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Concentration of lead in nine bay leaf samples was determined using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS). Utilization of ammonium phosphate as the matrix modifier and adjustment of graphite furnace (GF) setting has resulted in satisfactory analytical recovery (99.75 – 101.82%) and precision (4.09 – 5.21%), compared to that without modifier (recovery of 51.41 – 58.95% and precision of 18.45 – 26.02%). The lead content in bay leaves ranged between less than the detection limit (0.78 mg/kg) to 3.37 mg/kg. The fact that 30% samples exceeded the maximum limit (1.0 mg/kg) established by Indonesian Food and Drug Agency for spice commodities should encourage further study focusing on the investigation of factors that contributed to high lead content in the products and methods to mitigate the issue.The original version of this article supplied to AIP Publishing contained an error in the author’s name. The name originally appeared as, Latifahtul Husna, but the correct name is Latifah Tulhusna. An updated version of this article, with the author’s name corrected, was published on 28 July 2020.

Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) is not only can be used as food seasoning and flavoring but also as medicine. Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control established bay leaf as one of the nine major medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to conduct in vitro bioactivities analysis as antidiabetic, antioxidant and toxicity of bay leaf water extract. Bay leaf used in this study was collected from the gardens of research center for science and technology (Puspiptek) Serpong, Tangerang Selatan Indonesia, dried and extracted steeping in boiled water. Antidiabetic was measured using α-glucosidase inhibition method; antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radical flushing activity method; toxicity test was measured using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The resulst showed that the decoction of bay leaves showed antidiabetic (41.4% inhibition of a-glucosidase) and antioxidant (49.4% scavenging of DPPH) activities at sample concentration of 50 µg/ml and very low toxic effect on brine shrimp larvae (LD50> 1000µg / mL). The results suggest that bay leaf water extract has potential to be used in development of functional drink to reduce diabetic risk.Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) is not only can be used as food seasoning and flavoring but also as medicine. Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control established bay leaf as one of the nine major medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to conduct in vitro bioactivities analysis as antidiabetic, antioxidant and toxicity of bay leaf water extract. Bay leaf used in this study was collected from the gardens of research center for science and technology (Puspiptek) Serpong, Tangerang Selatan Indonesia, dried and extracted steeping in boiled water. Antidiabetic was measured using α-glucosidase inhibition method; antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radical flushing activity method; toxicity test was measured using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The resulst showed that the decoction of bay leaves showed antidiabetic (41.4% inhibition of a-glucosidase) and antioxidant (49.4% scavenging of DPPH) activities at sample concentration of 50 µg/ml and very low toxic effect on brine s...

Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of diseases. Previous studies by our research group showed that several boiled water extracts or organic solvent extracts of Indonesian mistletoes (benalu) and organic solvents extracts of Selaginella (cakar ayam) have in vitro and/or in vivo anticancer activities[1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore the aim of our to study the in vitro bioactivities (antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity) of these plant materials as when prepared as herbal tea infusion. Four mistletoe samples (M1; M2; M3; M4) and one sample of Selaginella (S) were used in this study. DPPH free radical scavenging activity method was used for antioxidant. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity method was used for antidiabetes. Growth inhibition to breast cancer cell line MCF7 method was used for cytotoxicity. The results showed that all mistletoes samples showed high in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity, whereas the Selaginella sample showed significantly lower activitiy for antioxidant (about 5x less) and about half for antidiabetes and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that for further development of functional drink, mistletoes samples showed better potential than selaginella when used as a single material in herbal tea infusion. However we should make into account the possibility of synergistic effect on bioactivities when mixtures of two or several plant materials were present in the herbal tea formulation. Currently formulation of herbal teas using various mixture of different mistletoes as well as mixture of mistletoe and Selaginella are still under investigation.

Antioxidant activity, phenolic and total flavonoids from sweet potato ethanol extract (Ipomea batatas L.) of different varieties (white, yellow, orange and purple) were studied. Sweet potatoes were collected from Research Centre for Chemistry. Sweet potato leaves have been used for numerous oxidative-associated diseases such as cancer, allergy, aging, HIV and cardiovascular. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to investigate antioxidant activity in leaves, in which the yellow and purple varieties showed the highest and the lowest scavenging activities of 47.65 µg/ ml (IC50) and 87.402 µg/ ml (IC50), respectively. In this study, the yellow leaves showed the highest concentrations of total phenolic and flavonoids contents at 11.293 µg/g and 44.963 µg/g, respectively. Therefore, sweet potato leaves can be used as a prospective natural antioxidant.

Two secondary metabolites compounds, gallic acid (1) and methyl gallate (2) have been isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract of the leaves of Macaranga allorobinsonii Whitmore. Isolation and purification of the secondary metabolite compounds conducted using chromatography methods, and structure elucidation determined based on NMR, mass spectroscopic data and compared with appropriate references.Two secondary metabolites compounds, gallic acid (1) and methyl gallate (2) have been isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract of the leaves of Macaranga allorobinsonii Whitmore. Isolation and purification of the secondary metabolite compounds conducted using chromatography methods, and structure elucidation determined based on NMR, mass spectroscopic data and compared with appropriate references.

Malaria is a major public health problem mainly due to the development of resistance by the most lethal causative parasite species, the alarming spread of drug resistance and limited number of effective drug available now. Therefore it is important to discover new antimalarial drug. Malaria is caused by a singlecelled parasite from the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum parasite infect red blood cells, ingesting and degradation hemoglobin in the acidic food vacuola trough a sequential metabolic process involving multiple proteases. During these process, hemoglobin is utilized as the predominant source of nutrition. Proteolysis of hemoglobin yields amino acid for protein synthesis as well as toxic heme. Massive degradation of hemoglobin generates large amount of toxic heme. Malaria parasite has evolved a distinct mechanism for detoxification of heme through conversion into insoluble crystalline pigment, known as hemozoin (β hematoin). Hemozoin synthesis is an indispensable process for the parasite and...