy loss is another significant consequence of underground cable faults. Faults can cause a disruption in the power supply, resulting in power outages that can affect homes, businesses, and critical infrastructure. Energy loss can also result in financial losses for power companies, we hereby put an end to this problem by proposing a pic microcontroller based underground cable fault detector by using PIC16F877A and AWS cloud to detect the fault and sending formation to authorized power. after detecting the faults, it will be displayed in the lcd where the fault has occurred and alert by buzzer. The proposed system provides a low-cost and efficient solution for detecting and locating underground cable faults, allowing for prompt repairs and improved reliability of electrical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testing the performance of a network using oversize packets, by the help of 10GB MAC core verification, is a way to evaluate the speed and reliability of the network. By sending a series of oversized packets throughout the network and measuring the throughput and latency, it is possible to identify any issues or bottlenecks that may be causing reduced performance. This type of testing can be useful in modern networks with high-speed links and low latency, as the use of Oversized Packet Testcase Module can reduce the overhead associated with transmitting smaller packets and improve performance. However, it is important to ensure that all devices on the network are configured to handle the larger packet sizes and that the network infrastructure can support the increased traffic and payload size associated with Oversized Packet Testcase Module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicle is the most emerging and developed technology in the recent days due to its performance. The charging infrastructure of the electric vehicle is of great concern as it has the great impact on the performance of Electric Vehicle. Recently, many companies have developed the wireless charging method of EV with which the use of bulky cables can be avoided and the sparking during plugging/unplugging is also reduced. A model is simulated using MATLAB Simulink for dynamic wireless charging of EV. The simulation is carried out for different wireless power transfer method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews on hybrid systems (PV and Wind) for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS). In the period of electrified transportation, insufficient infrastructure of charging and shortfall of energy storage technology are the serious issues to be conveyed which drive the market to switch hastily to electric vehicles (EV). Existing charging stations use electric grid for EV charging, but EV integration with electric grid results in the increase of stress on the grid. Due to this drawback, renewable energies like solar photovoltaic systems and wind systems are used. In this paper, EVCS overview and impacts on the grid have been investigated. This paper reviews the topologies of bidirectional converter that can be used in hybrid system for EVCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human body's skin is an incredible organ. Numerous ailments, both recognized and undiscovered, regularly afflicted it. As a result, diagnosing human skin diseases is the most complex and difficult area of study. It has been noticed that due to a lack of proper medical infrastructure and services, the majority of instances go unreported. This abstract seeks to address this issue. Therefore, a number of tests are tested on our dataset to determine how well the suggested system works. It was possible to compare using different Feature extraction strategies with different classifiers. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the suggested system by demonstrating how many skin disease photos were found in the skin disease dataset. This gives the user with the means to identify skin illness with high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smart city concept exploits data collection from sensors and external services to manage resources efficiently for the benefit of both residents and the environment. Pairing devices and data with a city's physical infrastructure and services can help cultivate and improve a smart city ecosystem and determine a pathway to reach energy and climate targets. With an increased focus on day-to-day energy patterns in buildings, leveraging learnings and identifying practical steps from collecting and storing data close to the source is needed. This will provide facility managers and consumers with real-time reliable information, transforming data visualization into actionable insights. A proof-of-concept Internet of Things development framework and proposed use cases for collecting, monitoring, and controlling energy performance in a multistorey residential building are discussed. Designed to meet the needs of a pilot study, the Internet of Things ecosystem uses a combination of both low-cost and reliable hardware and open-source software connecting a variety of devices, each adaptable to support new work at scale beyond the initial pilot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Together with the expansion of civil infrastructure systems worldwide, the number of damaged buildings and other structures also increases. It would likely be more expensive and wasteful of natural resources to replace everything if an improvement or enhancement is a workable replacement. It is necessary to repair or strengthen a number of reinforced concrete buildings and structures in order to increase their carrying capacity and seismic ductility. Furthermore, structural improvements can be required to manage cracking and lessen deflection brought on by changing operating conditions. Strengthening an existing structure could be preferable than dismantling an existing building or component and replacing it with a new one if you want to restrict use, limit loads, and constantly monitor the structure. This study's goal was to determine how reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with externally bonded spent catalyst-based ferrocement laminates and control beams (beams without reinforcement) responded to bending, shearing, and combined bending and shearing behavior under two-point loading conditions. Lamination studies using several catalyst residue levels, including 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% are part of this study. figuring out the appropriate catalyst usage levels to increase the strength of ferrocement laminates. As part of an early inquiry, 12 laminates of discarded catalyst-based ferrocement measuring 500 (L) 125 (W) 20 mm (thickness) were cast and tested in the lab. Three laminates in all were used to ensure repeatability. For the main investigation, eight under-reinforced RC beams measuring 750(L) x100(W) x150mm(D) were cast, of which two were control specimens and the other six were optimized. Spent catalyst-based ferrocement laminates are joined and strengthened in tension, shear, and combined tension and shear zones using a flexible epoxy method. A universal testing machine (UTM) with a 1000 kN capacity was then used to test the beam under two-point loading conditions. As a result, the bending and shear parameters of all tested beams were investigated, including strength, yield strength, ultimate load, stiffness, and ductility. A 9% dosage gave good flexural strength compared to other dosages, according to an early investigation of ferrocement laminates manufactured from used catalysts. First cracks in the control beam appeared earlier than in the strengthened beam. The reinforced beams show an improvement in load-bearing capacity of 18% in bending, 16% in shear, and 30% in the combined impact of bending and shear when compared to the control beam. The deflection of the reinforced beams was reduced by around 20% to 40% in bending, 10% to 30% in shear, and 15% to 20% in the combined effect of bending and shear when compared to control beams. Moreover, the control beam's ductility was increased by 25% in shear, 30% in bending, and 30% in bending alone as a result of the combined effects of bending and shearing. The stronger beam is stiffer in bending by around 40%, shear by 48%, and combined bending and shear by 30%, similar to how the strengthened beam is stiffer in shear and combined bending and shear than the control beam. A spent catalyst-based ferrocement laminate is a good illustration of its capacity to enhance the flexural and shear strength of RC beam retrofit systems. No beam exhibited early brittle failure symptoms. According to the test results, the wasted catalyst-based ferrocement laminates perform better than the control beam in every manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coverage of network infrastructure in the form of transmitters in Indonesia is not evenly distributed and has not yet reached remote areas. This creates difficulties in the implementation of Early Warning System (EWS) since data transmission between sensors and control center is required. A proper communication system is also needed to broadcast news to communities in the disaster prone regions. A practical solution to this is to use WiFI, which can also be utilized as a repeater to an internet access network. This study analyses the performance of the remote network that will be employed to transmit data from sensors to control centers and, finally, to the affected communities. Since WiFi uses CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance), its ability to transfer data will decrease when accessed by multiple users. In this study, the process of sending data from the client to server is performed at a distance of 30 km and is carried out every second for 24 hours. Data acquisition is done when there is a decrease in work units due to an increase in the number of users. After performing this long distance data transmissions, we can conclude that there are indeed busy hours in the afternoons and 'low net usage' hours during the early mornings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality software tends to be expensive to develop and maintain because it is used in social infrastructures. In previous studies, a description format for requirement specifications was defined in a form that can be handled by machines, and customers were asked to describe their requirement specifications using this description format. However, a method for generating test cases from natural language documents has not been developed. We proposed a method to automatically generate test cases for system tests from requirement specifications. We applied this method to various system specifications and confirmed its usefulness. As a result, sufficient accuracy was obtained, confirming the usefulness of the proposed method. We also applied the proposed method to large-scale communication node software and clarified the specification-dependent characteristics of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing has revolutionized the way businesses and individuals consume and deliver computing resources and services. This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of various cloud computing technologies, highlighting their key characteristics, benefits, challenges, and emerging trends. The paper covers a wide spectrum of cloud computing models, including Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS), while also exploring hybrid and multi-cloud environments. The review encompasses topics such as virtualization, containerization, serverless computing, edge computing, security, and scalability. By examining the current landscape and potential future directions, this paper offers valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers in the field of cloud computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advancement makes human life more manageable in different aspects, and several variants are available to provide the same. Wireless communication helps to transfer information or data from one place to another without any physical connection between devices. The application includes mobile communication, remote access, satellite transmission, vehicle communication, broadcasting, etc. There are two categories of wireless communication: infrastructure-less networks and infrastructure networks. Any network where nodes connect without the need of infrastructure is called a mobile ad hoc network. Because of features like changeable topology, rapid setup, multi-hop data transmission, and others, MANETs have become more and more common. Due to their distinctive features, MANETs are ideally suited to several real-time applications, such as calamity control, environmental monitoring, and military activities. To assist in actualizing the vision of Industry 4.0, MANETs may also be employed with innovative technologies including cloud computing, machine learning, and the Internet of Things, etc. Any MANET-based critical real-time applications require reliable and secure data delivery. Hence, this study explores several security approaches that advance safe transmission while enhancing MANET performance. The findings of this article indicate that while significant progress has been made in terms of security of MANETs, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed. Overall, this survey paper provides a thorough rundown of security boundaries of MANETs, highlighting both the progress made and the areas that require further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread popularity of electric vehicles has become an important way to reduce environmental pollution and reduce dependence on limited fossil fuels. As a representative of clean energy transportation, Electric vehicles (EVs) play a pivotal role in enhancing air quality and mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions owing to their inherent zero-emission attributes. However, electric vehicles' development has a lot of challenges wait to be addressed, including the rapid development and improvement of charging infrastructure. In the field of electric vehicle charging, the design and performance optimization of fast charging systems are crucial. The performance and availability of these systems directly affect the market competitiveness and user acceptance of electric vehicles. The emergence of fast charging technology has significantly increased the charging speed of electric vehicles, making long-distance driving and daily use more convenient. This not only helps to dispel people's concerns about insufficient range, but also contributes to the widespread acceptance of electric vehicles. This article will delve into the design principles, technical challenges, and performance optimization methods of electric vehicle fast charging systems. In terms of design principles, this article will focus on key points such as power system, battery management, charging connectors, and communication technology. In terms of technical challenges, this article will explore key issues such as improving power density, improving charging efficiency, improving temperature management, and extending battery life. In addition, performance optimization methods will cover adjustments to charging parameters, enhancement of security, and improvement of communication protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid expansion of electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure has become increasingly vital with the rising demand for electric vehicles. This study aims to explore the optimization of EV charging infrastructure architecture to enhance its efficiency and rationality, ultimately catalyzing the growth of the EV industry. The paper commences by elucidating the diverse forms of EV charging infrastructure and the classification of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations. It then delves deep into the various factors that influence the layout and site selection of charging facilities, shedding light on methodologies for pinpointing electric car charging demand hotspots, optimization layout models, and the associated algorithms. Furthermore, it provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of research in charging facility layout optimization, offering insights into the advantages and limitations of existing studies. In conclusion, the paper offers precise recommendations and suggests pertinent approaches and development trends for enhancing the layout of electric vehicle charging infrastructure, thus ensuring the seamless growth of the EV industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring Firewall Technology to Improve Computer Network Security in 5G Firewalls are essential for maintaining computer networks' high levels of security. Network security has drawn a lot of attention as a result of the increased usage of computer technology. In the context of a 5G environment, this article examines the value of firewall technology in securing computer networks. Inadequate base station deployment at communication cell boundaries is one vulnerability that the implementation of 5G mobile networks offers. This study suggests mobile network optimization tactics to deal with these issues. In order to propose numerous optimization methods that guarantee flawless network coverage and unbroken mobile communication, it looks into difficult communication scenarios in metropolitan settings. Additionally, the introduction of 5G will deliver fast, big-capacity, low-latency, and highly dependable services that affect how well local optical cable infrastructure and core systems are used. The paper emphasizes how effectively utilizing firewalls, which offer a high level of protection, has improved computer network security. Experimental results back up these conclusions, highlighting the crucial function firewalls play in maintaining complete network security in the 5G future. [1]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of railway logistics is an extremely urgent task due to changes in logistics chains, the development of the transport and logistics system as an infrastructure of a new technological order, solving environmental problems – reducing CO2 emissions. The author proposes a model for reducing the empty mileage of wagons. With further modification, this model can be implemented in software for the purpose of increasing the economic efficiency of rail transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public infrastructure is one of the indicators for the development of a nation. Making a schedule and ensuring that those infrastructures are completed within the time limit of the schedule is very important in this fast-moving world. But not every time everything will happen within the scheduled time limits-delays are highly inevitable. This research aims at identifying the critical delay-causing factors of public projects in the view of the general public. The research focused based on the person of third person omniscient view. Also, to determine whether any changes in the perception of civilians because of the demography. The findings may support to the public projects to concentrate on the lagging area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the issues of climate change and global warming, the transportation industry is gradually shifting from the usage of hydrocarbon fuels to electricity. The electric vehicles (EVs) are uses battery to store the energy with is subsequently used to convert into mechanical energy while driving the vehicle. Similarly, Micro-grids are used in distribution system that adds renewable energy sources along with the loads. The batteries placed in the EVs could be used significantly applied as energy storage units within the MG system. A good control system have to research and developed in order to satisfy the goal of fast charging of the EV batteries to avoid large queues at the charging stations. In this paper, the implementation of a MG model based vehicle to grid (V2G)-grid to vehicle (G2V) system using the level-3 fast charging of EV's is presented. A level-3 fast charging model consist of a fast DC charging technology for operating the electric vehicle. Various simulation conditions were realized and results have been observed to carry out to operate the power flow of V2G-G2V. Test results shows that regulation of the active power is achieved in the MGs by using the batteries of the EVs as dispatchable sources via the G2V-V2G operational modes. The charging infrastructure that is built should be attaining minimum harmonic distortions for injecting current into the of grid as well as while charging the EV and the controller should always give the very good dynamic results in the point of the DC-bus link voltage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the issues of climate change and global warming, the transportation industry is gradually shifting from the usage of hydrocarbon fuels to electricity. The Electric Vehicles are uses battery to store the energy with is subsequently used to convert into mechanical energy while driving the vehicle. Similarly, Microgrids are used in distribution system that adds renewable energy sources along with the loads. The batteries of the Electric vehicle (EVs) can be possibly used as energy storage and buffering devices inside the microgrids (MGs) or parking space of buildings. These EVs can help in managing the microgrid energy balance under two circumstances, viz. surplus generation it can store the excess energy as the Grid-To-Vehicle, G2V mode by charging of the batteries and during energy deficient in the MG it can provide energy back to the grid by working as Vehicle-To-Grid, V2G operation as discharging of the batteries. To facilitate these concepts proper development of inter-connecting infrastructure and control system arrangements have to be done. This paper provides a literature survey on various architecture for realizing the V2G-G2V strategies within a MG by studying different types of power electronics interfacing (PEI) like level-1, level-2, and level-3 acting as fast charging stations for the EVs are presented. Maintaining the power balance state and improving the reliability of the intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs) MGs using proper PEI is a critical task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing assurance for security is the major issue in today's cloud atmosphere. In cloud computing one of the main issues is "Cloud Privacy (CP)". As the whole cloud user don't have the same anxiety concerning CP. Only some of the users are fulfilled with the present policy whereas rest will comparatively involve in affecting the equivalent privacy. Based in the essential cloud design it's typically deployed for imparting three core service models illustrated to be "Software as a Service (SaaS)", "Platform as a Service (PaaS)" and "Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)". Though these entire delivery services will tend to model and expose variety of security level attacks through the intelligent intruder. In this paper we are proposing a new algorithm which improves the security of the data over the cloud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Padang City has many choices of transportation modes to support community activities, including the Trans Padang Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). Following the Regulation of the Minister of State Apparatus Empowerment and Bureaucratic Reform Number 16 of 2014 concerning Guidelines for Surveys of Community Satisfaction with the Implementation of Public Services, the Department of Transportation and Road Transport Traffic which is responsible for transportation activities is required to conduct a Community Satisfaction Survey periodically at least 1 (once a year to improve the quality of public services. The purpose of this study was to determine the dominant factors of passenger assessment and user perceptions of the quality of Trans Padang bus services. This research uses the IPA method. The variables used in this study are service quality variables including facilities and infrastructure and operations. The facilities and infrastructure variables consist of indicators: cleanliness, bus condition/comfort, equality, and emergency/safety equipment. While the operational variables consist of indicators: scheduling, ticketing, ticket inspection, security, and service information. In general, respondents stated that the level of performance based on indicators was satisfactory. While the passenger's perception of all indicators is very important and important. Based on the results of the IPA for corridor 1, the priority of service improvement for facilities and infrastructure variables are facilities for people with disabilities, the elderly, mothers carrying children/toddlers, pregnant women; special room facilities for wheelchairs; and the airworthiness of the vehicle being operated. Furthermore, service improvement variables for operational variables are emergency signal lights; window film darkness; information through audio and or visual to clarify passengers getting off at the stop; and advisory information on the bus. For corridor 4, the priority for improving facilities and infrastructure services is cleanliness in the bus; a comfortable place to stand; the feasibility of the vehicle being operated, while the operational variable is the quality of operational services; normal bus travel speed (50 Km/hour); completeness of travel documents (driving licenses, vehicle certificate, test card, supervision card); friendliness of ticketing officers, routine checks, security on the bus, officers on the bus, the availability of GPS and CCTV systems on each bus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning using the help of technological media is one of the interesting and considered effective learning methods where students can learn anywhere and anytime with the help of their smartphones. In addition, studying in a field that requires more experience or imagination in the material studied has its difficulties, such as how it works. Virtual Reality-Based Applications to Support the Learning Process Computer network infrastructure is one of the alternative media to assist learning. The development of this application uses Unity3D software. This application uses the accelerometer and gyroscope of the sensor. Design your app using Storyboard. Application testing was carried out using usability testing with respondents taken based on side purposive techniques and using questionnaires. The results obtained based on usability testing conclude that the application is easy to use. The application helps students to learn computer network infrastructure interestingly and makes it easier to understand computer network hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes more widely used, the danger of information leakage, the danger of information leakage, data leakage and theft of the internet of things is continuous increasing, as the communication channel for data transfer is open to the public. A considerable portion of this data includes sensitive and personal information for the user and the company as well. Because of the openness, distributed nature, and lack of control over the entire IoT environment, the number of attack vectors for bad users is significant. End-users must trust the system for the IoT to become a viable service platform. Consequently, in critical infrastructures like smart home, smart city, smart healthcare, and smart industry, information security and privacy are the major concern in the Internet of Things. In this paper, we present an information concealment strategy using steganography to protect communication in critical IoT infrastructure. RGB photographs are employed as the information carrier. Deep layers of low-distortion image channels in the least significant bit (LSB) are used to hide the data to be used as a data marker. Both mathematically and experimentally, we evaluate our method. We display mathematically that the striker's analysis cannot expect the current information. The proposed strategy outperformed previous strategies in terms of imperceptibility and capacity, as well as resilience to steganalysis attacks like histogram analysis, as demonstrated experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the significance of predicting and managing potential risks in infrastructure projects, this issue has not received the attention from the executive authorities that it merits, and there remain numerous hazards that can have a significant negative influence on project objectives. By stressing the significance of computer programs in the production of a qualitative evaluation of risks and in designing effective treatments, this research thus intends to highlight the importance of risk management in providing a fundamental approach to successful project management. Data were gathered from existing literature addressing risk management to support this objective, as well as from in-person interviews with experts in building project design and implementation. An administrative system to be used in the qualitative assessment of risks and the development of appropriate treatments for those risks was then developed in light of the specific risks associated with the construction projects, mainly based on a questionnaire seeking advice from experts. In order to take advantage of the benefits of modern technology, a computer program was then created to apply the principles of the suggested administrative systems. The results of evaluation of the computer program and administrative system revealed that this program offers both efficiency and ease of use, contributing to increasing the efficiency of project management through qualitative assessment of risks, and allowing the straightforward selection of the best options to address each identified project risk. The nature of each project's different components ultimately led to a set of conclusions and recommendations emerging that include the fact that risk management studies enable project owners and managers to respond promptly and diligently when danger arises, as well as assisting engineers in making better decisions when managing projects that might otherwise be at risk of failing to achieve their goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first step in prioritising district road maintenance is to identify the key maintenance criteria based on each road's actual condition, as retaining unsuitable and insignificant criteria and deleting more significant ones leads to inaccurate and unreliable decisions. The objective of this study was to acquire an expert consensus on the key criteria for the prioritisation of district road maintenance in the Iraqi infrastructure sector. To achieve this objective, a group of 13 specialists was assembled to assess a list of 34 district road maintenance criteria using the Fuzzy Delphi approach. These criteria were thus organised into seven groups based on their relative importance. The first group included the seven criteria deemed to be the most important: "Potholes", "Cracking", "Transverse slope", "Shoving", "Depressions", "Bumps and Sags", and "Patching and Utility Cut Patching". This study's findings should thus aid decision-makers in this sector in terms of making appropriate decisions for the prioritisation of district road maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The harvesting of unused energy from roadway pavement has attracted attention due to the potential for sustainable heat during solar radiation exposure. In this study, the temperature difference between pavement surface and soil was utilized to generate electricity using thermoelectric generator (TEGs) technology. The electricity generation system consisting of a heat collector, thermoelectric generator, heat conductor, and cooling section (heatsink with cooler) was developed and fabricated. The performance of TEG system was experimented on for two different collectors (asphalt and concrete) in four days of experiments. The results show that asphalt and concrete pavement harvesting system prototypes could generate sufficient energy to run low-powered sensors used for data communications in transportation infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an application of a developed methodology for the reorganization and evaluation of transport situations after the conversion of the movement of cars through a conventional three-way intersection into their movement through a roundabout. The only correct approach to improving the organization of road traffic is the correct choice of solutions for the organization and reorganization of traffic on the existing road. The research carried out is checking the improvement of the conditions, organization and safety of the traffic and whether the capacity of the intersection of a particular intersection has increased before and after its reconstruction from a three-way to a roundabout. What is specific about the developed methodology and the specific proposal for the reconstruction of an intersection is that it complies with the accepted limitations of the existing street areas and checks whether the movement of cars from all traffic flows in the busiest hours of the day in terms of traffic is unhindered. The necessary research and studies have been conducted to successfully identify and implement the most effective methods and approaches for the overall organization of road traffic and street design and reconstruction of the transport infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Busan is one of the most densely populated cities in South Korea. The huge pressure that this megacity puts on design in terms of urban regeneration promotes innovation. The purpose of this article is to examine urban rejuvenation through the prism of one particular feature: Busan's open-air traditional markets. South Korea's growth, assisted by a strong policy and backed by Chaebols, has left an unpleasant tangible legacy. When the time came for a review, the Korean government unveiled a new, more forceful policy aimed at boosting economic vitality while also preserving Korean culture. This time, legislators have not strayed from modernity's path and have opted for sustainable design. Busan is an ideal testing ground for this new strategy. In order to preserve the Busan community's cultural past, the strict principles of sustainable design are strictly adhered. Traditional markets are seen as significant public spaces that provide access to fresh produce while also serving as crucial social infrastructure. In Korea, like everywhere, these markets suffered substantial adjustments as a result of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic; however, the methodology of urban regeneration is examined in this paper from two analytical viewpoints (Malecón Boardwalk-Mexico and Saint Jeanne-d'Arc church-France) regardless of the impact of the pandemic crisis on these markets. From the bottom up, we illustrate their importance as public spaces and comment on their shifting social dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil and municipal infrastructure; water supply, distribution, and/or treatment; solid waste management, sewage disposal, and/or treatment; toll roads and bridges are all projects that are linked to society and the economy. investment in it is very important, whether it is feasible or not. it is necessary to conduct accurate and intensive studies for these vital projects. the research problem importance of a feasibility study for infrastructure projects for each of the business parties. This study aims to facilitate the feasibility study process and ease of access to information. It contains a series of detailed studies depending on the literature review in addition to conducting interviews with experts and specialists to propose a detailed framework for infrastructure projects, then a questionnaire was designed to determine the relative importance of each variable in the study to support the results using the SPSS program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The railway system is essential to transportation as it transports products and passengers safely. Due to increased demand for train service, the railway track will deteriorate and fail. Frequent track inspection is necessary to ensure the safety and security of cargo and passengers and prevent losses. Traditionally, railway track inspections are carried out once every few months. It is done by a human inspector or an automated vehicle, a rare, complex operation that takes too long to find and track flaws quickly, which is far from optimal. As a result, condition-based monitoring and predictive maintenance are critical because they allow railway companies to do preventative maintenance before problems and failures occur. Many sensing methods have emerged, and sensors have become much more affordable. As a result, in recent years, sophisticated monitoring equipment has been used to keep an eye on the railway track and collect data in real time. This research aims to review the critical role of wireless sensor networks in monitoring the condition of railway facilities: what kinds of sensing devices are employed in structural monitoring, and why. We will also identify their benefits and limitations. Additionally, researchers have employed AI algorithms for rail defect identification and prognosis in recent years to help the railway sector respond quickly to failures. This study also discusses the current AI techniques in diagnosing rail problems by utilizing inspection device data to create railway degradation prediction models. These models predict flaws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of procurement procedures in the Russian Federation for the construction of facilities related to transport infrastructure facilities, in particular, roads. The study showed imperfections in the legally established mechanism for evaluating construction organizations that participate in auctions as general contractors. But it is with such organizations that the customer subsequently concludes an agreement (contract). The formalism of the assessment of construction organizations leads to a low quality of construction and installation work on the construction of roads, failure to meet their deadlines, possible termination of the contract and the need to find a new supplier. The author proposed to introduce such a system of assessment criteria, which allows to take into account in maximum detail all the risks associated with the quality of construction work of a particular general contractor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the definitions of the concepts: automation, autonomy, technical means. The definition of the concept of an autonomous technical means is given. Autonomous technical means are considered as technical means with the ability to perform certain actions without human intervention. Autonomous technical means were defined as products with various degree of endurance according to a predetermined function. The analysis of legal regulation in the field of creation, implementation, use of autonomous technical means is carried out. It is concluded that there is an urgent need to create new approaches to the legal regulation of this area. The possibilities that an autonomous technical means should have for their use as a transport safety violator have been determined. Autonomous technical means with remote control technology are subdivided by the type of communication channel (mechanical, wire, radio, ultrasonic, infrared). Autonomous technical means such as unmanned aerial vehicles, RC Sports Models & Toys and Special technical means are proposed to be considered as a potential threat to transport security. A brief overview of the allocated autonomous technical means is given, as well as a comparative analysis. The comparison was made according to such characteristics as average autonomous operation time, remoteness from the operator, remoteness from the object, availability of standard means of photo/video recording, availability of standard storage medium, feedback function, availability in the market, pricing. It is concluded that the UAV is a multipurpose vehicle that can be used both for collecting data and for influencing a transport infrastructure object (can be used to destroy (attack) any targets). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive engineering geological assessment of the planned Tunnel B route within the Yogyakarta-Bawen Toll Road project, a critical national infrastructure undertaking connecting Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta. With Tunnel B spanning 510 meters, this study aimed to inform the project's planning and implementation processes. The research encompassed geological surveys, core drilling assessments, testing of rock and soil properties, and analysis of geoelectric survey data. The findings delineate two primary geological units: completely weathered andesite and completely weathered breccia tuff. Groundwater was detected at depths ranging from 13 to 40 meters above the tunnel's intended elevation. The resistivity of rocks and soils along the tunnel route ranged from 5 to 750 Ωm, leading to the identification of six zones (A, B, C1, C2, C3, D, E, and F) with distinct geological engineering characteristics. This research offers pivotal insights essential for the effective planning and execution of the Yogyakarta-Bawen Toll Road project. It provides crucial information regarding the geological attributes and expected tunnel behavior, ensuring the project's success and long-term sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridges as a transportation infrastructure require good management for their service functions. Bridges are subject to deterioration and need maintenance strategies to prevent their failing services. The research was conducted in the Surakarta City. The city has a 10% annual growth in transportation modes and 129 bridges which must be periodically inspected/evaluated. This study uses the Bridge Management System (BMS) as a basis for detailed bridge inspection. The evaluation is carried out by dividing a bridge into five levels of elements hierarchy. The assessment criteria are measured cumulatively from the structure (S), volume (K), damage (R), function (F), and effect (P) values by weighting of 1 or 0. Observations and assessments are carried out at the 4 and 5 levels of elements, where the rest are carried out in a superposition of the elements hierarchically. The results of the 129 bridges in Surakarta City investigated with the following criteria: bridges with damaged components or no longer functioning (replacement of components/new bridges) of 1.55%; bridges with critical conditions (rehabilitation) of 8.53%; bridges with damage requiring immediate attention (repair) 34.11%; bridges with damage requiring future monitoring of 30.23%; bridges with minor damage of 11.63% and bridges with no damage of 13.95% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 10th, 2021, 3296 houses suffered light damage, 1964 houses suffered moderate damage, and 1552 houses suffered severe damage due to the earthquake that occurred in Malang, Indonesia. The iMPact on public facilities included 203 damaged schools, 16 damaged health facilities, 171 damaged places of worship, and 40 other damaged public facilities. Most of the damaged buildings were non-engineering buildings with various types of damage. In Pacitan Regency, there are many low-rise to medium-rise non-engineering buildings. In addition, Pacitan Regency has a coastline that is part of the Indonesian Ocean and is located very close to the subduction zone between the Indo-Australia plate and the Eurasian plate. The main potential sources of earthquake and tsunami events in this region are thrust systems. Seismic fragility curves play a pivotal role in the assessment of the comprehensive vulnerability of civil infrastructure to prospective seismic events, as well as in the anticipation of the consequential socioeconomic repercussions. This paper presents an analysis of the fragility of non-engineering buildings and estimates of their collapse using the finite element method. Seismic fragility analysis produces fragility curves that show the probability of structure damage under various damage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the acceleration of the urbanization process, the increase in megacities, population growth, the demand and need for public transport are increasing every year. This, in turn, leads to the need to improve the efficiency of public transport, adapt to today's times and conditions. This determines the importance of increasing the efficiency of using the existing transport infrastructure through proper planning and modeling of urban public transport. The article describes the methodology for determining passenger traffic on existing public transport routes (using the example of the city of Urganch). At the same time, the flow of passengers in urban public transport was carried out using modern information technologies by measuring at stops, in bus stations and inside public transport. As a result of the determination of passenger traffic on public transport, the districts of the city of Urganch that require improvement of transport infrastructure have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food supply systems are national critical infrastructures embedded in changing and uncertain environments. Hence, testing and evaluating them in their ability to meet food supply is key to reduce vulnerability to shortages. This paper presents an optimization approach to assess the resilience of nationwide food supply systems using the N-1 contingency criteria, which investigates whether the isolation of one region from the transport network destabilizes the food supply. To this end, we build a multi-regional multi-commodity large-scale model for food flow networks. Then, we implement a constraint optimization problem to find the management of food flows along the supply chain stages that minimize shortage, costs and penalties induced by the disruption for both the isolated and connected system. Lastly, resilience is quantified with established metrics. A numerical case study illustrates the proposed method, revealing which regions are critical to maintain the stability of the national food supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the sustainability of the function of the irrigation network to be maintained and improved, it is necessary to maintain and evaluate the condition of its physical infrastructure. This study analyzes the determination of irrigation network maintenance priorities in DI Bati, DI Kolokembar, and DI Soko/Jirak which are located in Karanganyar Regency. Funds distributed by the central government can be used optimally. The study used data on climatology, hydrology, and physical conditions of irrigation networks. In addition to the above data, questionnaire data on the selection of irrigation area priorities by the relevant respondents was also used. The analysis was carried out using the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method, namely by compiling a hierarchy, comparing pairs of priority values, and testing their consistency. The results of the analysis showed that the maximum water requirement for D.I Bati rice plants was 0.09 m3/sec, D.I Kolokembar 0.05 m3/sec, and D.I Soko/Jirak 0.06 m3/sec. The condition of damage to the physical infrastructure of irrigation networks is known in Bati as 71.92% moderate, Kolokembat at 56.79% heavy, and Soko/Jirat ak 75.86% moderate. Based on the analysis of criteria the most influential in determining the priority of network maintenance is Physical Infrastructure (46%), while the least influential is Plant Water Needs (11%). By (52%), D.I Kolokembar (33%), and D.I Soko/Jirak (15%.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern trends in the development of railway transport in the Republic of Bulgaria are related to increasing the speed and possibility to transport increasing number of passengers and cargo. This is related to the construction of new or modernization of the existing railway infrastructure. The embedding of suitable elements in the railway contact network has a significant impact on the cost of investments. This requires the design of new products which can satisfy the technical requirements and at the same time are economically profitable, i.e. development of new products with low manufacturing costs, but with the necessary strength and reliability. In this publication, several types of cantilever structures for railway contact network are investigated using the finite element method. A comparative analysis of the theoretical results and the physical testing of the prototypes was made, that allows the verification of the computational model in the zone of plastic deformations. The research was done in the laboratory of the Department of Railway engineering of the Faculty of Transport at the Technical University of Sofia. The applied loads and assessment are in accordance with the requirements of the technical specification TS-RI 007-2006 of the National Railway Infrastructure Company [1]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial photography is accomplished using various types of aerial vehicles and photographic techniques. Using the cameras built into the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), video or photos of the busy intersections can be taken from the air. This can provide information about vehicle movements, traffic flows, the presence of congestion and other factors related to the traffic level of the intersection. This report proposes a four-stage methodology for drone imaging, the results of which can be used for traffic analysis, planning infrastructure projects, improving road safety and optimizing transport infrastructure. The company's Data From Sky software has been used with a wide range of clients in the fields of infrastructure, transport and traffic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good management of school facilities and infrastructure will help create a conducive and healthy teaching and learning environment, can further extend the life of use, can support cost efficiency and will ultimately improve the quality of education and student achievement. From this description, problems arise which are arranged so as to be able to answer questions on the problems posed such as; 1)How is the existence of the management of educational infrastructure in public junior high schools in Abiansemal sub-district, Badung Regency?, 2) What is the response of the community (parents of students) to the existence of planning management for the procurement of public junior high school educational infrastructure in Abiansemal sub-district, Badung Regency? and 3) How is it? the relationship between the characteristics of parents of students and the management of educational infrastructure in public junior high schools in Abiansemal sub-district, Badung regency. The sample was determined using the slovin method for parents of students at State Junior High Schools in Abiansemal District who had quite a lot of infrastructure problems. The research method is descriptive qualitative analysis of public junior high school infrastructure management.by optimizing parental gender, parental education and occupation. There needs to be an increase in the existence of management of infrastructure facilities on the 14th indicator of sufficient space. The implications of parental responses in managing infrastructure are real needs and needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]