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For a simple and connected graph G, the distance between two vertices u, v ϵ V (G), denoted by d(u, v), is the length of the shortest path connecting them. A vertex labeling λ: V (G) --> {1, …, k} is called an inclusive vertex irregular d-distance labeling if the weights of the vertices are distinct, where the weight of a vertex v is defined as the sum of the vertex label v and all vertex labels u such that d(u, v) ≤ d. The minimal value of the largest label k of all such labeling of G is called the inclusive d-distance irregularity strength of G and is denoted by dis0d (G). Lower and upper bounds for dis0d (G) have already been investigated for any graph G with d = 1. The value of dis01 (G) for some classes of graphs, such as paths, cycles, complete graphs, and other related types of graphs, have also been determined in the literature. In this paper, we find an upper bound for dis01 (G) for triangular ladder graphs Ln, with n ≡ 4 mod 5, n > 4, and the exact value for the rest of the cases with n ≥ 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strongly nonlinear cubic-quintic Duffing oscillator is considered. Approximate solutions are derived using the multiple scales Lindstedt Poincare method (MSLP), a relatively new method developed for strongly nonlinear oscillators. The free undamped oscillator is considered first. Approximate analytical solutions of the MSLP are contrasted with the classical multiple scales (MS) method and numerical simulations. It is found that contrary to the classical MS method, the MSLP can provide acceptable solutions for the case of strong nonlinearities. Next, the forced and damped case is treated. Frequency response curves of both the MS and MSLP methods are obtained and contrasted with the numerical solutions. The MSLP method and numerical simulations are in good agreement while there are discrepancies between the MS and numerical solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce irregular intuitionistic fuzzy graphs. Also, we study some properties of neighbourly irregular and highly irregular intuitionistic fuzzy graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discrepancy between the proton charge radius extracted from the muonic hydrogen Lamb shift measurement and the best present value obtained from the elastic scattering experiments, remains unexplained and represents a burning problem of today's nuclear physics: after more than 50 years of research the radius of a basic constituent of matter is still not understood. This paper presents a summary of the best existing proton radius measurements, followed by an overview of the possible explanations for the observed inconsistency between the hydrogen and the muonic-hydrogen data. In the last part the upcoming experiments, dedicated to remeasuring the proton radius, are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent measurements of the proton electric to magnetic form factor ratio using polarization techniques reveal a large discrepancy with measurements found using the Rosenbluth separation technique. It has been proposed that this discrepancy is due to a non-negligible multiple photon exchange contribution in the electron-proton elastic scattering cross section. The OLYMPUS experiment will measure the multiple photon exchange contribution by finding the cross section ratio of positron-proton to electron-proton scattering within 1%. The experiment will be carried out at the DESY laboratory in Hamburg Germany using the electron and positron storage ring DORIS and an internal unpolarized hydrogen gas target. The scattered particles will be detected using the Bates Large Acceptance Spectrometer Toroid (BLAST). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface imaging of electrical activity in isolated heart tissue and computational models of ventricular fibrillation show patterned irregularity. Such irregularity in spatially extended, nonlinear systems can result from stochastic and deterministic processes. We require methods and measures for characterizing these patterns, that provide insight into the mechanisms of the evolving spatio-temporal irregularity, and that can be related to simple time series measures (e.g. the electrocardiogram) and stochastic models. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used technology of making high-efficiency superconducting single-photon detectors as a basis for improvement of photon-number-resolving devices. By adding optical cavity and using an improved NbN superconducting film, we enhanced previously reported system detection efficiency at telecom range for such detectors. Our results show that implementation of optical cavity helps to develop four-section device with quantum efficiency over 50% at 1.55 µm. Performed experimental studies of detecting multi-photon optical pulses showed irregularities over defining multi-photon through single-photon quantum efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]