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Methyl orange, a toxic colourant, is very resistant to decomposition once released into the environment. This azo dye has devastating effects on living things when ingested. Degrading methyl orange via biological techniques is an appropriate way to reduce environmental concerns. Research Tools and Procedures: Water treated with methyl orange requires the employment of the Bacillus Subtilis bacterium for remediation. By placing the bacterium in nutrient broth and leaving it to incubate, it can be grown. They were given these microorganisms at MO concentrations of 50, 75, 100, and 150 mgL−1. The rate of methyl orange degradation was measured by tracking the experiment for five days. We examine the rate of MO deterioration using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Categories and specimens Findings and Analysis: Among the tested concentrations of B. Subtilis, 150 mgL−1 resulted in the greatest rate of MO degradation, at 65.42 percent. Because the bacteria can't survive at such high concentrations, degradation ends at around 150 mgL−1. Eight participants make up the present study's sample, and the G-power value is eighty percent. At 150 mgL−1, the 2-tailed significance values for the degradation of methyl orange at 50, 75, 100, and 150 mgL−1 were 0.919, 0.571, 0.354, and 0.003, respectively. Since the p-value was less than 0.05 at this concentration, the relationship between the two groups is statistically significant. However, when considering the other concentrations (50, 75, 100 mgL−1), the p-value is greater than 0.05, thus the relationship is not significant. In sum, when it comes to removing MO from the environment, biological therapy has several advantages over physical and chemical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thin film made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and methyl yellow (MY) was developed for potential application as a dosimeter for gamma irradiation. The PVC-MY film dosimeter was prepared by a simple solvent-casting method of the homogeneous solution containing PVC and MY. To investigate the potential application of the PVC-MY film as a dosimeter, the film was exposed to gamma radiation at absorbed doses of 0–20 kGy with a dose rate of 3.1 kGy/hour. The optical properties of the PVC-MY film were observed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 550–300 nm. The absorption spectra of different PVC-MY films revealed that the PVC-MY film has a maximum absorption at 419 nm and 527 nm. The absorption of the PVC-MY film at 419 nm decreased gradually as gamma-irradiation doses increased, while the film absorption at 527 nm increased as gamma-irradiation doses increased. The change in the absorption behavior of the PVC-MY film was also manifested in the change of the film color, where increasing radiation doses changed the film's color from yellow to red. The gamma dose-response curves of the PVC- MY film had a high correlative coefficient when described by a logarithmic function. These results demonstrated that PVC-MY film might potentially be a gamma-irradiation dosimeter in the dose range of 0–20 kGy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to study the characterization of beads photocatalyst by using infrared spectroscopy as the identification of chemical bonding in mixtures. This work involves the physical characterization of magnetic cobalt bead photocatalyst, cobalt bead photocatalyst and magnetic bead photocatalyst using FTIR spectroscopy. The spectra for each sample were analyzed to compare the different spectra with each other. Absorption spectra of the samples were recorded using Nicolet iS10 FTIR spectrophotometer at the wavenumber range from 4000 to 400 cm−1 where potassium bromide (KBr) was used as a beam splitter. The results showed the spectrum of theCo3O4/Fe3O4−beadssample followsthe spectrum of both the Co3O4−beads samples and the samples with magnetic Fe3O4-beads nanoparticles, demonstrating the good mixing between the two compounds. Cross-linking significantly improves the mechanical and chemical resilience of a material. In the meantime, cross-linking of bead photocatalyst has been done with a cross-linking chemical, including glutaraldehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidic devices provide distinct benefits for developing effective drug assays and screening. The microfluidic platforms may provide a faster and less expensive alternative. Fluids are contained in devices with considerable micrometer-scale dimensions. Owing to this tight restriction, drug assay quantities are minute (milliliters to femtoliters). In this research, a microfluidic chip consisting of micro-channels carved on substrate materials built using an Acrylic (Polymethyl Methacrylate, PMMA) chip was designed using a Carbon Dioxide (CO2) laser machine. The CO2 parameters influence the chip's width, depth, and roughness. To have a regular channel surface, and low roughness, the laser power (60 W), with scanning speed (250 m/s), allows us to obtain microchannels with a minimum diameter of width (450 µm), depth of the channels was 89.4 µm and(Arithmetic Average Roughness Ra=2.3), (Relative roughness, Ɛ=5%) surface roughness with high accuracy and good surface quality. The functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNTs) were used to enhance the drug signal to detect tiny Augmentin concentrations. In this work, laser microfluidic sensors have high accuracy in Augmentin detection compared to the traditional method(UV-VIS) spectrophotometer with LOD equal to 250 nM, 1 µM respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic nonlinear optical material N'-[(E)-(5-bromofuran-2-yl)methylidene]-2-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)acetohydrazide (BCA) was synthesized by the reflux method, and single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. Optical absorbance was investigated by using UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer and obtained the optical transmission bandwidth (200 nm to 1100 nm), lower UV cut-off wavelength (333 nm), and optical band gap (3.30 eV) parameters. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of BCA was determined using Kurtz and Perry powder technique, and it was 1.3 times greater than that of the KDP crystal. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analyses of BCA were performed by density functional theory (DFT) with a B3LYP/3-21G basis set. Further, the nonlinear optical static and dynamic parameters (second and third-order) were computed to demonstrate the compound's suitability for optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical transmission and UV-VIS absorption spectra for PVA/Aniline blends were obtained in the wavelength range (200-1100). Before and after gamma radiation with Co60 were. FTIR spectrophotometer was used to determine the chemical structure. The optical energy gap and optical constant like refractive index (n) have been assessed. Our result indicates that the materials have allowed direct transition and the value of energy gap changed with the gamma dose exposed to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osmotic fragility plays an important role in the propagation of ultraviolet laser (UV) light in the blood, which leads to different optical parameters, and this process is necessary for the pathological analysis of the effect of blood viscosity properties on linear optical properties. Where the results of the values of the linear physical parame-ters of the blood of healthy people (pcv47) were obtained at the concentration of 15% (as the osmotic fragility de-pends on the amount of concentration) that there is an increase in the values of optical parameters such as absorb-ance, absorption coefficient, linear refractive index, and molar damping coefficient) (0.334, 0.767, 2.125, 3.53 x 10-6) As for people with high blood viscosity (pcv60) 0.472, 0.159, 2.127, 5.30 x 10-6) with a decrease in the permea-bility value (0.316, 0.401) and the same thing in the case of (pcv 45,52) and at the same concentration i.e. 15%, but different values according to the amount of pcv. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we evaluate the color of the juice from different varieties of oranges, including Tangelo, Valencia, and Huando, available at several markets in Lima, Peru. Color can be evaluated by visual appearance or by instrumental analysis, and in this study, we used different types of spectrophotometers. The measurements are reported based on colorimetric coordinates L*a*b* and L*c*h*. In addition, we analyzed color difference (ΔE) between orange varieties and commercially produced juice, and the color data were analyzed for significance using Tukey's test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we explore reflectance spectrophotometry as a fast, inline-compatible quality-assurance method to extract thin-film layer thicknesses on silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cell precursors. We develop an optical model based on the transfer-matrix method (TMM) and so-called rigorous polarization ray-tracing technique for the model-based fitting of experimental reflectance spectra. First, individual layers of both amorphous silicon (a-Si) and indium-doped tin-oxide (ITO) on planar surfaces are measured with both an inline and an offline spectrophotometer to compare the fit results and to understand the quality of the optical constants that are necessary as input parameters to perform the model-based fitting. We find that using effective optical constants based on spectral ellipsometry (SE) results in reliable fitted a-Si stack and ITO thicknesses in the case of individual layers on planar surfaces. Second, we analyze single layers of ITO on a textured surface, finding a reasonable agreement with a mean relative deviation of 5% between the thickness values based on inline and offline reflectance spectra. We also compare the results of the reflectance fits to thicknesses extracted from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, finding a mean relative deviation of 10.7% between the two methods. Third, we perform a reflectance analysis of a-Si/ITO stacks on textured surfaces typical for SHJ solar cells and find that while the ITO thickness can be fitted to an accuracy of 4% in mean relative deviation compared to SEM images, the a-Si stack thicknesses are overestimated by 18–51% compared to reference measurements based on SE. Subsequently, we discuss the reasons for the deviations between the model-based reflectance fitting and the reference methods, and consider possibilities to improve the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erbium-doped tellurite glasses with the composition of TZPBNE with the variation of PbO/Na2O and Er2O3 synthesized and explored its properties. This paper focused on exploring the comparison of TZPBNE glasses optical properties through UV-Vis-NIR study. Optical absorption data has been recorded using a double beam spectrophotometer in the UV-Vis-NIR wavelength range (200-1100 nm) with a scan rate of 1 nm/s. Absorption occurs in the wavelength range 350 nm to 1000 nm. Generally, variation of PbO/Na2O in this composition increases the optical absorption value on TZPBNE glass. However, there is a difference in the trend of the optical absorption graph and the absorption peak in the two composition variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-linear optical characteristics of organic laser dyes (Acriflavine,Orcein, and Azur-B) dissolved in Ethanol solvent with concentration (10−5M) were investigated in this study. The UV-VIS spectrophotometer measures the spectra' linear optical characteristics. It was determined the nonlinear optical characteristics by using the Z-Scan method, which represents a very sensitive approach for obtaining two essential optical phenomena: nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient, in two different situations (close aperture) and (open aperture). The results indicate (Acriflavine,Orcein, and Azur-B) is a promising material to be used in photonic and nonlinear optical devices.An optical power limiter uses this promising medium for a range of optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracetamol, which first formulated into pharmaceutical formulations by Von Mering in 1893, is also known as acetaminophen is present in most antipyretic and analgesic medicines. A significant analytical concern is the development of experimental analytical methods for the quick and selective determination of Paracetemol in active pharmaceutical ingredients. The paracetamol (PCTL) determination method was explicitly described; the optimal reaction method conditions, i.e. the oxidative coupling method, were as follows: 0.76 mM hexacyanoferrate concentration, 3.8 mM potassium hydroxide, and 0.095 mM m-phenylenediamine (MPDA), 0.05 mM PCTL concentration. In order to approve the performance of the methods, the linearity, coefficient correlation, precision, and accuracy were evaluated. The procedure for evaluating PCTL in skeletal muscle relaxant samples is highly applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research included a study of the physical optical properties of Congo red dye that dissolved in distilled water and ethanol solvents at several concentrations (0.2×10−5, 0.5 ×10−5, 1×10−5, 0.2×10−4) mol/L. The physical optical properties of Congo Red films dye, which was prepared by casting method at dye concentration (10−3) M. An ultraviolet- visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) used to measure the optical properties [absorbance A, transmittance T, absorption coefficient α˳, refractive index n˳, reflection R, extinction coefficient k and energy gap Eg ] of dye samples. Based on UV-Visible analysis it found two peaks at wavelengths (330, 490) nm using distilled water, and (328,499) nm using ethanol solution, also it is found one peak was split into two peaks at wavelengths (505,535) nm for dye films, that attitude to dimerization of dye. Absorbency for dye solution using ethanol as solvent is greater than that absorbance using distilled water, this case depends to find the hydroxyl group in ethanol as Auxo group to enhance the color of chromophore groups in this dye and leads to elevated the absorbance of the solution. The energy gap of the dye solution using distilled water as a solvent is less value than using ethanol and equal to 2.1eV and 2.2eV, respectively. This behavior is an attitude to strong hydrogen bond that produced between the lone pair electrons that beyond to heteroatom in dye structure like (N, O, and S) and ethanol and leads to blue shift (small wavelength with large energy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid, simple and accurate spectrophotometric method has been developed for atenolol determination in its pure and pharmaceutical form Novaten. This method is based on the formation of ion duplication complex between ATL and the phenol red reagent RPH to give a purple-colored product, which gave the highest absorption at 558 nm wavelength. The optimum conditions required for the formation of the complex were found (optimum dye concentration, the effect of acidity function, time, temperature, and the ratio of the complex binding), and the linearity of the complex ranged between 10 - 100 µg / mL and the molar absorption coefficient is 2.556×103 L / mol.Cm and Sandell indication 0.1041 µg / cm2, detection limit 0.1253 µg/ml, quantitative limit 0.4178 µg/ml, the percentage recovery, (100.8853 - 102.8385)%, and the rate of relative standard deviation RSD% (0.0994 - 0.1829)%. Based on the obtained results, the method is accurate compatible, and can be applied successfully to estimate ATL in the pharmaceutical drug Novaten by direct and standard additions methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the ability of Pseudomonas sp. bacteria to absorb Pb2+ ions based on variations in the concentration of Pb2+ ion exposure to the time (day) required for bacteria in the process of biosorption of Pb2+ ions. Determination of maximum wavelength using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer with a standard solution of 1.2 ppm Pb2+ ions with a yield of 510 nm. Based on the test results, Pseudomonas sp. bacteria were able to absorb Pb2+ ions at exposure concentrations (4, 8, 12, 16, and 20) ppm with the percentage (%) of biosorption respectively 36,874; 30,548; 20,236; 13,178; and 10,020. The optimum concentration and time required for Pseudomonas sp. bacteria to absorb Pb2+ ions occurred on the 14th day with an exposure concentration of 4 ppm with a biosorption efficiency of 36,388% %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Method validation of Copper (Cu) analysis in BCR 667 CRM estuarine sediment by Na2O2 dry digestion using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) had been conducted. Validity determination was measured on the linearity, the limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantitation (LoQ), accuracy (%R), and precision (%RSD). The correlation coefficient linearity of the standard Cu curve, LoD, and LoQ were 0.9996, 0.0440 mg/L, and 0.1402 mg/L, respectively. Accuracy measurement had been carried out by calculating the percent recovery (%R) of 101.43%. Precision (%RSD) measurement was 1.93%. The copper concentration in sediment CRM BCR 667 was 58.63 mg/kg. This result was not significantly different from the Cu concentration in certificate of 60 mg/kg. It is concluded that determination of copper dry digestion with Na2O2 was valid in sediment analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyaniline (PANI) was successfully synthesized by the rapid mixing polymerization method at room temperature. Effect of doping with 1 M HCl, 1 M H2SO4, and 3 M H3PO4 in PANI synthesis process on chemical characteristics was investigated with FT-IR and UV-Vis spectrophotometers, while battery performance was tested physically with a set of multimeters. This study also investigated the chemical characteristics of different PANI doping at different levels of oxidation using Emeraldine Salt (ES), Emeraldine Base (EB), and Pernigraniline Base (PEG). The FT-IR result of PANI-ES characteristic of each doped showed typical PANI absorption at wavenumbers of 3437, 3166, 1611, and 1307 cm−1, indicating the absorption of -N-H, -C-H, -C=C, and -C-N. At PANI-EB level oxidation, PANI absorption appears at wavenumbers of 1497, 1299, 1140, and 812 cm−1, which indicated the absorption of -C-N, -C-N, -C=N, and -C-H, while the quinonoid (Q) and benzenoid ring (B) of PANI-EB appeared at 1590 and 1497 cm−1. At PANI-PEG level oxidation, PANI absorption appears at 1304, 1150, and 830 cm−1, indicating the absorption of -C-N, -C=N, and -C-H, while the Q and B ring of PANI-PEG appeared at 1589 and 1501 cm−1. Characteristic of PANI with UV-Vis showed the maximum absorbance of PANI at 365-408 nm and 575-626 nm, which indicated the transition of π→π* in Q and B rings. Performance testing of PANI/Zn battery for each doping was tested 6 times for 60 minutes. The highest PANI cell potential value obtained by PANI-PEG/Zn with H2SO4 doping was 1.01 Volt, and the lowest PANI cell potential resulted from PANI-EB/Zn with the doping of H2SO4 was 0.1 Volt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some studies demonstrated the application of visible light reflectance spectrophotometry in cancer diagnoses, such as skin cancer and an oral lesion. This method is quantified, able to be digitalized, affordable, and easy to use. However, the use of visible light spectrophotometry has not been used for small intestine cancer lesions. This pilot study aims to evaluate the potency of a simple or low-cost visible light reflectance spectrophotometer to classify mice's small intestine cancer lesion degree based on intensity measurement. This analytical cross-sectional study used paraffin block to preserve Mus musculus mice's small intestine tissue (normal, pre-cancer, and cancer). The samples were grouped according to the lesion degree that a pathology expert had evaluated. The best machine learning to classify lesion degree based on light intensity was performed by Support Vector Machine (SVM) with accuracy 85.2%, AUC 93,4%, and precision of 85.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verification of the determination of hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI) level refers to SNI-6989-71-2009 using a UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. Verification of determination of hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI) levels in textile wastewater with parameter determination of hexavalent chrome content (Cr VI), linearity value, level of linearity (LOL), method detection level (MDL), precision, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ) using the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry method. Based on the results of the analysis showed that the levels of hexavalent chrome (Cr-VI) in textile wastewater amounted to 0.0224 mg/L so that textile waste samples met the prerequisites for testing SNI-6989-71-2009 because not more than 0.05 mg/L. The linearity value is obtained 0.9999; level of linearity (LOL) of 1 mg/L, detection level (MDL) method of 0.01 mg/L, precision (repeatability) of 4.53% and meeting the requirements of crime which is 10.72%, average accuracy of 93, 43%, reproducibility of 3.59%, limit of detection (LOD) of 0.00856 mg / L, limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.02853 mg/L. Based on the results of verification tests it can be concluded that the analysis method is well used for the determination of hexavalent chrome (Cr-VI) levels in textile wastewater samples using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer because all parameters meet the testing requirements so that the method can be used for routine testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-free halide perovskites have pulled in intrigued within the photovoltaic industry out of concern for the poisonous nature of lead. Antimony-based perovskite, methylammonium antimony trichloride (MASbCl3), is one such material proposed to substitute the lead-based perovskites, because it encompasses a tall assimilation coefficient, about coordinate bandgap, and moo e..ective mass. A clear clarification of the solidness of this material will result in an effective utilize in photovoltaic. Here we have studied degradation by the influence of light, and the associated temperature. We saw degradation with the bandgap parameters using UV-Vis Spectrophotometers. The resulting bandgap is 2.17 eV – 2.94 eV. Polymer overstable at the addition of 1 ml of solvent compared to 0.8 ml and 0.5 ml. Dimmer shape corrupted in 40 days in spite of the fact that generally more steady than the built up organic-inorganic halide perovskite. We found that light and temperature matter. Also, the reactivity (SbCl3) in oxygen increases to accelerate the degradation process. And after, that the utilize of this material for application in a surrounding environment requires legitimate epitome or fundamental activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the results of research on the development of nanomagnetite with Carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan (CMKC) coat to be used as an adsorbent, of Pb+2 and Cr+3 preconcentration process of aqueous samples, through the adsorption-desorption process. The experiment was carried out in several stages (1) Preparation of CMKC coated nanomagnetite (2) Test the adsorption ability of CMKC coated nanomagnetite, as adsorbent of Pb+2 and Cr+3 from the aqueous samples, at some various ratio between adsorbent mass to sample concentration, (3) Analysis of the performance of CMKC coated nanomagnetite, as a preconcentration medium of Pb+2 and Cr+3 in aqueous samples. The CMKC coated nanomagnetite that has been synthesized is able to adsorb Pb+2 and Cr+3 ions from the samples. The analysis was performed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (F-AAS) shows that the optimal ability of Carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan coated nanomagnetite to adsorb Pb+2 and Cr+3 are 0.1 g Pb+2/ g CMKC coated nanomagnetite, and 0.01 g Cr+3 / g CMKC coated nanomagnetite. CMKC coated nanomagnetite was able to increase the concentrations of Pb+2 and Cr+3 in the sample, 203% for samples containing Pb2+, and 133% for samples containing Cr3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynura procumbens L. is an antioxidant medicinal plant that easily cultivates in a tropical climate. Fresh juice of Gynura procumbens L. leaf becomes an alternative product for an antioxidant supplement. This study will determine the antioxidant properties of Gynura procumbens L. fresh juice with hydroxyl radical scavenging method using 2-deoxyribose as a model of the cell nucleus. Antioxidant activity of Gynura procumbens L. fresh juice measured through the formation of MDA-TBA pink chromogen as a degradation product of 2-deoxyribose using a visible spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 520 nm. The effective concentration of Gynura procumbens L. fresh juice to scavenge 50% hydroxyl radical was achieved at 87 mg/ml that was shown by EC50 values. After 8 hours of shelf-life time, average scavenging ability reduction of fresh juice at refrigerator temperature condition is lower than at room condition, 10.63% and 20.82%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education 4.0 encourages the development of learning that integrates technology in it. Thereby, it is important to guide students to be more creative and innovative. Electronic devices are quite expensive for students in the SMA / SMK level, so to teach the concepts and practice of Lambert-Beer law is very difficult. Therefore, an alternative is needed in teaching the concept of spectroscopy by making a simple spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer is made to detect solutions in the visible area, then the data are analyzed by capturing light from the samples using a smartphone camera and using an application on the Google Play Store. The application can be used to determine the absorbance value of a solution, so a calibration curve can be made between absorbance vs. concentration. This study uses an experimental method with a product that uses a spectrophotometer where the instrument has been tested for eligibility based on previous research, then the reading data using the Google Play Store application is validated with a Spectro UV-Vis (with some specifications such as the source of light, the monochromator, diffraction grating, and direct reading system). It is used to measure the concentration of a standard solution of the Fe (II) -phenanthroline complex at pH 4.0 in an acetate buffer solution and a wavelength of 510 nm. The results of concentration measurements using the standard solution with a spectrophotometer UV-Vis and a simple spectrophotometer successively give the value R2 = 0.9985 and R2 = 0.9983. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the simple made of spectrophotometer can be used for learning Lambert-Beer Law because it gives results that are significantly the same as any standard of a spectrophotometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase transition in Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) from 2H to 1T has attracted a considerable research interest in recent years due to its far exceeding unique potential applications. This paper describes the coexistence of 1T and 2H phases of MoS2 after microwave irradiation. The irradiation of microwaves on MoS2 can modify its structural and surface electronic properties. We have studied this behavior using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis (UV) spectrophotometer and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM). A change in the contact potential difference of 2H-1T phase MoS2 has been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unwieldiness of Fenton reaction on biodegradation of methyl orange (MO) by brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum was investigated based on Fe2+-dependent reaction. The degradation of MO (final concentration 75 mg/L) was performed in mineral salt media with and without Fe2+ with incubation period at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Degradation analysis was performed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and LC-TOF/MS. The highest MO degradation occurred during 28 days incubation, which approximately 46.67% and 38.89% in medium with and without Fe2+, respectively, indicated that the presence of Fe2+ enhanced MO degradation. C15H18N3O5S− and C17H22N3O7S− were the metabolic products of MO degradation in mineral salt medium with Fe2+. The MO pathway by G. trabeum was stated by termination on double bond of the azo group and followed by hydroxylation to C15H18N3O5S−, and then undergoes methylation to C17H22N3O7S−. This study assumed that Fenton reaction might be involved in MO biodegradation by G. trabeum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research about validation of Pb analysis methods in tobacco leaves with wet and dry digestions using atomic absorption spectrophotometers has been done. Tobacco samples used were obtained from three regions in Indonesia (Region 1, Region 2, and Region 3). Dry ashing was carried out by heating the sample at 500 °C and dissolving the sample in HNO3 while wet digestion was done by heating the sample at 100 °C with HNO3, HClO4 and H2SO4 as oxidizer solutions. Afterwards, the digested solution was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Validation parameters used in this research were linearity, LOD, LOQ, accuracy and precision. The obtained R² from the linearity test was 0.9985, LOD value of the analysis was 0.2 ppm, and the LOQ was 0.6 ppm. The average accuracy of dry ashing for the standard solution with concentration of 1, 2 and 3 ppm was 71.674%. Meanwhile, the average recovery for the wet digestion with the 3 concentrations was 83.562% which indicated that only the accuracy data of wet digestion was included in the AOAC acceptance recovery range of 80-110%. Precision value for the dry ashing was 10.707% and for the wet one was 10.288%. Both precision data were included in the acceptance criteria of 11%. The Pb concentration detected from both digestions tobacco leave sample originating from Region 1, Region 2 and Region 3 were higher than 12 µg/g, in which the wet digestion method was found to be more reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on analytical system, UV-Vis spectrophotometer can be divided into two types, single beam, and double beam. This research will look at the influence of the type of spectrophotometer is used to validate the method of determining nitrite. Validation parameters are compared is the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, precision, and accuracy. A t-test was carried out to see the difference in validation parameters for the two types of spectrophotometers. The results showed that there was no difference in performance between single and double beam spectrophotometers for the determination of nitrite concentration in samples, LOD, LOQ, linearity, and precision. The difference in the performance of the two spectrophotometers is indicated by the value of accuracy. The double beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer has better accuracy about 89.96%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new effective wavelength calibration technique has been investigated and calculated for the calibration of different monochromator systems. Different calibration lamps have been tested effectively with respect to similar studies. Extended wavelength accuracy calibration has been made for the spectrophotometer systems, which have different grating with different spectral range. For each grating, different calibration lamps was used. Wavelength calibration over extended range has been possible by using orders of gratings. Integrating sphere usage has been a simpler way compared to conventional optical setups and a unique approach on uniformly transferring radiation of the calibration lamps to monochromator systems. This experimental setup, allows the correct wavelength of the radiation to reach entrance slit without causing optical aberrations. Many parameters have been analyzed in uncertainty measurements both standard uncertainty calculation method, which are based on the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM) and other method is the Monte Carlo (MC) described in e GUM Supplement-1. Hence, the precision is improved in results. Extended uncertainty results are in between 0.02 nm and 0.3 nm with 95% confidence level (k=2) for both monochromator systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) is a ferroelectric material largely developed in field of material. BST is a combination of two materials Perovskite Barium Titanate (BT) and Strontium Titanate (ST). BST thin film grown on glass substrate has successfully done using sol-gel method. The study aimed to determine the optical properties including absorbance, transmittance, deviation index, coating thickness, coating absorption coefficient, and energy tape energy band gap using tauc plot method with different compositions. Characterization of BST thin film was done using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometer. Maximum absorption obtained in the study occurred in sample Ba0.2Sr0.8TiO3 at 700°C with wavelength 300 nm. Result of UV-Vis characterization of thin film Ba1-xSrxTiO3 for x = 0.70; x = 0.75 and x = 0.80 at 700°C for thin film showed the width of energy band gap respectively 2.96 eV; 3.40 eV and 2.70 eV. The width of energy band gap obtained at the same temperature and different composition in the study was semiconductor material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely used transparent conducting oxide which has found many applications in solar cell devices. In the present study we have synthesized 0.75 sulphur doped TiO2 (S-TiO2) by ball milling technique and investigated their structural, topological, optical and thermal properties. The crystallization, strain and particle size have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction and reveals the formation of single phase structure corresponding to anatase phase of TiO2. AFM investigations reveal a homogeneous surface morphology. FTIR spectroscopy confirms the presence of sulphur bonding in the TiO2 crystal structure. Band gap was calculated from the absorption spectrum of S-TiO2 obtained using UV-visible spectrophotometer. The value of 3.07 eV obtained as band gap for S-TiO2 is less than that of of anatase TiO2 (3.2 eV) thus shows shifting towards the longer wavelength on sulphur doping. DTA-TGA measurements also corroborate that S-TiO2 crystallizes in the anatase phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the optical characteristic of copper oxide nanoparticles with different value of laser pulses (400,500, 600,700 and 800 pulses) deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method on a glass base and annealed to 673K. UV - Visible spectrophotometer to recording the absorption spectra. From these spectra compute of optical constants. The transmittance, absorption coefficient decreases with increased number of laser shots and while energy gap decreases with increased number of laser shots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat loss of receiver tubes is related with the radiant emittance of absorbers. This parameter can be obtained using an IR spectrophotometer to measure the spectral hemispherical reflectance of absorber tube samples which requires the breaking of a receiver tube. Nevertheless, radiant emittance can be also obtained indirectly testing a complete receiver tube in a test device to measure its heat losses by radiation. This paper shows results of tests performed to different receivers applying both methodologies to calculate their emittance. One conclusion is the importance of performing measurements in an evacuated atmosphere when the non-destructive method is applied; this is to eliminate convective heat transfer to the surroundings, especially at low temperature when convective heat losses may have a much greater influence on the accuracy of emittance results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polystyrene / Polymethyl methacrylate (PS/PMMA) blend with different ratios (0, 25, 40, 50, 60, 100)% were prepared by casting method. The prepared samples were spectrophotometer evaluated; the result found that the absorption spectra increase with PS ratio up to 50% PS/50% PMMA, and shifted towered the longer wavelength. Also, was seen the decreasing in energy gap with PS ratio increasing. From the optical properties were calculated all constants such as dielectric constant parts, refractive index these results proved enhancement in optical constants. The optical microscopic examination was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed studies on various optical constants were calculated for solution growth crystals of pure and Lanthanum doped single crystals of L-Alanine Tartrate. Slow evaporation technique was used to grow pure L-Alanine Tartrate and Lanthanum doped L-Alanine Tartrate single crystals. Optical absorbance study was carried out by UV-VIS spectrophotometer and it helps to calculate different optical constants. Band gap energy for Pure and doped L-Alanine tartrate was calculated from the Tauc’s plot. Optical absorption coefficient and reflectance were calculated for both pure and doped material. Refractive index and reflectance coefficient were calculated. Extinction coefficient of both L-Alanine Tartrate and Lanthanum doped L-Alanine tartrate was found with respect to absorption coefficient [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we have reported generation of Black Silicon (Si) consisting of micro-groove structures. These microgroove structures were produced on the monocrystalline Si surface by using 532-nm-wavelength nanosecond laser of 40 KHz repetition rate and 2 ns pulse duration. Field emission electron microscopy is done to characterize the morphology of the generated micro-groove structures. The reflectance of the Si surface containing these structures was measured by using a spectrophotometer attached with an integrating sphere within the wavelength range of 300-800 nm. From this study we found that the surface reflectance is reduced up to 4.5%. This significantly low reflectance of the Black Si surface makes them suitable for solar cell development application. The reported method for reduction of reflectance involves a single step dry etching process and is more advantageous to other methods in terms of less time consumption, reduced number of processing steps and costs effectiveness. Detail discussion is given on this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work reports the fabrication of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based core shell nanocomposite films by assimilation of various concentrations of Fe @ Ag core shell nanoparticles in PVA matrix. Ex-situ chemical reduction approach was used for synthesis of core shell nanoparticles in which sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and tri-sodium citrate were used as a reducing and capping agent respectively and subsequently Fe @ Ag-PVA nanocomposite films were fabricated via solution casting method. These nanocomposite films were further characterized to examine the effect of varying concentration of core shell nanoparticles on PVA matrix by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer so as to study the absorbance behavior and to calculate the electrical conductivity of core shell nanocomposite. Morphological studies of the Fe @ Ag-PVA nanocomposite films were carried out using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the electrochromic tungsten oxide (WO3) nanorods were successfully prepared by reactive dc magnetron sputtering with oblique angle deposition (OAD) technique on silicon (100) wafer, glass slide and ITO coated glass substrates. The influence of sputtering power on the WO3 nanorods were investigated by grazing incident X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscope and spectrophotometer. The thickness of the WO3 nanorods layer was controlled at 400 nm by adjusting the deposition time in order to optimize the electrochromic property. These WO3 nanorods had an amorphous and high transmittance with omnidirectional antireflection property. In addition, the prepared electrochromic WO3 nanorods sample were also shown high optical contrast which demonstrated considerable potential in the smart window application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern science and technology, various methods are used to determine the chemical composition and physical properties of substances. Among them, spectral analysis is one of the most important methods. To obtain and study the spectrum of a substance emission and its absorption of visible radiation, a device that has interface with a personal computer has been developed. The device is unattached and can be used in field experiments, for example, in Arctic expeditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is one of the photochemical electrical cells consisting of a photoelectrode, dye, electrolyte, and counter electrode. The purpose of using dyes in the DSSC is to extend the absorption spectrum to visible light because visible light has about 96% energy from sunlight. This article presents some experimental data on the nature of absorbance and the conductivity of natural dyes extracted from the plant as an application in the DSSC. Absorbance test using Spectrophotometer UV Visible 1601 PC and electrical properties test using Elkahfi 100 / Meter I-V. DSSC fabrication has been done using dye extract of mangosteen peel pigment (Garnicia mangostana) with a variety of coating technique of Spin Coating and Slip Casting. The results show thatnatural dyes from natural material extraction have an absorbance spectrum of 380-520 nm range and the greatest conductivity is owned by mangosteen fruit peel pigment (Garnicia mangostana). From the results of the test using AM Simulator 1.5G (100 mW / cm²) diesel simulator, it was found that the volume of Ti02 precursors affected the performance of DSSC solar cells and the overall conversion efficiency was 0.084% for the mangosteen peel dye by slip casting technique and 0.092% for the mangosteen peel dye by spin coating technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytohormone is an important compound regulating specific plant growth. Auxin and cytokines can be obtained in the form of synthetic compounds or produced by organisms and used to increase crop production. Various types of plant growth-promoting bacteria produce various types of phytohormone. Indole-3-Acetic Acid is a key hormone for many aspects of plant growth that can regulate many physiological processes. The objective of the study was to obtain IAA (auxin) producing bacteria and its application on rice growth. Nineteenth isolates from Biogen Culture Collection were screened indolic compound production by spectrophotometer. Moreover, all isolates were selected in greenhouse to monitor the effect of bacterial application on the growth of rice plant. After that, all isolates were identified based on 16S rRNA. The result of quantitative analysis of IAA production from 17 bacterial isolates showed that Enterobacter ludwigii FB Endo 135 produced the highest IAA (43.8 mg · L-1), while the smallest IAA concentration produced by Azm 1.7.2.12 (7.63 mg · L-1). Application bacterial isolates on rice plant growth showed that there was a significant effect of bacterial application on rice plant height. There was a 6.7 % increase in plant height by Azm 5.7.5.1 with an IAA production capability of 12.18 mg · L-1 compared with no bacterial inoculation Analysis to dry weight of rice grain showed that there was a significant effect of IAA producing bacteria. The dry weight of rice grain with FB 26 showed the effect of significant difference of 99.54 % by weight 30.41 g compared with negative control. Based on the effect of IAA producing bacteria on the growth of rice plants, there were some potential bacteria. Pseudomonas fragi, Bacillus cereus, and Rhizobium that can promote plant height, while Bacillus aerius, Pseudomonas fragi and Bacillus cereus promote dry weight of rice grain, and Bacillus amyloliquenfaciens promote roots dry weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA extraction material can be obtained from the body part or body of a cell-containing organism. Feather is part of the cover body that contains cell in the base. The use of feathers as a sample of DNA isolation or DNA genome sources minimizes the stress on the chicken and simplifies sampling process of many birds. This study aimed to compare the concentration and purity of the DNA isolates from lysis buffer-Phenol Chloroform Isoamyl alcohol (PCI) and chelex methods. Steps of procedure were collecting feathers from layer chicken, cutting base part of feathers, weighing feathers in 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, and 5 mg with three repetitions, DNA isolation with buffer lysis-PCI method and with chelex method, and DNA quantification by nanodrop spectrophotometer. The average concentration produced in the lysis buffer-PCI method were 4.1 ng · µL-1, 8.0 ng · µL-1, 7.0 ng · µL-1, 9.3 ng · µL-1, and 23.3 ng · µL-1 respectively, whereas in the chelex method were 166.2 ng · µL-1, 277.8 ng · µL-1, 301.0 ng · µL-1, 318.3 ng · µL-1, and 404.3 ng · µL-1 respectively. The average purity rate produced in the lysis buffer-PCI method was 1.868, 1.617, 1.787, 1.766, and 1.826 respectively while in the chelex method were 0.723, 0.723, 0.733, 0.750, and 0.766 respectively. The conclusions of this study were the concentration of isolate by chelex method higher than buffer lysis-PCI method, the purity ratio of buffer lysis-PCI method was higher than chelex method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase of optical absorption efficiency of Si (100) surface by 7 keV and 8 keV N+ ions bombardment has been reported here. A periodic ripple pattern on surface has been observed as well as silicon nitride is formed at the ion impact zones by these low energy N+ ion bombardment [P. Karmakar et al., J. Appl. Phys. 120, 025301 (2016)]. The light absorption efficiency increases due to the presence of silicon nitride compound as well as surface nanopatterns. The Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) study shows the formation of periodic ripple pattern and increase of surface roughness with N+ ion energy. The enhancement of optical absorption by the ion bombarded Si, compared to the bare Si have been measured by UV – visible spectrophotometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of SnS have been obtained from Sn and S powders which were mixed up using ball mill technique with and without evaporating additional sulphur prior to annealing at 523K. The obtained samples were taken for structural, optical, chemical and morphological studies. The X-ray diffraction reveals the formation of SnS phase on annealing in vacuum having S/Sn ratio of 0.67 obtained from EDAX. This deficit in ‘S’ is removed by supplementing additional ‘S’ of 200nm prior to annealing which results in the S/Sn ratio of 1.01. The optical transmission recorded from spectrophotometer used to study different optical parameters. Morphological results corroborate well with the XRD, EDAX and optical study. The obtained stoichiometric films were also tested for Ag/p-SnS Schottky diodes on In coated glass substrates using current voltage measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of post-CdCl2 heat treatment on optical properties and surface topography of evaporated CdTe thin films is investigated. The pristine and thermally annealed films were subjected to UV-Vis spectrophotometer and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the optical properties and surface topography, respectively. The absorbance is found to be maximum (∼90%) at 320°C temperature and transmittance found to be minimum and almost constant in ultraviolet and visible regions. The direct band gap is increased from 1.42 eV to 2.12 eV with post-CdCl2 annealing temperature. The surface topography revealed that the uniformity is improved with annealing temperature and average surface roughness is found in the range of 83.3-144.3 nm as well as grains have cylindrical hill-like shapes. The investigated results indicate that the post-CdCl2 treated films annealed at 320°C may be well-suitable for thin film solar cells as an absorber layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reveals the optical study of Se82Te15Bi1.0Sn2.0/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanocomposites. Bulk glasses of chalcogenide was prepared by well-known melt quenching technique. Wet chemical technique is proposed for making the composite of Se82Te15Bi1.0Sn2.0 and PVP polymer as it is easy to handle and cost effective. The composites films were made on glass slide from the solution of Se-Te-Bi-Sn and PVP polymer using spin coating technique. The transmission as well as absorbance is recorded by using UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer in the spectral range 350-700 nm. The linear refractive index (n) of polymer nanocomposites are calculated by Swanepoel approach. The linear refractive index (n) PVP doped Se82Te15Bi1.0Sn2.0 chalcogenide is found to be 1.7. The optical band gap has been evaluated by means of Tauc extrapolation method. Tichy and Ticha model was utilized for the characterization of nonlinear refractive index (n2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable blend polymer electrolytes of PVA/PVP with different wt% ratios of MgCl2.6H2O have been prepared using solution cast technique. Optical absorption studies were carried-out on to the prepared films at room temperature using JASCO V-670 Spectrophotometer in the wavelength region 200-600 nm. Due to the clusters between the vibrations of molecules a broad peak is obtained due to п-п* transition in the wavelength region 310-340 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver glass nanocomposites were prepared by exposing silver doped soda lime glass slides obtained via ion-exchange reaction to a beam of 200 keV Argon ions (Ar+) at an off normal angle of 400 with doses of 5x1015 ions cm−2 and 1x1016 ions cm−2. These nanocomposites were further characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometer so as to study their transmission and reflection behavior and compute their refractive index and real and imaginary parts of dielectric function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocrystalline CdSe thin films were prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method using potassium nitrilo-triacetic acid cadmium complex and sodium selenosulphite. The as deposited films were red in color, uniform and well adherent to the glass substrate. These films were strongly dependent on the deposition parameters such as bath composition, deposition temperature and time. Films were annealed at 350 °C for four hours. The morphological, structural and optical properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS spectrophotometer measurements, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The XRD analysis confirmed that films are predominantly in hexagonal phase. Scanning electron micrograph shows that the grains are uniformly spread all over the film and each grain contains many nanocrystals with spherical shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to investigate the stability and dielectric breakdown strength of alumina-transformer oil nanofluids as stability issue is the major concern when it is used for practical applications. UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Oil tester were used to measure absorbance and breakdown voltage of nanofluids respectively. As per the experimental results, correlations were developed using regression analysis. Experimental results were compared with the predicted values of BDVE and absorbance and presented. The maximum errors obtained by comparing the experimental and predicted results for BDVE and absorbance are -2.913% and 4.89% respectively. It is also observed that there is a decrement in both BDVE and absorbance for nanofluids of aged 1 day compared to fresh ones. This decrement is due to the sedimentation of nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the influence of algae life cycle and the solutions pH on the green synthesis of colloidal Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) as well as effect of different storage conditions on AgNPs long-term stability was investigated. Silver nanoparticles were biologically synthesized using extracts of Parachlorella kessleri algae cultivated 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. The formation of AgNPs was monitored using a UV-vis spectrophotometer and verified by TEM observation. The results confirmed formation of polyhedron and/or near polyhedron AgNPs, ranging between 5 and 60 nm in diameter. The age of algae influenced the synthesis rate and an amount of AgNPs in solution. The best results were obtained using tree weeks old algae. UV-vis analysis and TEM observation also revealed that the size and the stability of AgNPs depend on the pH of solution. AgNPs formed in solutions of higher pH (8 and 10) are polyhedron, fine, with narrow size interval and stabile. Nanoparticles formed in solutions of low pH (2, 4 and 6) started to lose their stability on 10th day of experiment, and the particle size interval was wide. The long-term stability of AgNPs can be influenced by light and temperature conditions. The most significant stability loss was observed at day light and room temperature (21°C). After 200-days significant amount of agglomerated particles settled on the bottom of the Erlenmeyer flask. AgNPs stored at dark and room temperature showed better long-term stability, weak particles agglomeration was observed. AgNPs stored at dark and at temperature 5°C showed the best long-term stability. Such AgNPs remained spherical, fine (5-20 nm), with narrow size interval and stable (no agglomeration) even after more than six months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]