Search

Carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan (CMKC), is the result of carboxymethylation of kappa-carrageenan. Carboxymethylation of k-carrageenan is carried out in two stages: Alkalization of k-carrageenan using NaOH, to form alkoxy-k-carrageenan, then etherification of alkoxy-k-carrageenan with monochloroacetic acid (MCA) as reactant to produce carboxymethyl k-carrageenan (CMKC). The success of CMKC synthesis can be measured based on the value of the degree of substitution, (DS), DS is the average number of hydroxyl groups that are converted to carboxyl groups. The success of the conversion of hydroxyl groups into carboxyl groups is influenced by several factors, synthesis temperature, types of reactants and the polarity of the reaction medium. This study has been done to analyze the effect of the polarity of the CMKC synthesis reaction medium, to the DS value. K-carrageenan was reacted with NaOH, then the results were reacted with monochloroacetic acid, in some variation proportion of isopropanol-ethanol-acetone, as reaction medium. The value of DS of CMKC that were synthesized was measured by the titrimetric method. The results showed that the polarity of the reaction medium affected the value of DS CMKC. The highest DS value (1,7) was owned by CMKC which was synthesized in the isopropanol-acetone-ethanol (25:3:2) v/v as reaction medium.

In the supply chain (SC) of newspapers, the printing company is the main entity that has several processes, i.e. procure raw materials, print plate and newspapers, and also distribute newspaper to consumers. The existing risks in the newspaper printing company are quite high. A wide range of disturbances or risks needs to be identified to map out the characteristics of the risk sources that will impact on the performance of the supply chain. Therefore, the printing companies need to manage their supply chain risk of the five major SC processes (such as plan, source, deliver, make, and return). In a case study of a newspaper company in Surakarta, the company have not implemented a risk management process that affects the company. This study is aimed to map the risks in the printing company and formulate risk mitigation alternatives to mitigate the risks. The house of risk (HOR) method was chosen to select a set of proactive actions deemed cost-effective in managing SC Risks in the newspaper company. The model consisting of two stages, the first stage (HOR1) was done by identifying risk, risk causing agents and then measured the severity and occurrences to calculate the Aggregate Risk Priority (ARP) value. The second stage (HOR2) is intended to formulate and prioritize the action of mitigation that the company should pursue to reduce the probability of risk agents to occur. The result shows that the innovative model of HOR in Newspaper Company was presented. There are 24 risk events, 20 causing agents and two priority risks in HOR1. The HOR 2 was proposed 9 ranks of mitigation strategy for priority risk agents, from the easiest to the hardest strategy for the company to implement it.

The paper presents the results of experimental researches and numerical simulations of the duplex burnishing process. During duplex burnishing process the treatment is carry out in two stages. In the first stage - on the semi-fabrication surface, the regular asperities are embossed with triangular, symmetrical, periodic outline. In the second stage the asperities are burnished (smooth burnishing) till the needed asperities equalized, resulting in a smooth and strengthened surface layer. The implementation of such technology results in receiving of a new surface layer characterized by favorable functional properties, particularly increased resistance to fatigue wear.

An electric explosion occurs when a micron-scale metal film, such as a copper film, is stimulated by a short-time current pulse, while generating high temperature and high-pressure plasma. In this paper, the electric explosion process is divided into two stages, namely, the energy deposition stage and the quasi-isentropic expansion stage, and a dynamic EOS of the plasma considering the energy replenishment is established. On this basis, a flyer driven by plasma is studied numerically, and the pressure and the internal energy of plasma are obtained based on the simulation result which has been validated by experimental result. The influence of the backplane material on flyer velocity is analyzed.

Chemical modification process on glucomannan from porang via carboxymethylation have been conducted under a variety of conditions include type of medium, reaction time and temperature. The process was done in two stages, the alkalization and the carboxymethylation. The alkalization was done by adding NaOH solution into medium containing glucomannan. The carboxymethylation process was done by adding sodium monochloroacetate solution into the alkalization product. The carboxymethylation proses was conducted for a certain time and the product were then analyzed for determining the degree of substitution. Three different medium were used, namely water, 70% ethanol, and 90% ethanol. The results show that 70% ethanol was a better medium than two others because give higher degree of substitution. Using 70% ethanol as medium, the experiments for studying the influence of reaction time and temperature on the carboxymethylation stages were conducted. The results show that the degree of substitution increased with increasing reaction time and is higher at 65°C than at 45°C.

It is important that the tight gas reservoir is developed with test wells in the first place for the reasonable development, and it is necessary evaluation production index of test well. So, the paper will evaluate gas wells capacity, reasonable production, production decline law and producing reserves. Combining with calculation theory, comparison of adjacent wells and field practice, obtained reasonable production, production decline law and production reserves about test well, and through analysis the adjacent well obtained development experience and lessons about tight gas reservoir. The results show that the gas well development should pay attention to reasonable production and prevent energy falling too fast in tight gas reservoirs, The decline rule of wells with long production time should be analyzed by two stages. Through study, it will provide some reference and guidance for the development of gas wells in tight gas reservoirs.

This work proposes an improved quantitative prediction model for corrosion under insulation (CUI) for oil and gas piping in equatorial climate zone, using real-world data and integrated with experimental work using modified two stages of Artificial Neural Network. Investigation into the effect of single type of data source and different type of fitting line analysis on the final CUI model are also discussed with the goal for Risk Based Inspection (RBI) to be more effective. Results from the CUI prediction model exhibits high R2 of 0.9919 and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.0087.

Soil liquefaction is earthquake’s secondary effect which could cause fatal damages and structures instability. Despite Malaysia been located in stable zone of Pacific Ring of Fire, few significant surrounded quakes like Sumatra-Andaman earthquake had prompted Malaysian’s public concern, especially in Perlis area, on local seismic resistant. Hence, this research presents the analysis result of liquefaction potential of the soils, as the secondary effect of earthquake, within Perlis, northern region of Malaysia; the next strong and sustainable metropolis by using semi-empirical procedures introduced by Seed and Idriss. The study consists of two stages which were determination of the local geological and geotechnical site conditions within Perlis and analysis of soil liquefaction susceptibility by using various methods and liquefaction potential by using Simplified Procedure developed by Seed and Idriss on stress approach. There were consist of four phases implemented in order to achieve the objectives targeted for the study after problem being identified. Firstly, a comprehensive review of literature on liquefaction at Perlis was carried out. Second phase was data collection process that includes collection of Site Investigation (SI) report. Thirdly, data analysis was carried out by utilizing suitable method. The final phase was to draw conclusion and recommendation for this study. It can be concluded that the overall Perlis due to earthquake moment magnitude below 7.5 has no potential to soil liquefaction. However, with the range of liquefaction potential of 1.60 to 5.64 in Kuala Perlis area, it is liquefiable. The development of liquefaction severity map of Perlis, Malaysia in this research, may be used by others as a reference for seismic design and standard safety measures as well as for further research work.

The Clustering of researchers based on publications is one of identifying community of researchers in a research environment. The researchers will know the relationships with other researchers regarding the similarity of topics and disciplines of publications based on the research community. The clustering will perform the extraction and analysis of the concept, topic detection and clustering of researchers. The attributes of data that can be obtained through the publications and characteristics of researchers on social networks that have been formed on the relations among researchers. The extraction and analysis of document, has two stages: extraction of keywords using keyphrase automatic rapid extraction (RAKE), and extraction concept of using latent semantic analysis (LSA). Clustering concept use k-means ++ algorithm. The last process, clustering of researchers is formed by feature extraction of social networking analysis,also use the k-means ++ algorithm. Applications for clustering researchers will b...

In calibrating hydrological models, there are generally two stages of activity: 1) determining realistic model initial parameters in representing natural component physical processes, 2) entering initial parameter values which are then processed by trial error or automatically to obtain optimal values. To determine a realistic initial value, it takes experience and user knowledge of the model. This is a problem for beginner model users. This paper will present another approach to estimate the infiltration parameters in the tank model. The parameters will be approximated by the runoff coefficient of rational method. The value approach of infiltration parameter is simply described as the result of the difference in the percentage of total rainfall minus the percentage of runoff. It is expected that the results of this research will accelerate the calibration process of tank model parameters. The research was conducted on the sub-watershed Kali Bango in Malang Regency with an area of 239,71 km2. Infiltration...

A disk Bezier curve is a Bezier curve whose control points are disks. It can be considered as a parametric curve with error tolerances. In this paper, we propose method to find G2-multi degree reduction of disk Bezier curves based on two stages. The center and the radius curves are degree reduced using G2-continuity in the first stage and minimizing the error of approximating the radius curve in the second stage. We give some examples and figures to demonstrate the efficiency of the method.

This research aimed to reveal the validity of the flipbook as a medium of learning for the sub-material of environmental pollution in the tenth grade based on the results of the activity test of kencur (Kaempferia galanga) extract to control the growth of the Fusarium oxysporum fungus. The research consisted of two stages. First, testing the validity of the medium of flipbook through validation by seven assessors and analyzed based on the total average score of all aspects. Second, testing the activity of the kencur extract against the growth of Fusarium oxysporum by using the experimental method with 10 treatments and 3 repetitions which were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The making of the flipbook medium was done through the stages of analysis for the potential and problems, data collection, design, validation, and revision. The validation analysis on the flipbook received an average score of 3.7 and was valid to a certain extent, so it could be used in the teaching and learning process especially in the sub-material of environmental pollution in the tenth grade of the senior high school.

The study of the biological process of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) splicing system in a translucent approach was investigated in 2012 by Yusof under the framework of formal language theory. In this work, the concepts of splicing system in two stages as well as splicing languages are mathematically and biologically discussed. Additionally, some theorems based on recognition site factor of initial strings at the existence of two initial strings and two rules are provided via Yusof-Goode (Y-G) approach. Besides, an example is also given in showing the biological meaning of the introduced concept.

Regulation of functional nucleus-encoded proteins targeting the plastidial functions was comparatively studied for a plant parasite, Rafflesia cantleyi versus a photosynthetic plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. This study involved two species of different feeding modes and different developmental stages. A total of 30 nucleus-encoded proteins were found to be differentially-regulated during two stages in the parasite; whereas 17 nucleus-encoded proteins were differentially-expressed during two developmental stages in Arabidopsis thaliana. One notable finding observed for the two plants was the identification of genes involved in the regulation of photosynthesis-related processes where these processes, as expected, seem to be present only in the autotroph.

We study the effects of environmental and trade policies in an international duopoly serving two countries, with pollution abatement. This analysis is done in both mixed and privatized markets. The model has two stages: First, governments choose environmental taxes and import tariffs, simultaneously; then, the firms compete in the market by choosing output levels for the domestic market and to export and also abatement levels.

The notion of Yusof-Goode (Y-G) splicing system was first schemed by Yusof to study the relationship between formal language theory and molecular biology. The splicing languages that are produced by splicing system have some important characteristics called persistent and permanent. In biological perspective, the recombinant DNA molecules can be manipulated by recombination action if they have persistent property. Thus, the persistency as well as permanency of splicing languages (recombinant DNA molecules) is considered to be an interesting topic in the field of DNA recombination, particularly when the recombination process is accomplished at second stage. Conducting a wet-lab experiment to show the mentioned properties of splicing languages are time consuming and expensive. Therefore, to overcome this problem, mathematical approach is chosen to investigate the persistency and permanency of splicing languages which will be then given as theorem and corollary. Thus, an initial string (with two recognition sites) and two rules are considered for introducing the above characteristics using Y-G approach.

The proposed method is targeted on reduction of hardware amount in logic circuit of Moore finite-state machine implemented with programmable logic arrays (PLA). The method is based on using more than minimal amount of variables in codes of FSM internal states. The method includes two stages of state encoding. The second stage is connected with recoding of states inside each class of pseudoequivalent states.

A new symbolization of Yusof-Goode (Y-G) rule, which is associated with Y-G splicing system, was introduced by Yusof in 2012 under the framework of formal language theory. The purpose of this investigation is to present the biological process of DNA splicing in a translucent way. In this study, two stages splicing languages are introduced based on Y-G approach and some relations between stage one and stage two splicing languages are presented, given as theorems. Additionally, the existing relations between two stages splicing languages based on crossings and contexts of restriction enzymes factors with respect to two initial strings (having two cutting sites) and two rules are presented as subset.

Splicing system that was first introduced by Head makes a connection between field of formal language theory and molecular biology. This system modeled the biological process of splitting and ligating on double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules under effect of restriction enzymes and appropriate ligase. In this paper, the concept of two stages DNA splicing languages is introduced. Some sufficient conditions for persistency and permanency of the above DNA splicing languages focusing on two rules and two initial strings will be investigated by usingYusof-Good (Y-G) approach.

We present current results on staged electron acceleration in the LOASIS program at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The goal is to experimentally demonstrate laser driven electron acceleration in two stages, where each stage is driven by a separate laser pulse. This technology could provide the key to built compact laser driven accelerators which could potentially reach up to TeV in electron energy.

Hemming is a sheet metal joining process which is widely used for vehicle closures. As the latest hemming process type, the roller hemming process uses industrial robots therefore; main advantage of the process is achieved as flexibility with improved product quality. Trial and error method is the general approach to design the process in the industry due to limited know-how in the roller hemming. However, due to advantages of the process, the recent studies have also been focused on numerical simulations. In this study, the roller hemming process of the tailgate of a vehicle has been investigated by using the finite element method. The points of interest are selected as cycle time reduction and reducing the undesired wrinkling formation in the process. In the current roller hemming process of the tailgate, three stages including two pre-hemming and one final hemming stages are being applied. For the cycle time reduction, simulations have been performed to complete the hemming process in two stages. Effects of the roller geometry and the bending angle pairs have been investigated. The hemming process with two stages has been shown numerically to be applicable by considering the final geometry of the product and the maximum stress and strain values occurred during the process. The wrinkling formation is reduced by using a roller with larger diameter in the simulations. Then, verifications of the simulations have been done by implementing of the process. As a result of the study, approximately 33% reduction in the cycle time and 50% increase in the productivity of the tailgate have been successfully achieved in addition to reduction in the wrinkling formation during the pre-hemming stage.

In this paper, we study an international market model in which the home government imposes a tariff on the imported goods. The model has two stages. In the first stage, the home government chooses an import tariff to maximize a function that cares about the home firm’s profit and the total revenue. Then, the firms engage in a Cournot or in a Stackelberg competition. We compare the results obtained in the three different ways of moving on the decision make of the firms.

The project of the first Polish underground laboratory SUNLAB, in the Polkowice‐Sieroszowice copper mine, belonging to the KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. holding, is presented. Two stages of the project are foreseen: SUNLAB1 (a small laboratory in the salt layer exhibiting extremely low level of natural radioactivity) and SUNLAB2 (a big laboratory in the anhydrite layer, able to host the next generation liquid argon detector—GLACIER, which is considered within the LAGUNA FP7 project). The results of the natural radioactivity background measurements performed in the Polkowice‐Sieroszowice salt cavern are also briefly summarized.

Methods of high time‐resolution spectroscopy were used to determine two stages of explosive luminescence in solid energetic materials: the pre‐explosive stage and the stage of processes occurring in explosion products. It was experimentally established that in silver azides the heating of a sample at the end of the pre‐explosive stage does not exceed ∼ 300 K; while at the second stage the temperature of the explosion products reaches ∼ 3000 K. As it follows from the data obtained the major portion (∼ 90%) of the energy released during the explosion in AgN3 is associated with the processes occurring in the explosion products.

The problem of deep laser melting of the metals and alloys is theoretically and experimentally studied. It is shown that the process of laser melting consists of two stages: the formation of a melt buffer layer, and its penetration under the action of the saturated vapor pressure. There has been investigated an optimal regime of pulsed laser welding without melt species ejection as a regime when the affecting pulse is close in its form to the step‐like pulse consisting of two parts.

A new program for generating chemical structures starting from the given molecular formula is described. The generation includes two stages. The first step is exhaustive combinatorial enumeration of molecular graphs with the given gross formula by the GEM structural generator. At the second step, these molecular graphs in the form of connectivity matrices are converted to 3D models by the MOLGEO program. The possible applications of this software are discussed.