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Concrete is the most extensively used building material. Monitoring strain in concrete structures is crucial for ensuring their safety and longevity. Smart materials and sensors play a significant role in structural health monitoring, enabling the detection of internal deformations or damages caused by environmental and loading factors by using non-destructive testing methods. A low-cost strain measurement method using strain gauges and Wheatstone's bridge can be used to measure the minute variations of deformation in the concrete beam. The analog voltage variation at the balanced bridge is sensed and converted to a digital value using a high-resolution ADC. The value is calibrated and used to measure the threats in the beam due to the stress and environmental effects. The processing is done with a highly efficient embedded system. The test is conducted on both plain cement concrete(PCC) and reinforced cement concrete(RCC) beams. The breakpoint of the beam is identified and the strain for the maximum stress/load is observed. The values obtained from the experimental setup are compared with the theoretical values and validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the welding defects seriousness when they are present in the welding area and because of the great importance of detecting them this study came to investigate the weld joint of the friction stir welding process. So, the main aim of this study is to find the surface, subsurface, and internal defects in the welding area of the friction stir welding process for two dissimilar aluminum alloy pipes (AA6082 and AA7022) with different welding parameters by using non-destructive testing techniques, which are the visual testing, the liquid penetrant testing, and the radiographic test. The results show, that the fourth case is the best case in all NDT tests in which the rotational speed is 1525 (rpm), 1.7 (mm/min) welding speed, 0° tilting angle, the tool geometry conic and thread and 8.5 (KN) load force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although concrete is known for its durability, it can deteriorate if proper safeguards are not taken. Concrete constructions' strength and durability are dependent on a number of criteria, including design, details, materials, workmanship, quality control, environmental considerations, and routine inspection and maintenance. This article discusses the assessment of existing concrete structures, going into several non-destructive procedures such as rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity testing. The primary objective is to highlight how crucial it is to evaluate the quality of different components found in concrete projects using a variety of non-destructive examination techniques. Results of non-destructive testing done on different concrete components are also presented in the article. Moreover, it supports a logical interpretation of the data and suggestions for improving the functionality and strength of the structures as needed. It emphasizes that although non-destructive testing techniques estimate concrete strength indirectly, the results are frequently comparable. It is suggested to use a variety of approaches and correlate the results, acknowledging that no single method can be deemed completely dependable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment plays a very important role in the maintenance and monitoring of the structure, which keep the structure to perform its functionality throughout their useful life without any interference. Condition assessment of existing structures is primarily needed to verify the reliability of structures following shortened occurrence such as earthquakes or everlasting deterioration of structures over period. Evaluation and strengthening are required for complete enlargement of the structure. Thereafter analyzing the situation of the building, it is either strengthened or demolished, depending on the extent of damage. In this report various NDT tests were adopted so as to access the condition of 32-year old building. Visual inspection and various Non – destructive tests methods are performed to identify structural defects. Non-destructive testing method such as Schmidt hammer test, UPV velocity test, -cell potential and Cover meter test were performed. As per the Rebound Hammer test Ref. IS 516(Part5)2020 the most of the readings are collaborating to M10 to M30 grade concrete. According to UPV test results with Indirect types of probing total 60 points are taken. From all those points, after 21.67% readings are Good, 53.33% readings are of Doubtful category and 23.33% reading are having the result of the Poor condition. Therefore, it is observed that major cracks in some portion of building, some columns and beams so it is necessary to do strengthening of the structure. According to a cover meter test, as per BS 1881: Part 204: 1988 the cover varies in between 17 and 23 mm for columns. As per HCP results confirmed that 90% corrosion is being active in many of the ground floor column. This test which was performed on the columns and beams of the ground, first floor, second floor & third floor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each metal has different properties with another and mechanical properties were important in the construction. Dissimilar welding still has problem because of thermal properties from both base metal. This study discussed performance from a Stainless Steel 304 and ST 37 plate joined by the MIG welding and Inconel as a filler wire with thin of both plate less than 1 mm. Performance of a dissimilar weld join was analyzed with tensile performance, macrostructure, and weld joint condition scanned by X-ray. The lowest tensile performance was around 1.5 kN which could be represented by specimen 2a, and the second tensile performance was not more than 2.5 kN, it could be shown specimen 7a. Specimen 1 of macrostructure appeared a crack at base metal with filler, Specimen 2 of macrostructure shown that a weld join change, a weld join of specimen 7 was not complete. Specimen 3 and 4 of X-ray analysis was complete weld join although specimen 4 was better than specimen 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While for several decades composites have been manufactured mainly from thermosets, such as epoxy- or polyester-based resins, a clear trend towards using thermoplastic matrix systems has recently emerged. Their reversible melting behavior gives them several advantages, including better recyclability and faster and more easily automated production. Increasing the productivity of thermoplastic composite manufacturing processes requires appropriate, reliable inline quality assurance systems. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), originally developed for biomedical applications, has been proven to be a powerful tool for non-destructive testing and characterization of unidirectional (UD) fiber-reinforced thermoplastic tapes made from glass fibers. Previous offline OCT measurements on a test rig demonstrated the reliability and robustness of the method in detecting visually apparent tape defects, such as gaps and fiber breakages and – one of the most critical bulk defects – insufficiently impregnated fiber regions. In this work, inline OCT measurements were performed on stationary Polycarbonate (PC)/glass fibers (GF) UD tapes in an industrial-scale production line. Systematic experimental analyses were carried out in which the OCT sensor was moved across the tape width, and the influences of (i) single scan sampling rate, (ii) single scan averaging, and (iii) sensor travel speed on measurement accuracy and data size were evaluated. Measurement accuracy was validated using optical microscopy. Optimal sensor settings were derived to improve the inline capability of the measurement approach under real production conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research has been conducted on the development of Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete SIFCON and its characteristics. Fly ash was used as a binder in this study, and two different kinds of steel fibers—micro and hooked steel fibers—were used in the mortar in variable ratios (0, 6, 12, and 18) to examine the properties of SIFCON geopolymer concrete. The optimization of the geopolymer slurry texture, compression strength, hardness, ultrasonic pulse-velocity, elastic modulus (dynamic) (Ed), shear modulus (dynamic) (Gd), and the logical correlation among non destructive testing (NDT) (RN and UPV) and compression strength were all examined. The test outcomes demonstrated impoved characteristics, such as a 26.1% increase in compressive strength when 12% micro fiber of steel was used. The value of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), which includes shear pulse velocity (Vs) and longitudinal pulse velocity (Vl) showed increases of 33.70% and 27.50% respectively, with the addition of 12% micro fiber of steel. Insertion of 12% hooked-end steel fiber, however, produced ideal rebound number readings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Electronics Speckle Pattern Interferometry" (ESPI) is a non-destructive and non-contact testing method widely employed in the measurement of strain, crack, and displacement in metallic and non-metallic surfaces. It also finds immense application in the optical technology-based temperature and pressure sensors. The present study is the design and development of ESPI based weight sensor. For the design of the weight sensor, the traditional ESPI setup is modified by constructing a loading device that uses a mechanical loading technique. The loading device works by converting tangential motion to linear motion. The length of the linear motion can be controlled and is changeable on demand. Reference is taken with the inner projectile just touching the metal plate at no load condition, followed by the addition of different weights. Weights varying from 50 g to 1000 g are placed in the designed loading device, and a speckle pattern is recorded. The effect of weight in the produced speckle pattern is analysed. The recorded speckle images are subtracted from a reference image recorded in no-load condition to obtain a fringe pattern. The weight sensor is based on the principle of determining the changes occur in the speckle pattern by the addition of weight. The radius of curvature of a brass plate under different stress is calculated by ESPI technique, and it found to decrease with the increase of load. Thus, the study suggests the application of the ESPI technique for developing a weight sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structures with a significant service life are considered, the materials and structures of which need to be examined. Experimental studies were carried out in the compressor shop. The project documentation and the results of the measurement work were used. Visual inspection revealed the presence of defects and damages of the third and fourth categories at the facility. Additional instrumental research was required. With the help of the shock pulse method, the compressive strength grades of the walls of silicate and ceramic bricks, the grade of the brickwork mortar were determined. With the help of the necessary instruments, tests were carried out by a non-destructive method of testing the strength of concrete floor slabs, crossbars and columns. Concrete classes of structural elements were determined. The verification calculations were performed using computer calculations based on finite element calculation schemes, taking into account the strength characteristics of materials at the time of full-scale tests. It is established that the bearing capacity of the upper belt of the transverse truss of the compressor shop is not provided. When calculating the first and second groups of limit states, the bearing capacity of the building columns is provided. As a result, it was concluded that the technical condition of the compressor shop is unacceptable. The analysis carried out and the developed methodology can be used for testing by methods of non-destructive testing of materials and objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main causes of structural failure have been steel reinforcement corrosion of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Early steel corrosion detection could restrict the cost of the rehabilitation work and minimize the extent and location of required repair or replacement. Of the test of deteriorated concrete beams due to steel corrosion being tested under loading using the non-destructive testing (NDT), i.e., acoustic emission method (AE) is the more efficient method of RC structure evaluation and early corrosion detection. The tests were conducted on corroded beam specimens subjected to cyclic stress before the onset of the initial cracks for a secondary source of AE at the highest load level (i.e., 4 kN). Ib-value and cumulative signal strength (CSS) of AE are recommended to analyze the effects of severe corrosion damage before the initial cracking becomes apparent; as corrosion levels increase, the CSS ratio also increases. It shows that damage caused by a loss in the cross-section of the beams has occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building distortions due to some environmental factors refer to problems and diseases that lead to distortions and defects in buildings, which are caused by climatic causes and natural environmental factors. Understanding its causes and the imbalance resulting from it, and trying to measure it, enables preventive measures to be taken to avoid their occurrence, and enables to treatment. Through the field visits that took place in Babil Governorate, it was observed that a large number of buildings were distorted due to various environmental factors such as rain, humidity and heat, which led to distortion in the buildings from an aesthetic and the structural behavior. Sixty two buildings of different uses were monitored and were under the influence of a number of environmental factors. The monitoring method, follow up and some non-destructive tests were used to collect data, and then the data were analyzed using comparison tables. In this paper, it was concluded that the most important environmental factor affecting buildings is humidity, which is determined by more than 68% and is considered one of the most important problems that lead to building deformations and cracks, followed by the effect of soil. It was also found that the influence of other factors such as light, temperature and wind is very small compared to other factors. Also, some sources of moisture that affect building deformations in the city of Babylon have been identified, the most important of which are ground water and wastewater. Then, a number of proposals and recommendations that contribute to reducing these distortions were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Acoustic Emissions (AE) technique is gaining more and more importance in the non-destructive testing research area, especially for reinforced concrete elements. The ultrasonic signals produced by damage to the concrete can be detected by proper piezoelectric sensors, both resonant or broadband, and can be further processed with dedicated software, to calculate single event parameters, as well as collective variables. The online and/or offline analysis of these parameters allows for the detection of defects and to monitor of the integrity of elements without damaging the specimen, which is of great importance for structural health assessment. In this paper, the authors present a four-point bending test on a Reinforced Concrete Beam, performed at the STRENGTH Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Salerno, in which an AE detection and analysis system is used. The data processing will show how the AE technique is useful to localize the fractures in the specimen and highlight the area in which the final failure will occur at about 60% of the maximum load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-ray machines have been used for a long time in industries for non-destructive testing. X-ray imaging can detect surface and subsurface defects in the materials. An X-ray machine consists of some components that work together to produce adequate amounts of the x-ray beam to produce a clear image of the materials. If one or more components are damaged, it will harm the worker. The X-ray failure will cause unrestraint x-ray production which means we cannot control the radiation exposure. The failure and damage of the X-ray machine are also will cost a lot of money for a replacement. Due to prevent this risk from happening, the X-Ray Laboratory team National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) has identified and analyzed the risk using a systematic risk assessment framework. The first step was to identify some critical components in the X-ray machine, then analyzed all the hazards associated with Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA). The FMEA method is combining technology and experience to identify and eliminate potential failure modes. The result of the FMEA analysis will be guidance for the maintenance and safety procedures for an X-Ray machine personnel. Following these procedures, it is expected can prolong the life of the X-ray machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the need for an affordable but high-performance nondestructive testing system for manufacturing industry, PRTDRAN (the Research Center for Radiation Detection and Nuclear Analysis Technology) is developing an X-ray based CT scan system. The CT system under development consists of an X-ray generator, a radioscopy box, and a turntable for the sample. It was built for USD 33,100. The thickest material the CT system can examine is 8 mm for steel and 8 cm for aluminium. The radioscopy box used is based on the principles followed in IAEA Radiation Technology Reports No. 2, but with significant modifications. The camera resolution is 20 megapixels, while an image detector of up to 30 cm × 30 cm size can be accommodated. The position of the camera is adjustable, allowing for the precision needed for use in a CT scanner. The radioscopy box weighs just 30 kg. The CT scanner is housed in a 220 cm × 140 cm × 180 cm housing made of a lead and stainless steel plates. The operation of the system is controlled from a computer in a separate control room, to further improve user safety. Through testing, the system has been found to perform CT imaging and reconstruction well, with pre-reconstruction interpolated basic spatial resolution iSRb of 0.234 mm, while the radiation exposure outside the system did not exceed 0.6 µSv/h at 1 m from the housing. It is expected that the nondestructive examination capability provided by the system will be affordable even for smaller companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital x-ray radiography is one of the non-destructive testing methods as part of the nuclear fuel performance evaluation process. Image interpretation is performed on the radiographic test to deliver data that can be used as a basis for evaluating nuclear fuel performance after the irradiation process. Digital x-ray radiography produces digital images with low resolution so therefore image enhancement or image quality improvement is required to simplify the interpretation process. The interpretation process is carried out on digital image of U3Si2/Al density 4.8 gU/cm3 post irradiation with burn-up variations 20%, 40%, and 60% by performing image enhancement using the ImageJ program including contrast alignment, edge enhancement, gray value histogram processing and color adjustments. Interpretation is done according the information that must be achieved from digital x-ray radiography tests of U3Si2/Al density 4.8 gU/cm3 post irradiation which is also a basic reference in the image enhancement process. This information for instance are uranium homogeneity, consistency of meat-cladding dimensions, mapping of cladding-meat anomalies, and mapping markers from U3Si2/Al digital images with a density of 4.8 gU/cm3 post irradiation with burn-up variations 20%, 40%, and 60%. The interpretation results can be used as a reference for digital x-ray radiography tests to represent the evaluation of nuclear fuels performance after irradiation process with different burn-up values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) are widely recommended in the aerospace and automotive industries because they are lightweight and have superior mechanical qualities to metals. Poor manufacturing conditions or cyclic usage leads to defect generation in these materials, and a proper non-destructive testing (NDT) method assesses integrity without impairing their future application. Infrared NDT (IRNDT) is gaining interest with machine learning-based advanced processing approaches in the recent past, among numerous NDT techniques. However, the thermographic data is highly imbalanced with fewer defect region thermal profiles than their non-defective counterparts. The present article introduces a deep one-class classification (Deep-OCC) model in quadratic frequency modulated thermal wave imaging for automatic anomaly detection. A carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sample with flat bottom holes of different sizes at various depths is used to certify the proposed methodology. Few machine learning (ML) and thermographic metrics are used to evaluate the suitability of the deep OCC by comparing it with conventional deep one-class classification models for the thermographic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The priority task of the transport complex has always been to ensure the safety of the transportation process. To solve it, cooperation of scientists and specialists in various fields of activity is required. Non-destructive testing is one of the key methods of monitoring the reliability and safety of rolling stock. There are several methods that allow you to detect defects in material or structures without violating the integrity of the objects under study: 1. Phase-contrast method of optical radiation, which is based on the transformation of the phase difference of optical radiation. 2. The magneto-optical method of optical radiation, which is based on an additional effect on the objects of control of the magnetic field; 3. Holographic interferometry is also widely used in non-destructive testing - detection of material or structural defects without violating the integrity of the objects under study. New types of interferometers on zone plates have appeared for controlling the shape of parts, determining straightness and flatness. Typically, the purpose of such studies is to detect the location and size of cracks, voids, non-adhesives, delamination, inhomogeneities in material properties, etc. In this work, we study garnet-ferrite films, in particular, the domain structures of the Leading Center, which can be considered as a zone plate on the basis of which devices for non-destructive testing are created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview of articles describing and summarizing methods, means, methods and results of measurements of external smooth surfaces in laboratory studies of moving chassis is given. The theoretical foundations of metrology, regulatory and legal bases, physical description of the eddy current method of non-destructive testing are also considered, on the basis of which a course of lectures, practical and laboratory work on conducting eddy current control of an arbitrary surface of railway rolling stock is developed, as the most commonly used for the study of an arbitrary surface of a car fleet for the specialty "Rolling stock of railways". Diagnostic work was carried out using manual modifications of flaw detectors of the VD-113, VD-113.5, VD-211.5, VD-211.7, VD-12NF brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, lightweight geopolymer concrete was produced based on slag as a binder and using two types of lightweight aggregates (the first type is pumice aggregate resulting from pumice stone crushing, and the second type is bentonite aggregate resulting from converting bentonite clay into aggregate through several stages). This concrete can be considered more environmentally friendly because of its use of slag as a binder and slag as it is known to all that slag is an industrial waste. After pouring the samples and completing the curing period, the compressive strength test was performed and two non-destructive tests (the ultrasonic pulse velocity test and the rebound number test), and then a relationship was found between the compressive strength on the one hand and the non-destructive tests on the other hand, and this relationship is considered very important to estimate the compressive strength of a structure or wall forming of the same type of concrete that has been subjected to certain conditions or dilapidated building through non-destructive tests. As for the best lightweight concrete mix, it is LBB, which contains fine aggregates of bentonite and coarse aggregates of bentonite with a grade (5-25), as it gave a compressive strength of 26.4 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports assessment of a failure of a cold forged gear blank reported from an industry. The damage is observed in the cold forged in form of cracks along the thickness direction. To investigate this problem, the visual examination, composition analysis, hardness, microstructure, residual stress measurement and non-destructive tests such as magnetic particle inspection, ultrasonic detection and radiographic tests were carried out and analyzed. The detailed comprehensive investigation revealed that the crack has occurred in the initial stage itself and acceptance criteria of the material to be evolved. The same has been discussed with the end user to ascertain that this type of failure should not occur again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cracks in concrete or cement-based materials represent a significant danger to building structures; they are extremely dangerous and have resulted in a considerable deal of damage and loss. Even seemingly minor cracks can expand and finally lead to major structural failure. In this study, Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), 2D electrical imaging techniques allow for the assessment of concrete structural conditions. The testing methodologies proposed in this research are based on a study of the electrical resistivity measurement's ability to detect and locate cracks and spalling in damaged concrete using measurements. An experimental research was carried out on a concrete sample with two artificial defects and cracks of varying lengths and widths. The first crack with length (30 cm) and width (0.5 cm), while the second crack with a length of (1) m and width of (3.5) cm, Direct Current (DC) is injected into the ground. The data is Analysis using the RES2DINV powerful software packages for inversion of 2D based on the inverse theory and the distribution of the real resistivity values in the Wenner and Dipole-Dipole arrangement. The results show that the 2D electrical resistivity imaging survey using the Wenner arrangement based on the 2D inversion technique is a more effective tool than the Dipole arrangement for assessment, detection, and delineation of the existing concrete cracks structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), originally developed for biomedical applications, has been found to be a powerful tool for the non-destructive testing and characterization of polymeric matrix composites. Increasingly, the thermosets, previously used as the only matrix material in these composites, are being replaced by thermoplastics. Thus, the issue of appropriate and reliable quality assessment has arisen. This study evaluated OCT as a technique for detecting common quality defects in the continuous production of thermoplastic glass-fiber-reinforced unidirectional (UD) tapes. Stationary offline measurements using a spectral domain OCT system were carried out to investigate typical defects, namely filled/unfilled gaps, fiber breakage, dry fiber regions, bubbles, and edge defects. While edge defects, dry regions, fiber breakage and empty gaps were successfully detected, polymer-filled gaps and small bubbles on the tape surface posed a greater challenge. We show that OCT is a powerful non-destructive high-resolution method for defect detection in glass-fiber-reinforced UD tapes that has great potential for inline quality assessment during continuous production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to the study of the dependence of the results of measuring the contact potential difference on the metal parts surface of aerospace technics on the environment parameters. Environmental parameters: temperature, relative humidity and pressure were estimated by a digital weather station with a measurement accuracy of 2 %. The contact potential difference was measured in laboratory conditions between the surfaces of flat samples of aluminum, titanium, and nickel in comparison with the nickel tip The Kelvin probe tip was set in oscillatory motion with a frequency of 410 Hz by an oscillating system with a piezoelectric element. of the Kelvin probe. The accuracy of measuring the contact potential difference with the device is 0.1 mV. A linear regression analysis of the results of experimental studies of the dependence of the contact potential difference on the parameters of the environment is carried out. A weak dependence of the results of measuring the contact potential difference was found. The greatest influence on the contact potential difference of metals is exerted by temperature. With an increase in the ambient temperature by 1 °С, there is a decrease in the contact potential difference of aluminum samples by 6 mV, titanium samples by 14 mV and nickel samples by 9 mV. The dependences of the values of the contact potential difference measured on the samples surface under study on the relative humidity and air pressure turned out to be even smaller. In the process of measuring the contact potential difference of metals, it was important to ensure the stability of the environment. The results obtained can be used for non-destructive testing of metal machines parts of during their production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation has been made to perceive the correlation of normal concrete compressive strength between the destructive and non-destructive test method. The non-destructive method used Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test. Meanwhile, destructive method used a concrete compressive test. Testing the compressive strength of concrete using cylinder concrete samples. The cylinder concrete samples used in this study had a concrete mix design of 25 MPa and 30 MPa. Each sample was tested destructive and non-destructive to get the compressive strength value relationship. Based on the result, the regression model proposed to estimate the compressive strength of concrete is the first regression model which is f'ce=0,0037v1+12,346. The results are validated using column structure located in K2F Room on BINUS Syahdan campus. The validation result shows the estimated compressive strength from the linear regression model is higher than the projected compressive strength of the concrete column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous construction of bridge and tunnel engineering, more and more examples show that the generation of disease will greatly shorten the service life of structure and even cause great harm to the operation safety of structure. Therefore, ensuring disease timely detection and diagnosis and treatment is an important measure to ensure the stability and safety of structure operation. However, traditional detection techniques have disadvantages such as low efficiency, strong subjectivity, and even damage to the structure. Nondestructive testing technology gradually enters people's attention and attracts people's attention with more and more attention. The development status of nondestructive testing technology in bridge engineering and tunnel engineering is summarized. They studied the NDT technology in bridge engineering and tunnel engineering two direction, in bridge engineering, analyzed the current application of various methods advantages and deficiencies, discussed with the continuous development of computer technology, the future NDT detection technology can be combined with various algorithms to achieve NDT detection technology in bridge disease detection. In terms of the tunnel engineering, the lining diseases, as a more common form of the tunnel diseases, will seriously affect the stability and safety of the tunnel operation. Therefore, the detection of the tunnel lining diseases is the most important content of the tunnel disease detection. Based on the common lining diseases, introduced the main types and influencing factors of lining diseases, the existing common nondestructive detection methods are summarized in apparent state detection and internal state detection, analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of image processing and 3D laser scanning, and discussed the development trend of NDT of lining diseases in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to inform about the construction and technical survey of the oldest building in the village of Horní Nivy. It is a chapel that has undergone unprofessional construction modifications in the past. These modifications damaged the building in terms of history but also in terms of construction. The chapel shows cracks in the masonry and humidity maps. Construction engineering research shows that all failures are caused by the problem of increased humidity, both ground and surface. The paper also includes an evaluation of the non-destructive and destructive tests performed, as well as a proposal for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of this historically significant building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the oil and gas industry, the moving of materials and equipment is often carried out using forklift. Thus, a safe and reliable forklift is required to guarantee the moving processes to proceed safely and smoothly. To this end, one of the means to ensure that the lifting equipment could perform well is by conducting preventive maintenance. Preventive maintenance, which is another form of controlling risks related to equipment, consists of several methods such as: lubrication, cleaning and inspection. The inspection is a comprehensive preventive maintenance during which not the evaluation is conducted not only on the function of equipment, but also on the safety of the operators who utilize the equipment and the surrounding environment where the equipment is operated. In this study, the preventive maintenance was performed on forklifts by following the Lifting and Transporting Instruments Inspection based on the Minister of Manpower Regulation No. 8 2020 on Occupational Safety and Health for Lifting and Transporting Instruments. The methods carried out were visual inspection, technical measurement, non-destructive testing, function testing and load lifting testing. These procedures resulting in several recommendations, namely the necessity to repair the safety equipment section (the horn), the urgent replacement of brake lights and the required action on the leak in hydraulic seals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work puts forth the fuzzy Z+ Transform concept. A simple definition is provided. Some Examples are used to study related properties. Using this properties difference equations of fuzzy is solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the features of the elastic-plastic transition in welded joints of Mn-Si steel samples made by stationary arc welding with consumable electrodes to assess the possibility of exploitation of such compounds after the stress tests. In welded joints made by a stationary arc, the elastoplastic transition is realized by initiating the Chernov- Lüders band in the weld metal, followed by the formation of moving fronts in heat-affected zones. Local internal stresses in the heat-affected zones of welded joints made by a stationary arc are at the level of the material strength. Therefore, the generation of the Chernov-Lüders bands occurs as a relaxation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past decade, researchers have been working hard to replace traditional non-destructive testing procedures with structural health monitoring techniques based on smart materials. Piezoelectric materials proved to be effective smart materials because of the cost-effectiveness of structural health monitoring (SHM). Electro Mechanical Impedance (EMI), the sensitivity of the piezo-impedance (Lead Zirconate Titanate, PZT) transducer technology in detecting local damage is well recognized. Many factors affect the effectiveness of damage detection using the EMI technique, including selection of frequency range. In the present project numerical studies are conducted on smart cantilever beam with on steel with and without induced damage for various frequency ranges. Based on the changes in conductance signatures of pristine and damaged beam, the optimum frequency range is identified. It is inferred that the sensitivity of the patch for a particular material for the given geometry varies significantly under a given frequency range. The findings are discussed and presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightweight fibre-reinforced concrete with waste red ceramic fine aggregate and artificial expanded clay coarse aggregate was in the interest of this research. Copper-coated steel fibre was added to the mix by volume in amounts of 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, static and dynamic modulus of elasticity, the flexural limit of proportionality, and shear strength were analysed after curing. To test the durability characteristic a non-destructive test method (NDT) using a 4-point Wenner probe was used to examine the surface resistivity. The simple relationships between the individual results were analysed to specify whether and how fibres affect these values. Mathematical correlations based on linear trend lines were prepared for this purpose. The results show which experimental results are interrelated and which are completely linearly independent. The conclusions can expand knowledge in the field of the concept of NDT methods and their use instead of destructive methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach to study the structure of modified multicomponent fine-grained concretes based on the results of computer tomography. The proposed technique for processing layer-by-layer halftone images makes it possible to evaluate the course of hydration and structure formation of the composite at all stages of hardening. The development of non-destructive testing methods capable of correctly identifying the structural units of the system at the early stages of hardening in order to analyze the overall picture of hydration contributes to the operational control of cement concretes characteristics at a qualitatively new level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares two methods of non-destructive testing of the diffusion coefficient in thin products made of porous materials in terms of their metrological characteristics. The methods are based on different approaches, and they allow for prompt determination of the required coefficient in the absence of a real static characteristic of the applied diffusant concentration transducer. This provides a significant increase in the efficiency of studies. The first method is tightly bound to the need to register the time of maximum concentration after a pulse action with a dose of diffusant. The second method is based on recording the time at which two arbitrarily chosen identical values of the transducer output characteristic are achieved after a pulse is applied. The article presents findings of the study in determining the error of the required coefficient under comparable conditions for the two methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welding is a fabrication technique that is used in a variety of applications all around the world. For welding ferrous materials, a variety of welding procedures and techniques were employed, including arc welding. Welding creates residual stresses that must be addressed since they can cause fractures in the specimen. An examination of such stress is required in order to take suitable precautions in order to maximize the strength and life of the welded specimen. Destructive or non-destructive testing is used to estimate residual stress during these inspections. The study of residual stress in welding joints can be done using a non-destructive analysis method. For the analysis of residual stresses, a simulation tool is used. In the simulation done, the results showed that residual stresses are dependent on the thickness of the weld and the velocity of the weld above the specimen. The relationship between residual stress and weld thickness and velocity has been investigated using real-time aspects of manual metal arc welding, characteristics simulation, and the changes in stress are studied and have been further optimized. The stress changes that occur when the velocity and thickness of the weld change have been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of ensuring long-term reliable operation of building structures and creating conditions for environmental safety with the exclusion or minimization of negative impact on the environment due to failures are considered. Measures to overhaul the station for neutralization of acidic and alkaline industrial liquids ‒ an object of increased environmental hazard, taking into account the existing defects and damage are presented. The calculation of the bearing capacity of the most damaged reinforced concrete members of the structural system is performed using the extreme properties of concrete strains and the variational method in the theory of plasticity. The stain diagram of compressed concrete, which is limited by the point of maximum strain energy, is given. The dependences for determining the parameters of the dangerous normal cross-section of structures during bending on the characteristics of the compressive strength of concrete, which is established by the results of non-destructive testing are obtained. The dependences specified in the theory of plasticity of dependence for strength definition of reinforced concrete elements in an inclined section are resulted. When developing measures to protect structures, aggressive influences are taken into account. For protection against moisture and action on reinforced concrete designs of the aggressive environment waterproofing of penetrating action and elastic water-resistant two-component and chemically resistant polymers are applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homemade micro-CT equipment has been successfully developed in the Physics Laboratory of Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES). The micro-CT was tested and could be used properly for non-destructive testing (NDT) using a phantom as the object. However, the application of the micro-CT for biological samples has not been investigated. Therefore, in this work, an investigation of the homemade micro-CT for biological samples was done. Tilapia fish was used an object. The fish was exposed to the X-ray using exposure factors of 45 kV, 32 mA, and 0.08 s. The object was rotated with rotation angle range of 0°-360° with increment of 1.40625° and the images at every rotation angle increment was recorded. The three-dimensional (3D) image was then reconstructed from the collection of the two-dimensional (2D) images obtained during rotation. The quality of the images was then analyzed using contrast to noise ratio method (CNR). The results showed that the highest CNR was obtained at the image taken with rotation angle of 315° which was 81.163. Therefore, it can be concluded that the homemade micro-CT equipment could be used for biological sample and can be further applied in other applications such as CT-scan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways to save raw materials and energy resources is the introduction of non-destructive testing at precast concrete factories as an integral part of comprehensive quality control. This article discusses non-destructive methods for determining the strength of concrete, describes and presents the results and analysis of studies. Two main test methods were identified and compared - drilling and ultrasonic methods. Including used a comprehensive test method. The procedure involved a random selection of cubes for each test series. Each type of test was subjected to 10 cubes. Impact, indentation and ultrasonic tests were carried out in accordance with the existing Code. The drilling method was defined as new. According to the test results, graphs are built. Analysis of the graphs obtained gives a more complete picture of the strength properties of materials and structures. Complex tests allow us to assume the further nature of the behavior of materials and structures under the influence of loads in comparison with the case when only one test method is used. One of the ways to save raw materials and energy resources is the introduction of non-destructive testing at precast concrete factories as an integral part of comprehensive quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-destructive testing (NDT) module is an alternative instructional course developed and provided in the industry since the techniques have become more attractive in science and engineering. There is a demand to integrate the NDT instructions module into the university curriculum. This paper proposes integrating courses and other elements into the bachelor's curriculum at the universities level. The method has looked into three countries that established NDT programs at the University's level, e.g., Germany, Singapore, and Ukraine, where the guidelines from the NDT program structure were referred. The findings and concepts are different from the well-known courses offered in the private non-academic industrial company. Other than the application, it should address the development of new techniques and applications in a research-driven environment. While distorted elements of NDT are included in most programs at universities in Malaysia, it is uncoordinated. There is a close relation to topics like measuring techniques, data mining, and statistics, and the first elements of NDT can be integrated into Bachelor courses. This paper summarizes relevant scholarly articles, identifies methods and ideas, and the need for further action leads to recommendations for an NDT curriculum design. Thus, some references to structure NDT courses in universities are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boiler and other pressurized parts, operating at high temperature, cannot be separated from working loads, both external loads and internal loads, which can eventually lead the parts to degradation or even to a failure. Regular preventive measures of good evaluation, control, and inspection can avoid unplanned repair activities to save operational costs for the company's management and, more importantly, can avoid the dangers that can arise as a result of material failure, namely the danger of explosion or other potential risks for the industrial community in general. This research is related to the potential degradation and the accumulation level of damage that occurred in the economizer tubes of boilers operating in the power plant due to the influence of internal pressure and high operating temperatures. Data collection was carried out at the boiler location. The economizer tubes were randomly selected using non-destructive testing such as visual inspection, dimension measurement, material hardness, positive material identification, in-situ metallography, and some secondary data support. The evaluation included calculation of construction strength, elastic stress-strain, and microstructural image. The results showed that the economizer tubes boiler is still in the acceptance criteria. In addition, the analysis of the dimensional measurement values, the lowest hardness value of 87 HVN hardness scale, and the results of visual observations of the microstructure (in-situ metallography) of economizer tubes indicated that the economizer is still in normal condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called "RPV (reactor pressure vessel) Model Steels", represented by 12 ferritic steels with the parametric variation of alloying elements were developed at EC - JRC Petten (the Netherlands). Their composition was derived from compositions typical for WWER-1000 (water-water energetic reactor) and PWR (pressurized water reactor) RPV materials. To understand the role and influence of certain alloying elements and impurities on the behavior of steels during operation of NPP (nuclear power plant), the set of RPV Model Steels was irradiated in the High Flux Reactor -LYRA irradiation facility (Petten, the Netherlands) in a joint NRG-JRC irradiation experiment to the nominal fast neutron fluence (E>1 MeV) of 1.11×1020 n.cm−2, as part of STRUMAT project. In this paper, we present the first approach to assess the irradiation - induced changes by the magnetic Barkhausen noise technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new software tool for analysis of data obtained by Magnetic Adaptive Testing method for non-destructive testing of materials is described. Theoretical background of mentioned method based on the measurement of magnetization curves at specific magnetization conditions is also explained. Principle of created algorithm for data analysis is described. Further, chosen evaluation magnetic parameter differential permeability is compared with standard magnetic parameters. On the contrary to several classical testing methods, established in defectoscopy for a long time, this approach allows to find the correlation between properly chosen experimental magnetic parameters with microstructural changes in materials, reflecting, e.g., the fatigue associated with long-term impact of industrial load, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No modern non-destructive testing device, due to its design features, makes it possible to make metrological measurements necessary to build a three-dimensional geometric model of the surface of the part, which is a superposition of the geometric image of the surface and the topography of its microrelief. A device for non-destructive passive control over the formation of the geometry and topography of the microrelief of the surface for metrological measurements of the holographic image of an object in the optical frequency range of electromagnetic waves has been developed. The device does not have probes interacting with the real object under study and, accordingly, the error of metrological measurements decreases. The principle of operation of a profilograph operating in the optical frequency range of electro-magnetic waves is that it is not the object itself that is being studied, but its holographic image. The device provides a modular geometric approach for modeling the surface of the part, which allows structuring a three-dimensional geometric model of the surface, which is a superposition of the geometry and topography of the microrelief. The device has better functional characteristics compared to prototypes in terms of measurement accuracy, resolution, and versatility of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared thermograph is a non-destructive testing that is widely use in industrial and marine engineering to inspect various problems. The focus of this experiment is to analyze delay time and temperature distribution of patch fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) for painted and non-painted surfaces. An E type fiberglass was chosen as test specimen. Three units of specimen with the same 10 mm thickness were artificially induced with manufacturing defects of 20 mm, 50 mm, and 70 mm in diameter, respectively. As an active thermography approach, a hot air gun used as a radiation energy source was targeted to the specimen for a duration of 15 seconds. An infrared thermography (IR) camera of FLIR T640 was used to record the thermal contrast followed by data analysis using FLIR Tools+ software. The distance between IR camera and the specimens was fixed at 1 meter. The results showed that the patched diameter size affected a prominent thermal contrast delay time. The non-painted FRP produced shorter delay time compared to painted FRP. The painted FRP took longer period to reach thermal equilibrium. The painted FRP had higher emissivity compared to non-painted FRP. The changes in surrounding temperature and humidity may also affect the specimen thermal gradient and prominent thermal contrast delay time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety has always been the most important thing in the aircraft industry. Every aircraft has to be inspected and repaired if there are any defects. The current existing method of aircraft inspection requires heavy machinery, and it is time-consuming. This project is to make an alternative method for inspectors to do a visual inspection that is more efficient than the existing method. For the project, Intel Realsense Depth Camera D435i was used for its depth capability and DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2 as the drone for the new system. Tests were done to analyse the device's accuracy to see if it can be used in an aircraft inspection. The tests involve depth analysis system test, the wireless range for system test, and drone camera movement test with a depth camera. Depth analysis system test has few tests such as maximum distance test, horizontal angled camera test and vertical angle camera test. For the maximum distance test, the distance obtained was 130 cm. The result obtained for the horizontal angle test is that the camera can get accurate data from 60° to 90° horizontally, measured from the aluminium plane surface. In contrast, it can get accurate data from 80° to 90° from the plane surface for the vertical angle test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of concrete standards gave recommended criteria that deal with the concrete quality by assessment the hardened concrete that conformed to the compressive strength of concrete must be adopting in the design of structural concrete member based on the compressive strength grade. Evaluation of concrete relies on the acceptance or rejection of concrete test that is the function of the compressive strength in which depending on the method of tests and the evaluation of the test results. In the present research, different nondestructive concrete tests such as ultrasonic pulse velocity and Schmidt hammer are adopted to investigated the compressive strength of concrete and discussed the important roles of evaluations of concrete test results with the acceptance and significance factors that impact on assessment the test procedure. The parameters that adopted are the concrete compressive strength as 30 and 35 MPa that tested at 7 and 28 days. Test results showed that the higher recorded velocity indicated that the concrete is more uniformity, less voids and denser. Schmidt test gave compressive strength more than the required design strength so that it is better to use reduction factor for this type of test that can be recommended to evaluate the concrete quality in situ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of linearly extended objects, such as pipes and rods in oil and gas and rails, shafts in the transport industry, is an important urgent task. In this regard, the problem arises of creating a set of instruments for monitoring extended objects of optimal cost and with the greatest sensitivity to small and incipient defects. The diagram and principle of operation of a device for waveguide non-destructive testing using the non-contact method of electromagnetic-acoustic wave excitation and contact method of picking up an acoustic signal with its subsequent processing by an entry-level personal computer (PC) having any system software are described. The software and hardware solutions that allow increasing the level of excitation of a wave packet and reducing the measurement error due to analog and digital filtering and efficient signal processing are presented. The program methods providing higher accuracy in determining the coordinates of defects in steel samples are considered. One of the modernization methods is the use of mass high-performance microcontrollers. In this work, it is proposed to use a high-performance module from STMicroelectronics, which made it possible to simplify and reduce the cost of the device and meet the requirements for device validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of time, the pharmaceutical market has developed rapidly. Whether it is traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or western medicine, the safety and effectiveness of medicine have always been the patients' focus. Unfortunately, the common methods now for testing the medicine, such as HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), GC (gas chromatography), and MS (mass spectrometry), usually require destructive pretreatment of the medicinal materials using numerous instruments and chemicals, which is time-consuming and expensive. There is a growing interest in near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy due to its good performance in qualitative and quantitative analysis coupled with chemometrics and computer technology. NIR analysis has the advantages of being less time-consuming, high accuracy, non-destructive testing, and simple sample preparation. This review aims at presenting an overview of recent applications of NIR in traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine analysis. In addition, the basic principle of NIR, the procedure of NIR analyzing including the common data analysis methods and several prospects are mentioned. NIR provides a potential tool for medicine analysis, especially the development of portable NIR has great significance to the future market medicine supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the issues of accuracy and quality control, as well as ensuring the productivity of manufacturing technologically non-rigid parts with end surfaces of rotation. The process of errors occurrence in the manufacture parts of compressors and pumps is described. A method for non-destructive testing and predicting technological product losses is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development considers the magnitude of the impact of the construction industry on the environment and helps to restore the ecological balance. In other words, increasing the efficiency of resources and materials throughout the life cycle of a structure is aided by sustainable development in construction. Concrete is the most important material utilized for the development of a country and cement is also one of the most important elements in concrete. One of the goals is to replace cement with POFA as partial replacement and it has properties similar to cement that react as binder and also can help to improve strength. Three types of the specimen have been analyses. For example, the control (OPC), 10% POFA with 2% PET (10P2P) and 10% POFA with 4% PET (10P4P) Not only use POFA as an innovative technique in this study, but also investigated the possibility of treating PET with 8 mol sulphuric acid as an additive. After the casting process, the flow table test was conducted for fresh concrete in order to determine the concrete consistency. A rebound hammer test was performed to check the concrete quality for the non-destructive test of hardened concrete, and a compression test was performed to analyse the concrete strength for the destructive test. As a result, the consistency of concrete with POFA and PET was higher than OPC concrete, while for the compression test, the strength of OPC concrete was higher than concrete that contained POFA and PET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main problems in providing housing in Indonesia is the high cost of building construction and materials. So far, various studies have been carried out, but alternatives to efficient construction techniques and the provision of building materials in large quantities have not been found. This can provide an alternative to utilizing industrial wastes that are left unattended. Industrial waste which is used as a mixture for concrete, bricks, concrete block, etc. is able to increase the compressive strength. One of the raw materials that can be used is bagasse waste. In Indonesia, a lot of bagasse waste comes from sugar factories. For the factory, bagasse is a waste that is quite troublesome because when the dry season arrives, the bagasse can burn. In addition, the utilization of bagasse waste is still not optimal. Thus, there is a need for research on the utilization of bagasse waste. The objectives of the discussion were: 1) to analyze the effect of bagasse ash with variations of 0%, 5%, 15%, 25% and bagasse fiber with 10% variation; 2) to determine the optimum value of using bagasse fiber ash and bagasse fiber. The research method in this research was quantitative research through experimental. Analysis of test result data was carried out using comparative method and quantitatively. The result of this research was the UPV and Hammer tests show some of the same phenomena. One of them was the difference in the compressive strength value of normal concrete blocks with other variations that are not too far from each other. However, for the bagasse ash variation of concrete block, the bagasse ash concrete block compressive strength was the highest at 5% variation (UPV), while in the Hammer test, its highest value was in the 15% of bagasse ash variation at 28 days-old testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]